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OpenSampling

The Library

1664 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.

Papers 1601–1664 of 1664, newest first.

  1. 2015

    The study validated a commercial ELISA for measuring measles-specific IgG in capillary dried blood spots from children, finding 100% sensitivity and 96.8% specificity against matched venous serum with 92% overall agreement, then applied the method to 1,588 field-collected samples in Mexico and Nicaragua. The procedure was acceptable to surveyors and participants, showing that dried blood spots are a feasible and accurate means of assessing population immunity to measles in low-resource settings.

    Use of a commercial ELISA for the detection of measles-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in dried blood spots collected from children living in low-resource settingsColson et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • capillary
    • dbs
    • validation
    • venous-agreement
    • acceptability
    • pediatric
    • serology
  2. 2015

    In healthy adults self-collecting saliva at home, cortisol did not increase for up to ten minutes after awakening. Delays of five to fifteen minutes before the first sample overestimated the cortisol awakening response and shifted its peak earlier, demonstrating that strict timing adherence is essential for accurate measurement in decentralised settings.

    Detailed time course of the cortisol awakening response in healthy participantsSmyth et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled) · source ↗

    • saliva
    • self-collection
    • hormones
    • cortisol
  3. 2015

    Dried capillary blood spot screening correctly identified 95.5% of relatives with multiple islet autoantibodies and 98.6% of those without, and 60% of participants favoured initial home fingerstick screening with clinic visits only if autoantibodies were found.

    Use of Dried Capillary Blood Sampling for Islet Autoantibody Screening in Relatives: A Feasibility StudyBingley et al., Diabetes technology & therapeutics (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • capillary
    • dbs
    • self-collection
    • venous-agreement
    • acceptability
  4. 2015

    Combining volumetric absorptive microsampling with phospholipid removal plates reduces matrix effects and delivers high sensitivity for dried blood hepcidin quantification. This method establishes a reliable microsampling protocol to quantify this peptide hormone while mitigating haematocrit bias.

    Hepcidin determination in dried blood by microfluidic LC-MS/MS: comparison of DBS and volumetric absorptive microsampling for matrix effect and recoveryHoubart et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • vams
    • dbs
    • neoteryx-mitra
    • validation
    • hormones
    • haematocrit
  5. 2015

    Self-collected urine samples from 2034 tribal girls aged 9-25 years showed 12.9% HPV prevalence, rising to 19.2% among 18-25-year-olds. High-risk types comprised 65% of infections, with HPV16 accounting for 54%. This supports urine-based self-collection as a feasible tool for decentralised HPV screening in underserved populations.

    Higher prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in adolescent and young adult girls belonging to different Indian tribes with varied socio-sexual lifestyleSharma et al., PloS one · source ↗

    • urine
    • self-collection
    • pediatric
    • hpv
    • sti
  6. 2015

    Self-collected dried blood spots gave HbA1c measurements that agreed closely with venous blood when samples were stored at room temperature for up to seven days, showing low intra-assay variation and clinically acceptable prediction intervals. The method offers a viable alternative for diabetes monitoring in remote or home-bound populations where traditional venepuncture is unavailable.

    The use of dried blood spot sampling for the measurement of HbA1c: a cross-sectional studyMastronardi et al., BMC clinical pathology · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • capillary
    • dbs
    • self-collection
    • validation
    • venous-agreement
  7. 2015

    A home-based urine HPV self-sampling study invited 5000 French women who had not attended cervical screening for three years; 771 samples were returned and 687 were analysed. High-risk HPV was detected in 29 women, and follow-up screening identified three cases of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, showing that urine testing can reach underscreened populations and detect clinically significant disease.

    Home-based urinary HPV DNA testing in women who do not attend cervical cancer screening clinicsDucancelle et al., The Journal of infection (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • self-collection
    • hpv
    • sti
  8. 2015

    The authors validated an LC-MS/MS method for quantifying emixustat in whole blood collected by VAMS. The assay performed reliably across the normal adult haematocrit range and the analyte remained stable on the device under ambient, refrigerated, and frozen storage, enabling decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring without plasma separation or cold chain.

    Bioanalysis of emixustat (ACU-4429) in whole blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling by LC-MS/MSMiao et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • vams
    • neoteryx-mitra
    • validation
    • tdm
    • haematocrit
  9. 2015

    Salivary cortisol concentrations were unchanged after storage at -18 °C, -4 °C, 4 °C or room temperature for 72 h, and after simulated postal transport with a freezing element, when compared with samples kept continuously at -80 °C. This confirms that enzyme immunoassay of self-collected saliva is robust for home-sampling and postal delivery in decentralised studies.

    The effect of storage conditions on salivary cortisol concentrations using an enzyme immunoassayNalla et al., Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation (paywalled) · source ↗

    • cortisol
    • self-collection
    • hormones
    • liquid
    • validation
    • saliva
  10. 2015

    Dried blood spots from finger-pricks, collected either in clinic or by families at home, showed wide fluctuations in methotrexate levels in 17 of 48 children with juvenile arthritis or dermatomyositis, indicating nonadherence. Younger age and oral administration predicted poorer adherence, while subcutaneous dosing gave higher drug concentrations, proving that decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring is feasible in paediatric patients.

    Methotrexate polyglutamates as a potential marker of adherence to long-term therapy in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and juvenile dermatomyositis: an observational, cross-sectional studyHawwa et al., Arthritis research & therapy · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • dbs
    • self-collection
    • pediatric
    • tdm
    • immunosuppressants
  11. 2015

    The authors developed and validated a chiral GC-MS method to quantify D-amino acid ratios in 1 mL first-void urine samples. In a study of 40 pregnant women, those with gestational diabetes mellitus showed altered urinary D-amino acid profiles compared to controls, suggesting that minimally invasive urine metabolomics could support decentralised screening for pregnancy-related metabolic disorders.

    Optimization and validation of a chiral GC-MS method for the determination of free D-amino acids ratio in human urine: application to a gestational diabetes mellitus studyLorenzo et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • validation
    • metabolome
    • biomarkers
  12. 2015

    Self-collected vaginal swabs detected chlamydia with 92% sensitivity and 98% specificity compared with clinician-collected cervical swabs. Self-collected urine from men showed 88% sensitivity for chlamydia and 92% for gonorrhea, both with 99% specificity, supporting decentralised STI screening for populations who decline clinical examination.

    Self-Collected versus Clinician-Collected Sampling for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening: A Systemic Review and Meta-AnalysisLunny et al., PloS one · source ↗

    • urine
    • self-collection
    • validation
    • sti
  13. 2015

    Extraction recovery of analytes from Mitra devices was haematocrit dependent without sonication, causing bias at low and high haematocrit; adding a sonication step restored high recovery across the haematocrit range and gave acceptable accuracy. This optimisation is critical for reliable bioanalysis using Mitra in decentralised settings.

    Hematocrit-independent recovery is a key for bioanalysis using volumetric absorptive microsampling devices, Mitra™Mano et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • vams
    • neoteryx-mitra
    • validation
    • haematocrit
  14. 2015

    In a French mother-child cohort, childhood exposure to pyrethroid insecticides, measured in first-void urine, was associated with reduced verbal comprehension scores at age six, while prenatal exposure showed no consistent association. This illustrates how urine biomarker monitoring in pediatric populations can identify environmental neurotoxicant risks.

    Pyrethroid insecticide exposure and cognitive developmental disabilities in children: The PELAGIE mother-child cohortViel et al., Environment international (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • pediatric
    • toxicology
  15. 2015

    In a clinic cohort, the AmpliSens multiplex real-time PCR assay showed high sensitivity and excellent specificity for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis, with excellent specificity but suboptimal sensitivity for Mycoplasma genitalium, supporting its use for screening from self‑collected first‑void urine.

    Evaluation of the new AmpliSens multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalisRumyantseva et al., APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • validation
    • sti
  16. 2015

    A panel of four urinary metabolites formate, citrulline, taurine and isocitrate discriminated sugar-sweetened beverage intake with an area under the ROC curve of 0.8 and rose after acute consumption, offering a non-invasive way to assess dietary intake in decentralised settings.

    A metabolomics approach to the identification of biomarkers of sugar-sweetened beverage intakeGibbons et al., The American journal of clinical nutrition (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • metabolome
    • biomarkers
  17. 2015

    In a head-to-head study of 24 adults with type 1 diabetes, the Dexcom G4 Platinum sensor had a lower overall MARD than the Medtronic Enlite sensor (13.6% vs 16.6% in the clinical research centre and 13.8% vs 17.9% overall), with both devices showing reduced accuracy in the hypoglycaemic range and the Dexcom sensor less affected by this impairment.

    Accuracy of two continuous glucose monitoring systems: a head-to-head comparison under clinical research centre and daily life conditionsKropff et al., Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · source ↗

    • blood
    • liquid
    • capillary
    • venous-agreement
    • wearable
    • cgm
    • multimodal
  18. 2015

    This study validated a VAMS method for measuring fosfomycin in human whole blood, achieving acceptable accuracy and precision within ±15% across a 5–2000 µg/ml range. While the technique shows potential for decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobials, the authors note that recovery and stability remain problematic for this drug-matrix combination.

    Quantitative bioanalytical validation of fosfomycin in human whole blood with volumetric absorptive microsamplingParker et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • vams
    • neoteryx-mitra
    • validation
    • tdm
    • antimicrobials
  19. 2015

    People who inject drugs strongly preferred transient elastography for liver fibrosis assessment, with preference increasing from 66% before to 89% after experiencing the procedure. The integration of dried blood spot testing with non-invasive assessment was highly acceptable in this population, indicating potential for decentralised hepatitis C and liver disease screening services.

    Liver disease knowledge and acceptability of non-invasive liver fibrosis assessment among people who inject drugs in the drug and alcohol setting: The LiveRLife StudyMarshall et al., The International journal on drug policy (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • dbs
    • acceptability
    • serology
  20. 2015

    The cross-laboratory study showed a novel volumetric absorptive microsampling device for dried blood absorbed a consistent 10.6 μl sample across haematocrit values from 20 to 65 percent, with acceptable variation between six different laboratories. This overcomes a key limitation of traditional dried blood spot sampling where haematocrit affects sample volume, making the device suitable for reliable quantitative bioanalysis in decentralised settings.

    A device for dried blood microsampling in quantitative bioanalysis: overcoming the issues associated blood hematocritSpooner et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • vams
    • validation
    • haematocrit
  21. 2014

    The foundational VAMS paper: a fixed ~10 µL is absorbed with under 5% volume variation across a 20–70% haematocrit range, overcoming the area bias and homogeneity problems of the dried blood spot.

    Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling: A Dried Sample Collection Technique for Quantitative BioanalysisDenniff & Spooner, Analytical Chemistry (paywalled) · source ↗

    • vams
    • neoteryx-mitra
    • blood
    • haematocrit
    • dried
    • validation
  22. 2014

    The honest counterpoint: many liquid-urine parameters, creatinine, iodine, nitrogen and minerals, remained valid after 12–15 years frozen at −22 °C without preservative.

    Long-term urine biobanking: storage stability of clinical-chemical parameters under moderate freezing without preservativesRemer, Montenegro-Bethancourt & Shi, Clinical Biochemistry (paywalled) · source ↗

    • pediatric
    • liquid
    • urine
    • validation
    • biomarkers
  23. 2014

    Mailed at-home stool self-collection was feasible: ~20% of those approached enrolled and ~80% of those returned a usable specimen: workable, but recruitment depends on active, well-timed follow-up.

    Feasibility of self-collection of fecal specimens by randomly sampled women for gut-microbiome studiesFeigelson et al., BMC Research Notes · source ↗

    • self-collection
    • microbiome
    • stool
    • urine
    • validation
  24. 2014

    Pooling 19 studies, FIT for colorectal cancer showed ~0.79 sensitivity and ~0.94 specificity: a moderately sensitive, highly specific single-sample stool screen, dependent on the positivity cut-off.

    Accuracy of Fecal Immunochemical Tests for Colorectal Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-analysisLee et al., Annals of Internal Medicine · source ↗

    • stool
    • colorectal
    • fit
    • validation
  25. 2014

    Collecting a first-void sample, not midstream, and combining it immediately with a DNA-conservation buffer markedly improves urinary HPV DNA detection: suboptimal collection otherwise underestimates true prevalence.

    Optimization of HPV DNA detection in urine by improving collection, storage, and extractionVorsters et al., European J. Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (paywalled) · source ↗

    • first-void
    • hpv
    • liquid
    • urine
    • validation
  26. 2014

    This study validated self-collected stool and saliva for microbiome profiling, finding that microbial species and gene abundances were highly concordant across different preservation methods including freezing, ethanol, and RNAlater. These results support the feasibility of decentralised sampling for functional gut microbiota research.

    Relating the metatranscriptome and metagenome of the human gutFranzosa et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (paywalled) · source ↗

    • multimodal
    • self-collection
    • microbiome
    • stool
    • validation
    • saliva
    • multi-omics
  27. 2014

    A US survey of 3,400 adults aged 62 to 90 collected up to 15 biomeasures at home, including saliva, dried blood spots and urine, with Salivette and Oragene among the devices used, which shows that several patient-centric sampling methods can run together in home-based research.

    Continuity and innovation in the data collection protocols of the second Wave of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging ProjectJaszczak et al., The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences (paywalled) · source ↗

    • actigraphy
    • multimodal
    • blood
    • dbs
    • cortisol
    • dna-genotek-oragene
    • self-collection
    • dried
    • bd-microtainer
    • hormones
    • liquid
    • urine
    • saliva
    • biomarkers
    • genotyping
  28. 2014

    European sex- and age-specific reference values for blood lipids in 13,579 children aged 2-11 were established using capillary sampling and a point-of-care analyser. These data support decentralised cardiovascular screening programmes in paediatric populations, showing boys have higher HDL-C but lower total cholesterol and triglycerides than girls.

    Blood lipids among young children in Europe: results from the European IDEFICS studyDe Henauw et al., International journal of obesity (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • capillary
    • pediatric
    • biomarkers
  29. 2014

    Dried blood spot microsampling provides a patient-centric alternative to venous sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring, with advantages of home self-collection, small sample volumes suitable for children, and analyte stability, though accuracy is affected by haematocrit and requires patient correlation studies to validate clinical equivalence.

    Therapeutic drug monitoring by dried blood spot: progress to date and future directionsWilhelm et al., Clinical pharmacokinetics · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • dbs
    • self-collection
    • validation
    • venous-agreement
    • pediatric
    • tdm
    • haematocrit
  30. 2014

    In 126 asymptomatic men, first-void urine testing for threads and leucocyte esterase achieved a 96% negative predictive value for non-specific urethritis, meaning a negative result effectively rules out the condition. This supports using first-void urine as a screening tool in decentralised sexual health diagnostics, potentially reducing unnecessary further testing.

    Testing for 'threads' and leucocyte esterase in first-void urine to exclude the diagnosis of non-specific urethritis in asymptomatic menPallawela et al., Sexual health (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • sti
  31. 2014

    Capillary earlobe blood (20 µl) from adults yielded RNA expression results comparable to venous blood for four mRNAs and microRNA‑126. This microsampling approach may enable gene expression profiling in newborns, children and patients requiring repeated sampling or with bleeding disorders.

    Capillary earlobe blood may be used for RNA isolation, gene expression assays and microRNA quantificationWehmeier & Hilberg, Molecular medicine reports (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • liquid
    • capillary
    • validation
    • venous-agreement
    • pediatric
  32. 2014

    DNA concentration from whole saliva correlates positively with age, so children yield significantly less DNA than adults. This means saliva collection protocols for genetic studies must be adjusted for paediatric populations to ensure adequate DNA quantity for genotyping.

    The effect of age on DNA concentration from whole saliva: implications for the standard isolation methodGassó et al., American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council (paywalled) · source ↗

    • saliva
    • dna-genotek-oragene
    • validation
    • pediatric
    • genotyping
  33. 2014

    Higher vegetable and carbohydrate intake was associated with a lower urinary estrogen DNA adduct ratio in healthy pre‑menopausal women, suggesting dietary factors may modulate a biomarker linked to breast cancer risk.

    Associations between Dietary Intake of Fruits and Vegetables in relation to Urinary Estrogen DNA Adduct RatioReding et al., Open journal of preventive medicine (paywalled) · source ↗

    • first-void
    • hormones
    • urine
    • biomarkers
  34. 2014

    Self-collected urine showed substantial agreement with self-collected vaginal samples for HPV DNA detection among 63 pregnant women, with a kappa of 77.3%. Urine may therefore serve as a reliable sample for HPV testing in pregnancy, supporting decentralised screening without a clinician-collected specimen.

    Comparison of urine and self-collected vaginal samples for detecting human papillomavirus DNA in pregnant womenFranciscatto et al., International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • self-collection
    • hpv
    • sti
  35. 2014

    Among 406 men at a Chinese STD clinic, 28.1% had Mycoplasma genitalium infection detected by PCR on first-void urine; infection was associated with younger age, higher education, single status, lack of recent STD symptoms, inconsistent condom use with steady partners, and recent sexual contact with female sex workers. This supports decentralised STI screening using self-collected first-void urine.

    An epidemiological study of Mycoplasma genitalium infections among males attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Guangxi, ChinaZheng et al., Japanese journal of infectious diseases (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • sti
  36. 2014

    In men with Mycoplasma genitalium positive non-chlamydial urethritis, higher leukocyte counts in first-void urine predicted persistence of the organism after antimicrobial chemotherapy; a threshold of 10 leukocytes per microlitre between days 18 and 24 was most strongly associated with treatment failure.

    Prediction of the persistence of Mycoplasma genitalium after antimicrobial chemotherapy by quantification of leukocytes in first-void urine from patients with non-gonococcal urethritisIto et al., Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • sti
  37. 2014

    This study genotyped two oestrogen receptor gene variants in DNA from saliva samples of Serbian women and found no association with premature ovarian failure. The use of Oragene kits for saliva collection shows a practical method for obtaining DNA in genetic research on reproductive conditions, though these specific markers appear uninformative in this population.

    Lack of association between ESR1 gene polymorphisms and premature ovarian failure in Serbian womenLi et al., Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society (paywalled) · source ↗

    • saliva
    • dna-genotek-oragene
    • fertility
    • genotyping
  38. 2014

    Leucocyte esterase dipstick testing of first-void urine from 292 asymptomatic Aboriginal men in central Australia detected gonorrhoea or chlamydia with 66.7% sensitivity and 90.7% specificity, giving a negative predictive value of 93.7%. This supports use of the dipstick to guide immediate empirical treatment in primary care, especially when combined with age ≤35 years where specificity rose to 94.7%.

    Using urinary leucocyte esterase tests as an indicator of infection with gonorrhoea or chlamydia in asymptomatic males in a primary health care settingRahman et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • sti
  39. 2014

    The validated LC-MS method for valproic acid in dried blood spots showed imprecision below 9% CV and accuracy within ±14% across the clinically relevant range of 10 to 1200 μmol/L, with haematocrit effects manageable between 30 and 60%, supporting its potential for home-based therapeutic drug monitoring of this antiepileptic medication.

    Quantification of valproic acid in dried blood spotsPohanka et al., Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • dbs
    • self-collection
    • validation
    • tdm
    • haematocrit
  40. 2014

    Finger‑prick dried blood spots gave almost identical nandrolone and testosterone concentrations to venous samples. Home self‑collection for 21 days was well tolerated, showing that microsampling supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring without clinic visits, venesection or frozen storage.

    Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of subcutaneous injection of depot nandrolone decanoate using dried blood spots sampling coupled with ultrapressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assaysSingh et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled) · source ↗

    • dct
    • venous-agreement
    • blood
    • dbs
    • tdm
    • self-collection
    • dried
    • capillary
    • hormones
  41. 2014

    First-void urine self-collection detected bacterial vaginosis with sensitivity comparable to vaginal swabs when analysed by quantitative PCR for seven key vaginal bacteria. This supports decentralised screening for BV and sexually transmitted infections using patient-collected samples.

    Characterization of the vaginal microflora in health and diseaseDatcu, Danish medical journal (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • self-collection
    • microbiome
    • sti
  42. 2014

    Urine-based HPV DNA testing demonstrated 76% agreement with cervical sampling, correctly identifying 100% of uninfected but only 65% of infected women in a high-risk population. All 12 discrepant pairs were urine-negative/cervix-positive, confirming that self-collected urine is substantially less sensitive than cervical sampling for HPV screening.

    Urine-based human papillomavirus DNA testing as a screening tool for cervical cancer in high-risk womenMendez et al., International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • self-collection
    • validation
    • hpv
    • sti
  43. 2014

    First-void urine specimens yielded accurate bacterial vaginosis diagnosis by qPCR for Megasphaera type 1 and Prevotella spp, with sensitivity and specificity matching vaginal swabs. This supports decentralised screening through non-invasive self-collection, removing the need for clinician-collected vaginal samples.

    Bacterial vaginosis diagnosed by analysis of first-void-urine specimensDatcu et al., Journal of clinical microbiology (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • self-collection
    • validation
    • sti
  44. 2014

    First-void urine sampling detected Mycoplasma genitalium in only 2 of 145 infertile men and in none of 49 asymptomatic controls, a prevalence markedly lower than in other reported cohorts. This indicates that decentralised STI screening can produce unexpectedly low yields in certain populations, underscoring the need for local validation of patient-centric diagnostic strategies.

    Unusually low prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in urine samples from infertile men and healthy controls: a prevalence studyPlecko et al., BMJ open · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • fertility
    • sti
  45. 2014

    Two rapid oral fluid HIV tests demonstrated sensitivities of 99.8% and 100% with specificities of 99.8% in a Mozambican population, performing comparably to the national blood-based algorithm despite participants marginally preferring blood testing. The findings validate saliva self-sampling for decentralised HIV screening.

    Evaluation of performance and acceptability of two rapid oral fluid tests for HIV detection in MozambiqueSemá Baltazar et al., Journal of clinical microbiology (paywalled) · source ↗

    • acceptability
    • dbs
    • serology
    • liquid
    • validation
    • saliva
  46. 2014

    Parsons et al. validated a quantitative dried blood spot assay for rifapentine that remained stable for 11 weeks at ambient temperature and showed good agreement with plasma concentrations after haematocrit correction, offering a low-volume sampling approach suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring in international and paediatric tuberculosis trials.

    Quantification of rifapentine, a potent antituberculosis drug, from dried blood spot samples using liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysisParsons et al., Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • dbs
    • validation
    • venous-agreement
    • tdm
    • antimicrobials
    • haematocrit
  47. 2014

    Adherence to the artemether-lumefantrine regimen was low, with only 14.9% of patients definitely adherent; measurable lumefantrine concentrations were found in 14.4% of venous samples, indicating poor compliance and the need for ongoing adherence monitoring.

    Adherence to artemether-lumefantrine drug combination: a rural community experience six years after change of malaria treatment policy in TanzaniaMinzi et al., Malaria journal · source ↗

    • blood
    • liquid
    • capillary
    • tdm
  48. 2014

    Both the Sebia CAPILLARYS 2 Flex Piercing and the Tosoh G8 performed excellently for HbA1c determination with low imprecision and minimal bias. Capillary blood analysed on the Cap 2FP showed good agreement with venous blood and was stable at room temperature, making it an acceptable alternative for point of care testing and enabling home collection with central analysis to reduce healthcare costs without compromising quality.

    Evaluation of the Sebia CAPILLARYS 2 flex piercing for the measurement of HbA(1c) on venous and capillary blood samplesHeylen et al., American journal of clinical pathology (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • liquid
    • capillary
    • validation
    • venous-agreement
  49. 2014

    In 230 women, HPV detection in self-collected urine showed 90 per cent agreement with cervical sampling (κ=0.80), with 97 per cent concordance for high-risk types. High viral load in urine correlated with cytological abnormalities, suggesting urine self-sampling could enable decentralised cervical cancer screening with good accuracy.

    Interest of human papillomavirus DNA quantification and genotyping in paired cervical and urine samples to detect cervical lesionsDucancelle et al., Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (paywalled) · source ↗

    • sti
    • self-collection
    • hpv
    • liquid
    • urine
    • genotyping
  50. 2014

    In an urban emergency department, only 20% of women aged 19-25 presenting with dysuria and diagnosed with urinary tract infection were tested for chlamydia, and 21% of those tested were positive, yet only 42% of positive cases received effective treatment; the authors argue that routine sexual history taking and the availability of self-administered vaginal swab and first-void urine chlamydia tests could improve detection.

    Dysuria in the emergency department: missed diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatisWilbanks et al., The western journal of emergency medicine · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • sti
  51. 2014

    A patient-use blood glucose monitoring system achieved accuracy comparable to six professional-use point-of-care systems when capillary samples from 100 subjects were measured by trained staff under standardised conditions, with all seven systems showing 99.5 to 100 per cent of results within ISO 15197:2003 limits. This supports the case that decentralised, patient-centric capillary blood glucose measurement can match professional laboratory-aligned performance when sampling is standardised.

    System accuracy evaluation of systems for point-of-care testing of blood glucose: a comparison of a patient-use system with six professional-use systemsFreckmann et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • liquid
    • capillary
    • validation
    • venous-agreement
  52. 2014

    In a cross-over study of adults with phenylketonuria, adding tryptophan and tyrosine to large neutral amino acid therapy increased urine dopamine but not melatonin metabolite levels, indicating serotonin synthesis remains suppressed by phenylalanine. The protocol demonstrates first-void urine sampling can support therapeutic drug monitoring for metabolic disorders.

    Melatonin and dopamine as biomarkers to optimize treatment in phenylketonuria: effects of tryptophan and tyrosine supplementationYano et al., The Journal of pediatrics (paywalled) · source ↗

    • first-void
    • tdm
    • hormones
    • urine
    • biomarkers
  53. 2014

    Among 1381 asymptomatic patients under 30 at French screening clinics, 7.6% tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis, 0.58% for Mycoplasma genitalium, and 0.36% for Neisseria gonorrhoeae by PCR of first-void urine. The findings support systematic chlamydia screening but not gonorrhoea or mycoplasma screening in this decentralised, patient-centric setting.

    Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium in asymptomatic patients under 30 years of age screened in a French sexually transmitted infections clinicClarivet et al., European journal of dermatology : EJD (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • sti
  54. 2014

    In a cross-sectional study of 409 men who have sex with men in Shenzhen, the overall prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium was 8.1%, with 3.4% positivity in first-void urine and 5.4% in rectal swabs; urethral infection was associated with more heterosexual behaviours and recent unprotected anal intercourse, while rectal infection was linked to HIV infection, indicating the need for targeted screening of self-collected specimens in this population.

    The prevalence of urethral and rectal Mycoplasma genitalium among men who have sex with men in China, a cross-sectional studyZheng et al., BMC public health · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • sti
  55. 2014

    The authors developed and validated a sensitive LCMS assay for methotrexate polyglutamates in dried blood spots from finger-prick samples, demonstrating agreement with conventional HPLC-UV analysis of matched red-cell samples in 47 paediatric patients. This enables minimally invasive, parent-collected sampling at home for therapeutic drug monitoring, supporting decentralised clinical studies and care in paediatric rheumatology.

    A novel dried blood spot-LCMS method for the quantification of methotrexate polyglutamates as a potential marker for methotrexate use in childrenHawwa et al., PloS one · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • dbs
    • validation
    • pediatric
    • tdm
    • immunosuppressants
  56. 2014

    Self-collected saliva revealed that perceived stress at home, but not at work, was associated with a lower cortisol awakening response and flatter diurnal slope, an effect seen only in women. This demonstrates that home-based saliva sampling can detect stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes, supporting its use in remote stress monitoring and highlighting sex-specific responses.

    Diurnal salivary cortisol in relation to perceived stress at home and at work in healthy men and womenSjörs et al., Biological psychology (paywalled) · source ↗

    • saliva
    • self-collection
    • hormones
    • cortisol
  57. 2014

    Obese adults were nearly three times more likely than normal-weight adults to be non-producers of the gut microbial metabolite O-desmethylangolensin (ODMA) after a soy challenge, based on first-void urine analysis (adjusted odds ratio 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–6.2). This suggests that ODMA phenotype from first-void urine could serve as a decentralised biomarker for obesity risk, whereas equol phenotype showed no association.

    Obesity prevalence in relation to gut microbial environments capable of producing equol or O-desmethylangolensin from the isoflavone daidzeinFrankenfeld et al., European journal of clinical nutrition (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • microbiome
    • biomarkers
  58. 2014

    Self-collected vaginal swabs detected more chlamydia and gonorrhoeae infections than first-void urine across all four assays, with chlamydia sensitivities of 84.6-98.1% on swabs versus 75.5-88.7% on urine. This indicates vaginal swabs are the more sensitive specimen for decentralised STI screening in women.

    Head-to-head comparison of second-generation nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae on urine samples from female subjects and self-collected vaginal swabsChernesky et al., Journal of clinical microbiology (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • self-collection
    • validation
    • sti
  59. 2014

    Higher bacterial loads of Ureaplasma urealyticum in first-void urine were positively correlated with leucocyte counts and were significantly associated with urethritis symptoms, suggesting a diagnostic threshold that could be used to guide decentralised STI screening.

    Bacterial loads of Ureaplasma urealyticum contribute to development of urethritis in menShimada et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • sti
  60. 2014

    This guideline review supports decentralised STI screening by specifying that first-void urine collection for chlamydia requires a 20 minute interval since the last void to ensure diagnostic accuracy. It also recommends pharyngeal chlamydia testing and nucleic acid amplification tests for gonorrhoea in asymptomatic men who have sex with men.

    Australian sexually transmissible infection and HIV testing guidelines for asymptomatic men who have sex with men 2014: a review of the evidenceTempleton et al., Sexual health (paywalled) · source ↗

    • urine
    • first-void
    • standards
    • sti
  61. 2014

    Urine HPV testing detects cervical HPV with 87% sensitivity and 94% specificity, making it an acceptable alternative when cervical sampling is difficult. First-void urine samples are more accurate than random or midstream samples, which supports decentralised screening approaches.

    Accuracy of urinary human papillomavirus testing for presence of cervical HPV: systematic review and meta-analysisPathak et al., BMJ · source ↗

    • first-void
    • sti
    • hpv
    • urine
    • validation
  62. 2014

    Most internet-using men who have sex with men reported high acceptability for HIV testing options including rapid oral fluid self-testing, but home dried blood spot self-collection ranked lowest in intended usage preference. This suggests that while decentralised HIV screening is acceptable to this population, DBS self-collection methods face particular acceptability challenges that must be addressed to optimise uptake.

    Acceptability and intended usage preferences for six HIV testing options among internet-using men who have sex with menSharma et al., SpringerPlus · source ↗

    • acceptability
    • blood
    • sti
    • dbs
    • self-collection
    • dried
    • serology
    • saliva
  63. 2013

    The canonical review of the haematocrit effect, decomposing it into recovery bias, matrix effects, spot-size/homogeneity variation and analyte-distribution bias.

    Hemato-critical issues in quantitative analysis of dried blood spots: challenges and solutionsDe Kesel et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dbs
    • haematocrit
    • dried
    • validation
  64. 2012

    Oragene-stabilised saliva DNA agreed with blood at 98.7% of called markers on a pharmacogenetic array; saliva's lower overall call rate tracked its variable human-DNA content.

    Genotyping Performance between Saliva and Blood-Derived Genomic DNAs on the DMET Array: A ComparisonHu et al., PLoS ONE · source ↗

    • dna
    • stabilised
    • blood
    • dna-genotek-oragene
    • validation
    • saliva
    • genotyping

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