The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 1–100 of 168 labelled “hormones”, newest first.
2026
The analysis indicates that dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling enable minimally invasive monitoring of prohibited substances, with volumetric absorptive microsampling offering improved quantitative reliability over traditional dried spots.
Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Microsampling in Sports Drug Monitoring: Progress in DBS and VAMS — Zhang, Biomedical chromatography : BMC (paywalled)
- vams
- doping
- blood
- dbs
- dried
- steroids
- toxicology
- hormones
- validation
- biomarkers
2026
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was successfully validated for measuring androstenedione, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and 11-ketotestosterone in dried blood samples collected via volumetric absorptive microsampling. The dried samples remained stable at room temperature for up to a week and after postal transit, and plasma concentrations could be reliably estimated from the microsamples when adjusting for haematocrit.
Analytical validation of a dried blood microsampling method to measure androstenedione, 17α‑hydroxyprogesterone, and 11‑ketotestosterone for congenital adrenal hyperplasia monitoring — De Baets et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- hormones
- haematocrit
2026
This study used home self-collected saliva samples to successfully monitor cytokines and cortisol in mothers and infants, finding that a community singing intervention significantly reduced salivary interleukin-6 levels in mothers with postnatal depression.
Community singing intervention reduces maternal salivary cytokines and enhances maternal-infant cortisol synchrony in postnatal depression: biological findings from the SHAPER-PND trial — Kirkpatrick et al., Brain, behavior, and immunity (paywalled)
- dct
- cortisol
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- liquid
- saliva
- biomarkers
2026
At-home saliva sampling for cortisol was feasible over 12 days in two people with poststroke aphasia, with the cortisol awakening response remaining consistent across days and weeks.
Intraindividual Variability of the Cortisol Awakening Response, Sleep Dynamics, Stress, and Emotion in Two Persons With Poststroke Aphasia — Laures-Gore et al., Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR (paywalled)
- cortisol
- self-collection
- hormones
- liquid
- saliva
2026
Self-collected salivary progesterone and the ratio of estradiol to progesterone showed strong agreement with serum levels, supporting the use of saliva as a noninvasive matrix for monitoring the menstrual cycle.
Salivary estradiol and progesterone across the menstrual cycle: Association and agreement with serum concentrations — Goldenstein et al., Physiological reports
- venous-agreement
- blood
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
- saliva
2026
This study found that salivary 11-dehydrodexamethasone correlates strongly with serum dexamethasone, unlike salivary dexamethasone which shows poor agreement. This validation suggests patients could self-collect saliva samples at home to verify dexamethasone absorption for the overnight suppression test.
The Utility of Salivary 11-Dehydrodexamethasone as a Marker of Dexamethasone Absorption — Marshall et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- cortisol
- self-collection
- hormones
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2026
This study validated a lateral flow fluorescence assay using quantum dots for saliva and europium nanoparticles for serum to detect cortisol within physiological ranges. The test operates in 15 minutes with a handheld reader, supporting point-of-care and at-home monitoring without a cold chain.
Ultrasensitive de novo Protein Sandwich Lateral flow Fluorescence Assay for Cortisol in Saliva and Serum using Quantum dots and Europium Nanoparticles — Bruno et al., Journal of fluorescence (paywalled)
- blood
- saliva
- liquid
- self-collection
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
2026
This study found that measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone via dried blood spots and a volumetric device showed high agreement with serum results, with classification accuracy exceeding 96 per cent. The volumetric approach demonstrated improved reproducibility and stability, supporting its use for decentralised thyroid function monitoring.
Adaptation of a routine immunoassay analyser for TSH measurement in dried blood spot and volumetric microsampling (Capitainer B50): evaluation for thyroid function testing in adults — Bornikowska et al., Practical laboratory medicine
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- venous-agreement
- hormones
2026
In a large study using self-collected capillary blood, current vaping and smoking were independently associated with lower levels of anti-Müllerian hormone, a marker of ovarian reserve. This demonstrates the utility of decentralised capillary sampling for large-scale epidemiological research on reproductive health.
E-cigarette use (vaping) and cigarette smoking are associated with reduced markers of ovarian reserve: a cross-sectional study of 16,087 women — Getreu et al., BMC women's health (paywalled)
- blood
- self-collection
- capillary
- fertility
- hormones
2026
This study demonstrates that a memristor sensor can identify distinct electrical signatures in saliva and urine corresponding to different ovulation phases, suggesting a potential route for noninvasive home fertility monitoring.
A Noninvasive Method for Dynamic Ovulation Monitoring Based on Memristor — Chen et al., ACS omega
- fertility
- hormones
- liquid
- urine
- saliva
2026
Capillary fingerstick sampling showed high correlation and agreement with venous sampling for serum AMH but with proportional bias, so it may improve access to testing yet should not be considered fully interchangeable without further validation.
Comparison of serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations measured in capillary fingerstick and venous samples from Korean reproductive-aged women — Lavadia et al., Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2026
In a study of 46 perinatal nicotine users, dried blood spots and saliva were used weekly to measure reproductive hormones, finding that lower postpartum estradiol and greater peripartum declines in oxytocin were associated with increased nicotine craving and use. This demonstrates the feasibility of decentralised microsampling and remote surveys for longitudinal hormone tracking in vulnerable populations.
Exploring hormonal influences on nicotine craving and use across the perinatal period: A prospective longitudinal study — Allen et al., Drug and alcohol dependence reports (paywalled)
- blood
- dbs
- cortisol
- self-collection
- dried
- fertility
- hormones
- saliva
2026
Among 8007 neonates screened using dried blood spots, the study identified prevalence rates for congenital hypothyroidism (1:2002), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (1:2002) and G6PD deficiency (1:900), with abnormal results confirmed by venous sampling. This demonstrates the practical utility of microsampling for decentralised newborn screening and subsequent clinical management.
Birth Prevalence of Endocrine-Metabolic Disorders Detected by Newborn Screening Test in Pune (India) Population — Narawade et al., Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- hormones
2026
Menstrual blood offers a noninvasive, patient-centric matrix for detecting endometriosis, cervical cancer, and hormonal disorders through self-collected samples. Wearable in-pad biosensors enabling real-time monitoring and long-term tracking could transform fertility evaluation and early disease detection, though standardisation and large-scale validation remain critical gaps.
Beyond waste: menstrual blood as a powerful diagnostic tool for women's health — Shafiq et al., Annals of medicine and surgery
- blood
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
- wearable
- multimodal
2026
In female shift workers, 0.3 mg melatonin reduced climacteric symptoms by 15.8% compared with placebo and improved sleep quality on days off by 35.33%, with no shift interaction; home blood sampling enabled measurement of LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone.
Low-Dose Melatonin, Climacteric Symptoms and Sleep in Female Shift Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial — Saraiva et al., Journal of pineal research
- blood
- fertility
- hormones
2026
Analysis of dried blood spots from 813 newborns demonstrated that extremely preterm infants have markedly elevated corticosterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone, with the latter showing the strongest inverse correlation with gestational age, indicating these precursors better reflect adrenal immaturity than cortisol alone. This validates DBS as a practical tool for guiding postnatal steroid therapy in preterm infants by helping clinicians distinguish physiological adrenal immaturity from true insufficiency.
Elevation of corticosterone and 17OH progesterone in extremely preterm infants and clinical implications — Kessel et al., Pediatric research
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2026
Home DBS sampling gave testosterone results that agreed well with venous blood in men on intramuscular testosterone undecanoate, but showed falsely high values in those using topical gel, likely from skin contamination. Patients preferred home collection for its convenience, suggesting DBS is viable for decentralised monitoring of injectable testosterone if patients are taught proper technique.
From venipuncture to self-sampling dried blood spots: a shift in monitoring testosterone levels — Olthof et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
- tdm
2025
Patient-centric microsampling of salivary cortisol shows a 12.6 nmol/L cutoff at 60 min post cosyntropin stimulation, 89% accuracy, 85% sensitivity and 90% specificity, for adrenal insufficiency diagnosis, but reproducibility in healthy volunteers was poor.
Utility of Salivary Cortisol and Cortisone in the Diagnostics of Adrenal Insufficiency — Kvam Hellan et al., Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (paywalled)
- cortisol
- hormones
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2025
Testosterone, androstenedione, cortisol and cortisone were measurable from 200 µL saliva, but estradiol fell below quantification and progesterone in under half of samples: only a subset of steroids is reliable in saliva, and not interchangeable with serum.
Non-invasive assessment of free steroid hormones: a high-throughput LC-MS/MS method for salivary steroid quantification — Slettvoll et al., Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- cortisol
- steroids
- hormones
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2025
Earlobe capillary microsampling of 100-250 µL found good agreement with venous draws for progesterone, concordance 0.911, and 17β-estradiol, concordance 0.919, across menstrual cycles, showing suitability for decentralised monitoring. However, participant-reported burden was not assessed, and further validation is required in elite athletes.
Larger-volume capillary blood sampling is a valid alternative to assess progesterone and 17β-estradiol for cycle phase identification — Schlie et al., Frontiers in Physiology
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- hormones
- fertility
- venous-agreement
- validation
2025
This study compared four dried blood spot devices for glucocorticoid detection, finding that the Mitra VAMS device offered the best combination of analytical recovery and user usability, whilst the HemaXis DB10 showed the least bias compared to whole blood.
Analytical and usability comparison of microsampling dried blood spot devices for glucocorticoid detection in sports using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry — Chen et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- vams
- acceptability
- neoteryx-mitra
- doping
- blood
- dbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- toxicology
- hormones
- validation
2025
Capillary dried blood spots yielded reference ranges for testosterone, androstenedione, 17α hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone in healthy premenopausal women, with lower concentrations in users of systemic hormonal contraceptives and cycle-related variation for 17OHP and P4. These ranges enable screening for disorders of sex development using less invasive microsampling.
Evaluation of reference ranges of four circulating sex steroids from dried blood spots in women aged 18-40 years — Wang et al., The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (paywalled)
- blood
- dbs
- dried
- capillary
- fertility
- hormones
2025
Capillary tubes with serum separator gel gave 13% lower estradiol and 8% lower testosterone than non-gel capillary tubes, with discrepancies up to 19% and 14% versus venous tubes; other fertility hormones were unaffected. Conversion formulas were derived, but the study did not evaluate home collection workflows.
Systematic Reduction in Estradiol and Testosterone Measurements due to Serum Separator Gel in Blood Collection Tubes: Implications for At-Home Fertility Testing — Vasavan et al., The journal of applied laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- venous-agreement
- fertility
- hormones
2025
Validated on 40 adults, leptin measured from finger-prick dried blood spots agreed closely with matched serum and stayed stable at ambient and raised temperatures for 72 hours; the authors present it as a route into groups such as children that venepuncture has kept out of leptin research.
Validation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Measuring Leptin, a Key Metabolic Hormone, in Dried Blood Spot Samples — Kim et al., American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- hormones
2025
The authors found that a single microdose of recombinant EPO was detectable up to 72 hours using ITP and CP methods, though the Tasso microsampling device showed lower sensitivity than Mitra and Capitainer. Additionally, isotope ratio mass spectrometry successfully detected testosterone micro-dosing in all analysed samples, supported by serum testosterone levels.
Detection of a Single Microdose of Testosterone and Recombinant EPO in Healthy Volunteers — Heiland et al., Drug testing and analysis
- neoteryx-mitra
- doping
- blood
- dbs
- dried
- steroids
- capillary
- hormones
- urine
- validation
2025
Cortisol dynamic range measured from participant-led saliva collection was feasible and associated with higher perceived stress and anxiety in African American women, suggesting saliva self-collection can serve as a decentralised biomarker of chronic stress.
A Community-Engaged Approach for Assessment of Cortisol Dynamic Range and Multilevel Chronic Stress in African Americans: FAITH! Heart Health+ Ancillary Study — Ortiz et al., Journal of participatory medicine
- cortisol
- self-collection
- hormones
- saliva
- biomarkers
2025
In 46 women under hormone monitoring at Columbia University Fertility Center, oestradiol, LH, FSH, progesterone and hCG measured on routine immunoassays from 400 to 600 microlitres of upper-arm capillary blood collected with TAP Micro Select agreed closely with paired venous results for every analyte, with correlation and concordance high throughout. It is the evidence that puts a self-collected sample inside the daily monitoring of an IVF cycle.
Painless, needle-free capillary blood collection for fertility hormone monitoring — Lattin et al., Fertility and sterility (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- yourbio
- fertility
- hormones
- venous-agreement
- validation
2025
In a feasibility pilot of 29 perimenopausal women using daily saliva progesterone measured at home, a significant association was seen between short luteal phases and having more cycles under 23 days, but this did not remain after adjusting for observation count and no differences were found for other cycle characteristics, suggesting short luteal phases may not reliably indicate cycle irregularity in this population.
The role of short luteal phases on cycle regularity during the perimenopausal transition — Visby Madsen et al., Menopause (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2025
The Mira fertility monitor's LH surge and urine E1-3G levels correlated strongly with the ClearBlue Fertility Monitor's LH surge and low-to-high shift in both postpartum and perimenopause transitions, supporting at-home urine hormone monitoring for fertility tracking.
Validating At-Home Urinary Hormone Measurements in Postpartum and Perimenopause Fertility Transitions — Bouchard et al., Women's health reports
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
2025
A newborn screening programme using dried blood spots detected classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency in 1 in 17,699 infants, with second-tier LC-MS/MS testing achieving a positive predictive value of 4.3. However, 23% of cases became symptomatic before results were reported, highlighting that timeliness remains a critical challenge for decentralised diagnostics.
Newborn screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21 hydroxylase deficiency: the Italian experience 2006-2019 — Baronio et al., Journal of endocrinological investigation (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- hormones
2025
Long-term sleep quality improved significantly during an internet-based intervention for major depressive disorder. Patients with poor sleep initially showed blunted cortisol awakening responses, which normalised as sleep quality improved, demonstrating that self-collected saliva can track biological stress changes in decentralised mental health care.
Sleep quality and the biological stress system during an internet-based intervention for major depressive disorder — Laufer et al., Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- dct
2025
Higher lifetime trauma exposure in adolescent mothers was associated with higher evening salivary cortisol, and maternal trauma during pregnancy was associated with higher bedtime cortisol in infants, suggesting that self-collected saliva can capture diurnal cortisol patterns relevant to trauma research and decentralised sampling.
A Preliminary Investigation of Associations Between Traumatic Events Experienced During Pregnancy and Salivary Diurnal Cortisol Levels of Brazilian Adolescent Mothers and Infants — Wiley et al., American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2025
Only 24% of participants completed this two-cycle feasibility study of AI-interpreted salivary ferning for ovulation prediction in females with irregular cycles, with 44% withdrawing citing cycle irregularity, pregnancy, or time constraints. The authors concluded that decentralised fertility trials must streamline procedures and provide ovulatory health education to improve retention and reduce burden before smartphone-based diagnostics can be scaled for this population.
Digitally Enabled AI-Interpreted Salivary Ferning-Based Ovulation Prediction: Feasibility Study — Peebles et al., Journal of medical Internet research
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2025
Among children of parents with bipolar disorder, saliva samples collected at home over two days showed that improvements in family organisation during a six-month prevention programme were associated with adaptive changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, including elevated cortisol awakening response and steeper diurnal slope. These results indicate that decentralised saliva collection can capture clinically meaningful neuroendocrine responses to psychosocial interventions in at-risk paediatric populations.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder and the impact of the family environment: A pilot study of the Reducing Unwanted Stress in the Home (RUSH) prevention program — Ping et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2025
The Ovul portable device, which analyses dried saliva crystallisation patterns to detect the fertile window, achieved 97.4% sensitivity and 97.6% accuracy in women with idiopathic infertility, outperforming urine test strips while both methods maintained 100% specificity against folliculometry. This supports its use as a decentralised, patient‑centric tool for home fertility monitoring that could reduce costs and improve convenience.
Effectiveness of using ferning of the dried saliva crystallization to determine the fertile window in women with idiopathic infertility — Kolomiichenko et al., Wiadomosci lekarskie (paywalled)
- saliva
- dried
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2025
In women with endometriosis, longer individual exercise sessions were associated with lower levels of salivary c-reactive protein and estradiol, as well as reduced pain and fat mass. The results demonstrate the utility of timed, at-home saliva self-collection for assessing systemic biomarkers in reproductive health research.
Is exercise duration more important than intensity in endometriosis? — Hartmann et al., BMC women's health
- saliva
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2025
Salivary concentrations of 17OH-progesterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and progesterone showed strong positive correlations with serum in both prepubertal and pubertal children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, supporting saliva as a minimally invasive alternative to venipuncture for diagnosis and therapy monitoring.
[Salivary steroid profile investigation by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia] — Tiulpakov et al., Problemy endokrinologii
- blood
- saliva
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- hormones
2025
The study found that levels of an acrylamide metabolite in first-void urine were significantly and inversely associated with testosterone, puberty stage and facial hair growth in boys aged 13 to 14, but not in girls, suggesting that acrylamide exposure may disrupt pubertal development in males through effects on testosterone.
Acrylamide exposure, sex hormones, and pubertal status in Japanese adolescents — Nagata et al., International journal of environmental health research (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- pediatric
- hormones
- toxicology
2025
All five at-home urine ovulation predictor kits demonstrated high accuracy (92–97%) when compared with blood LH levels, though sensitivity varied widely from 38% to 77% with Clinical Guard the lowest. Patient experience was comparable across kits, though Clinical Guard was slightly less favoured for future use.
Similar accuracy and patient experience with different one-step ovulation predictor kits — Vanderhoff et al., Fertility and sterility (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2025
Capillary blood collected with a Tasso+ device showed excellent agreement with venous serum for testosterone, the testosterone/androstenedione ratio, and luteinising hormone in 20 adults tracked over six weeks. The biomarkers remained stable when capillary samples were stored at room temperature, suggesting capillary microsampling could enable decentralised, patient-centric collection for the Athlete Biological Passport without cold-chain logistics.
Is blood blood? Comparing quantitation of endogenous steroids and luteinizing hormone in concurrently collected venous serum and Tasso+ SST capillary serum samples — Goodrum et al., Drug testing and analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
- hormones
- doping
2024
The study found excellent agreement between hCG levels measured in remotely collected capillary blood and standard venous samples, with a near-perfect correlation. This demonstrates that remote self-collection is a feasible and acceptable alternative for serial pregnancy monitoring, reducing the need for clinic visits.
Proof-of-concept study: Remote capillary blood collection for hCG analysis in early pregnancy — Joyce et al., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- self-collection
- capillary
- fertility
- hormones
- liquid
2024
A validated LC-MS/MS assay successfully measured 13 steroid hormones and two synthetic steroids in saliva, requiring only 50 microlitres, or down to 2 to 5 microlitres for nine analytes. This shows saliva's viability for non-invasive, patient-centric microsampling and decentralised monitoring in paediatric, neonatal and adult populations.
An LC-MS/MS assay for simultaneous determination of 13 steroid hormones and two synthetic steroids in saliva: potential utility for paediatric population and beyond — Dahl et al., Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation (paywalled)
- cortisol
- self-collection
- steroids
- pediatric
- hormones
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2024
A study of 152 women found that HbA1c and reproductive hormone levels from menstrual blood collected via a modified pad highly correlated with venous blood, supporting its use as a decentralised surrogate, though interassay variability was noted.
Concordance of hemoglobin A1c and reproductive hormone levels in menstrual and venous blood — Naseri et al., F&S reports
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- venous-agreement
- fertility
- hormones
2024
Capillary sampling gave TSH and FT4 results that closely matched venous values, with Spearman correlations of 0.99 and 0.97 respectively. This supports using small capillary samples for remote thyroid function testing.
Determination of Capillary Blood TSH and Free Thyroxine Levels Using Digital Immunoassay — Suzuki et al., Journal of the Endocrine Society
- venous-agreement
- blood
- capillary
- hormones
- yourbio
2024
This retrospective case series found that a protocol combining home-based urinary hormone testing with a smartphone application supported fertility management and family planning without unintended pregnancies. The findings suggest that integrating self-collected urinary data with digital tools offers a viable decentralised approach for ovulation prediction.
Helping Patients to Predict and Confirm Ovulation with the Use of Combined Urinary Hormonal and Smartphone Technology: A Proof-of-Concept Retrospective Descriptive Case Series — Leiva & Ecochard, Seminars in reproductive medicine
- multimodal
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
- urine
2024
In a longitudinal cohort of 1,292 mothers, increased cortisol reactivity to children's distress at 15 months predicted higher harsh parenting at 24 months, and conversely, higher harsh parenting at 15 months predicted increased cortisol reactivity at 24 months. This bidirectional association suggests that salivary cortisol reactivity in early toddlerhood may flag risk for harsh parenting and that parenting stress can further alter maternal stress physiology, which is pertinent to decentralised monitoring of stress biomarkers via saliva.
Within-person bidirectional associations between maternal cortisol reactivity and harsh parenting across infancy and toddlerhood — Ravindran et al., Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (paywalled)
- saliva
- hormones
- cortisol
2024
A four-item questionnaire for menstrual phase identification, validated against progesterone in dried blood spots, achieved 92.1 per cent accuracy with less restrictive scoring, substantially better than self-reported onset of menses alone (60.2 per cent). This tool could enable accurate phase determination in decentralised research and low-resource settings without intensive clinical assessment.
Menstrual Phase Identification Questionnaire (MPIQ): Development and validation of a cross-sectional survey to identify follicular and luteal phases — Allen et al., Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
2024
Healthy postpartum women exhibited a blunted cortisol awakening response and lower evening cortisol than non-perinatal controls when samples were self-collected at home. This suggests reduced CAR may reflect healthy adjustment to motherhood, demonstrating the feasibility of patient-centric saliva microsampling for perinatal mental health monitoring.
The cortisol awakening response is blunted in healthy women early postpartum — Høgh et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2024
Using Saliva Children's Swabs to collect salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol was feasible in elderly nursing home residents with dementia, though active patient engagement remained necessary. However, an individualised music listening intervention showed no significant effect on these salivary stress markers.
Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase as stress markers to evaluate an individualized music intervention for people with dementia: feasibility and pilot analyses — Hillebrand et al., BMC research notes
- saliva
- acceptability
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2024
A short fasting test initiated overnight at home and completed in an outpatient setting diagnosed insulinoma in 11 of 12 patients within 24 hours (91.7% sensitivity). This decentralised approach avoids prolonged inpatient monitoring while maintaining diagnostic accuracy.
Short fasting test as a reliable and effective tool to diagnose insulinoma — Mikovic et al., Endocrine
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- venous-agreement
- hormones
2024
The study found improved salivary DHEA levels and reduced anxiety and loneliness in older adults after a 12-week digital music and movement intervention, showing that decentralised, patient-centric saliva sampling can support biological and psychosocial monitoring in care homes.
Digital music and movement intervention to improve health and wellbeing in older adults in care homes: a pilot mixed methods study — De Nys et al., BMC geriatrics
- saliva
- hormones
- cortisol
2024
Maltreated adolescents exhibited persistently flattened cortisol diurnal rhythms when saliva was collected at home, showing that decentralised, patient-centric microsampling across laboratory, home, and school settings can reveal neurobiological adaptations to chronic stress. This supports saliva self-collection as a feasible method for monitoring HPA axis dysfunction in vulnerable youth.
Cortisol's diurnal rhythm indexes the neurobiological impact of child adversity in adolescence — Shirtcliff et al., Biological psychology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2024
Steroid hormones in dried blood spots remained within 15% of baseline for up to 14 days at 37C, and for up to 6 months at -20C, 4C and room temperature, with specific exceptions for androstenedione, 17-OHP, cortisone and cortisol. These findings support the use of DBS for decentralised hormone monitoring by defining storage limits that preserve analyte integrity during transit and storage.
Stability of steroid hormones in dried blood spots (DBS) — Olthof et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- hormones
2024
The authors validated an LC-HRMS/MS assay for steroids and thyroid hormones in 30 microlitres of capillary blood collected with Neoteryx Mitra VAMS devices, demonstrating storage stability of over 28 days frozen and 14 days at room temperature. Using authentic samples from 50 healthy active adults, the method showed adequate sensitivity to detect the reduced hormone concentrations seen in relative energy deficiency in sport, supporting self-collected VAMS as a practical tool for regular hormone monitoring in athletes.
Development of an LC-HRMS/MS Method for Quantifying Steroids and Thyroid Hormones in Capillary Blood: A Potential Tool for Assessing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) — Tuma et al., Metabolites
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- hormones
2024
This study found that dried blood spot samples stored at room temperature for four years correlated highly with serum measurements for testosterone and androstenedione, indicating that hematocrit adjustment may be unnecessary for serial monitoring in home-based self-sampling.
Dried blood spot sampling of testosterone microdosing in healthy females — Desai et al., The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- fertility
- hormones
- haematocrit
2024
In 60 healthy young adults who self-collected saliva, habitual coffee consumption at low, moderate or high intake did not significantly alter morning or evening levels of salivary cortisol or alpha amylase under non-stressful conditions. This suggests that for decentralised diagnostics, coffee drinking is unlikely to confound salivary hormone results, supporting the validity of self-collection for cortisol and stress biomarker monitoring.
[Effects of coffee consumption on salivary cortisol and alpha amylase in young adults] — Alejandro Juárez & Celia, Revista cientifica odontologica
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2024
Self-collection of saliva for cortisol awakening response research at home was experienced as arduous, with participants reporting apprehension, cognitive burden, and disruption to sleep and morning routines. Difficulty identifying the moment of awakening affected sample timing, though habituation reduced these effects over repeated days, indicating that clear protocols are needed to improve ecological validity in decentralised hormone monitoring.
<b>Experiences of participating in cortisol awakening response research:</b> <i>"I was more conscious</i> <i>than usual, I wanted to get it right</i> <i>"</i> — Ramachandran et al., Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hormones
- cortisol
2024
In young elite footballers with regular cycles, salivary progesterone correlated strongly with capillary blood concentrations, offering a non‑invasive way to track ovarian function. A luteal‑phase saliva progesterone threshold of 50 pg/ml and a 1.5‑fold rise over follicular baseline showed good accuracy for confirming ovulation against serum criteria.
The use of saliva and blood progesterone to profile the menstrual cycles of youth professional football players — Ferrer et al., Frontiers in sports and active living
- blood
- saliva
- capillary
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
2024
The authors validated an LC-MS/MS method for quantifying 18 endogenous steroids and metabolites in 30 μL dried blood VAMS samples from 20 healthy volunteers. Steroids remained stable for up to 100 days across storage temperatures from room temperature to -80 °C and through three freeze-thaw cycles, suggesting VAMS is reliable for doping control and clinical hormone monitoring outside traditional settings.
LC-MS/MS measurement of endogenous steroid hormones and phase II metabolites in blood volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) for doping control purposes — Ponzetto et al., Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- hormones
- doping
- toxicology
2023
During ACTH stimulation, salivary cortisol correlated only weakly with serum and gave modest accuracy: saliva does not reliably replace serum cortisol for adrenal insufficiency. A concrete limit.
Reliability of Salivary versus Serum Cortisol for Diagnosing Adrenal Insufficiency in Children — Ciancia et al., Children
- venous-agreement
- blood
- cortisol
- pediatric
- hormones
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2023
In sixteen workers observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, those working from home had higher waking and lower nocturnal melatonin, and higher oxytocin, than office-based colleagues, while cortisol and s-IgA rhythms were unchanged. The study shows that self-collected saliva samples can detect how remote work alters stress-related biomarkers, supporting decentralised occupational-health monitoring.
Differences in the diurnal variation of salivary stress biomarkers during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic between telecommuters and office workers — Hasebe et al., Neuro endocrinology letters (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Toddler saliva cortisol fell from an initial rise back to low levels over three months, matching parents' and caregivers' reports of an easy start when parents were present followed by demanding first weeks of separation and then improved well-being; this concordance supports using self-collected saliva cortisol as a pragmatic, patient-centric biomarker of adaptation during the transition to childcare.
Do toddlers' levels of cortisol and the perceptions of parents and professional caregivers tell the same story about transition from home to childcare? A mixed method study — Drugli et al., Frontiers in psychology
- saliva
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
In 880 people who self-collected three saliva samples at home, more than half in each cohort were cortisol awakening non-responders. No association was found between cortisol awakening response and trait resilience, but age, sex, weekday collection and awakening time significantly affected results, revealing compliance challenges for decentralised hormone monitoring.
The relationship between cortisol awakening response and trait resilience in two patient cohorts and one population-based cohort — Linnemann et al., The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
A remote protocol combining daily surveys with weekly self-collected dried blood spots achieved a 92% study completion rate and high acceptability among reproductive-age women smokers, with 87% of participants collecting most samples and the same proportion extremely willing to repeat the study. This feasibility demonstrates that decentralised microsampling can support longitudinal research on hormonal contraceptive effects and smoking behaviour.
Feasibility of remotely assessing hormonal contraceptive use and smoking-related symptomatology: Evidence from a preliminary prospective cohort study — Medvescek & Allen, Drug and alcohol dependence reports (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
- dct
2023
Quantitative at-home urine monitors clearly demarcated luteal phase transitions, luteinisation, progestation, and luteolysis, and identified anovulation across three clinical scenarios. This proof-of-concept suggests self-collected urine hormone measurements could help women target fertility interventions without clinic visits.
Using Quantitative Hormonal Fertility Monitors to Evaluate the Luteal Phase: Proof of Concept Case Study — Bouchard, Medicina
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2023
Fertility patients commonly use direct-to-consumer ovulation prediction methods, yet reproductive endocrinologists rate the utility of these tests substantially lower than patients do. This discordance highlights the need for better patient education and guidelines to inform self-collection and interpretation of fertility biomarkers in decentralised care.
Direct-to-consumer fertility testing: utilization and perceived utility among fertility patients and reproductive endocrinologists — Peipert et al., Reproductive biomedicine online (paywalled)
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2023
In unmedicated major depressive disorder, prefrontal and anterior cingulate 5-HT4 receptor binding positively associated with cortisol awakening response; eight weeks of antidepressant treatment did not alter cortisol awakening response and pretreatment cortisol awakening response did not predict outcome.
Stress Hormone Dynamics Are Coupled to Brain Serotonin 4 Receptor Availability in Unmedicated Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A NeuroPharm Study — Vulpius et al., The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Capillary finger-stick dried blood spots yielded TSH measurements that agreed strongly with venous plasma (R² 0.988) and correctly identified hypothyroidism and hypothyrotropinemia in most cases. The analyte remained stable for at least four days between -20°C and +30°C, indicating potential for at-home collection in thyroid diagnostics and monitoring.
A Preliminary Analysis of Thyrotropin Measurement from Finger Stick Dried Blood Spot with an Automated High-Throughput Immunoassay Analyzer — Schakelaar et al., Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- hormones
- haematocrit
2023
In term newborns, measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone from dried blood spots before 72 hours of life is as accurate as later sampling and enables treatment of positive cases around 6 days instead of 8.5 days, without increasing false positives; however, home sampling delays laboratory receipt and yields more unusable samples than hospital sampling.
Thyrotropin Screening of Newborns: Before or After 72 Hours of Life? Before Discharge or at Home? — Boros et al., Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
2023
Daily remote urine hormone monitoring of LH and PdG, together with age and cycle start day, can identify menstrual cycle phase and day with 95% confidence; this supports precise, patient-centric cycle tracking outside clinic settings.
Using Hormone Data and Age to Pinpoint Cycle Day within the Menstrual Cycle — Hills et al., Medicina (paywalled)
- urine
- fertility
- hormones
2023
An intensive protocol combining daily at-home saliva collection for ovarian hormones with smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment achieved 85% compliance in 50 female smokers, revealing substantial within- and between-subject heterogeneity in hormone levels, anxiety and nicotine craving. This demonstrates feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric data collection for studying complex comorbidities.
Methodological approach for an integrated female-specific study of anxiety and smoking comorbidity — Farris et al., Frontiers in psychiatry
- saliva
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
- digital-biomarker
- multimodal
2023
Canadian dentists self-collected monthly saliva samples over one year during COVID-19. Salivary cortisol levels showed a modest positive association with national COVID-19 case counts, while dentistry-specific anxiety peaked during waves but general anxiety declined, demonstrating feasibility of longitudinal stress monitoring through decentralised sampling.
Salivary Cortisol and Anxiety in Canadian Dentists over 1 Year of COVID-19 — Kolbe et al., Journal of dental research
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Among 667 men who have sex with men who self-collected saliva at home, experiences of sexual behaviour stigma, particularly gossip by healthcare providers, were associated with elevated evening and average daily cortisol. This demonstrates that decentralised saliva microsampling can capture physiological stress responses in hard-to-reach populations, enabling remote psychosocial monitoring.
Predicting salivary cortisol and sexual behavior stigma among MSM in the American Men's Internet Survey 2019 — Dibble et al., Scientific reports
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
At-home urine oestrone-3-glucuronide measured with the Mira Fertility Tracker during gonadotropin stimulation correlated well with paired serum oestradiol (r = 0.761) and predicted mature oocyte yield to a similar degree, suggesting that patient-centric oestrogen monitoring could reduce reliance on clinic-based venous draws during fertility treatment.
At-home urine estrone-3-glucuronide quantification predicts oocyte retrieval outcomes comparably with serum estradiol — Nakhuda et al., F&S reports
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- fertility
- hormones
2023
In 102 samples, quantitative TSH by Finecare LFIA showed strong correlation (r approximately 0.93) and excellent agreement (Cohen's kappa 0.85) with the Roche CobasPro reference; using serum, sensitivity was 90.5% and specificity 96.3% for diagnosing thyroid abnormalities, supporting fingerstick and whole-blood use for decentralised TSH testing.
High-sensitive detection and quantitation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from capillary/fingerstick and venepuncture whole-blood using fluorescence-based rapid lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) — Shurbaji et al., Heliyon
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
- hormones
2023
Repeated self-collection of saliva for steroid hormone analysis proved feasible in dementia care dyads over eight weeks, with participants providing a mean of 4.3 to 4.9 morning samples weekly during the first seven weeks, falling to 3.3 in the final week. The music intervention was associated with lower morning cortisol concentrations in caregivers, showing that home-based saliva microsampling can objectively capture intervention effects in decentralised studies.
Assessing stress using repeated saliva concentration of steroid hormones in dementia care dyads: results from a controlled pilot care music intervention — Emami et al., Upsala journal of medical sciences
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Latent profile analysis of more than 4000 saliva cortisol samples from children aged two, three-and-a-half, and five years identified three diurnal patterns: a predominant low/regular profile, a low/flat profile, and a high/fluctuating profile associated with home childcare, higher temperamental surgency, and maternal depressive symptoms. The study observed only moderate stability across the three-year follow-up, with half of children moving between groups, and highlights methodological issues in pediatric saliva sampling, supporting decentralised, longitudinal biomarker monitoring in early childhood.
Latent profile analysis of diurnal cortisol patterns at the ages of 2, 3.5, and 5 years: Associations with childcare setting, child individual characteristics, and maternal distress — Tervahartiala et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
In 20 women providing 73 paired samples across menstrual‑cycle phases, urinary metabolites measured at home correlated strongly with serum hormone concentrations (estradiol R²=0.96, progesterone R²=0.95, LH R²=0.98). When the derived equations were applied to a separate set of 20 users, predicted serum values correlated 0.92–0.94 with actual measurements. This suggests home urine testing could substitute for clinic blood draws in routine fertility monitoring, though the cohort was limited to women with normal cycles.
Predicting serum hormone concentration by estimation of urinary hormones through a home-use device — Pattnaik et al., Human reproduction open
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
2023
Female adolescent and young adult cancer survivors frequently misestimated their infertility risk, with minimal agreement between perceived risk and objective assessment using self-collected dried blood spots for ovarian reserve testing. The study suggests ongoing counselling could align perceptions with actual risk and inform family planning.
Perceived and Objective Fertility Risk Among Female Survivors of Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer — Din et al., JAMA network open
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2023
The study found that the Premom and Easy@Home urine-based luteinizing hormone testing systems provided estimates of peak fertility that were highly correlated with the Clearblue Fertility Monitor, suggesting they are accurate tools for ovulation detection and easy to use at home.
A Comparison of Two Hormonal Fertility Monitoring Systems for Ovulation Detection: A Pilot Study — Mu & Fehring, Medicina
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2023
The Inito Fertility Monitor demonstrated strong agreement with laboratory ELISA for measuring urinary estrone-3-glucuronide, pregnanediol glucuronide and luteinising hormone, with coefficients of variation around 5%. It identified a novel ovulation confirmation criterion that distinguished ovulatory from anovulatory cycles with 100% specificity and an area under the curve of 0.98, supporting accurate decentralised fertility monitoring.
Validation of urinary reproductive hormone measurements using a novel smartphone connected reader — Pattnaik et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
2023
Home-based monitoring of ovulation for timing frozen embryo transfer produced ongoing pregnancy rates of 20.8% in 732 women, which was non-inferior to the 20.9% rate with hospital-controlled monitoring (risk difference -0.14%, 90% CI -3.63 to 3.36). This randomised trial supports decentralised fertility care without compromising pregnancy outcomes.
Home-based monitoring of ovulation to time frozen embryo transfers in the Netherlands (Antarctica-2): an open-label, nationwide, randomised, non-inferiority trial — Zaat et al., Lancet (paywalled)
- fertility
- hormones
2023
EFT and music therapy significantly reduced anxiety and salivary cortisol levels while improving psychological growth and wellbeing in pregnant women following prenatal loss. This demonstrates that saliva sampling can be integrated into decentralised mental health interventions, supporting remote biomarker monitoring in perinatal care.
The effect of emotional freedom technique and music applied to pregnant women who experienced prenatal loss on psychological growth, well-being, and cortisol level: A randomized controlled trial — Okyay & Uçar, Archives of psychiatric nursing (paywalled)
- saliva
- fertility
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Researchers developed a flexible electrochemical immunosensor with micropyramidal electrodes that detects salivary progesterone and β-estradiol at sub-femtomolar concentrations within minutes. This patient-centric approach enables decentralised, centrifuge-free monitoring of ovarian hormone cycles through simple saliva dilution, offering a practical platform for at-home reproductive health diagnostics.
Tip-Enhanced Sub-Femtomolar Steroid Immunosensing via Micropyramidal Flexible Conducting Polymer Electrodes for At-Home Monitoring of Salivary Sex Hormones — Li et al., ACS nano (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2022
The study established reference intervals for TSH in dried blood spots for both adults and neonates and defined a quantitative relationship between DBS and serum TSH levels. This allows DBS to be used as a viable, patient-centric alternative to venepuncture for thyroid function monitoring, particularly where venous sampling is difficult.
Adult and neonate TSH blood spot reference intervals — Morris et al., Annals of clinical biochemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- hormones
2022
Female firefighters had lower anti-Müllerian hormone levels than matched non-firefighters, suggesting occupational exposures may affect ovarian reserve; this supports the feasibility of using dried blood spots for hormone measurement outside traditional labs.
Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels among Female Firefighters — Davidson et al., International journal of environmental research and public health
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- fertility
- hormones
2022
The TAP device showed near perfect agreement with venous sampling for anti-Müllerian hormone measurements, with higher accuracy and lower pain compared to ADx card. This validates TAP as a reliable option for patient-led fertility hormone testing at home.
Evaluation of at-home serum anti-Müllerian hormone testing: a head-to-head comparison study — Silliman et al., Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E
- blood
- capillary
- yourbio
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2022
Patients ranked pregnancy chance as the key facilitator for home-based LH urine testing in frozen embryo transfer cycles, while fear of missing ovulation was their main barrier. Healthcare providers agreed on pregnancy rates but cited laboratory capacity as their primary constraint, highlighting that decentralised fertility monitoring must address both patient confidence and system logistics to succeed.
Facilitators and barriers for home-based monitoring to time frozen embryo transfers in IVF among women and healthcare providers — Zaat et al., Human reproduction open
- urine
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2022
In 45 young adults, pre-pandemic diurnal cortisol output measured from saliva samples predicted the degree of loneliness increase during COVID-19 home confinement, with the relationship moderated by extraversion. This suggests saliva-derived cortisol is a viable biomarker for identifying at-risk individuals in decentralised public health crises monitoring.
Pre-pandemic Psychobiological Features Predict Impact of COVID-19 Confinement on Loneliness — Baliyan et al., Frontiers in psychology
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Women using a connected urine ovulation test in this home-based randomised trial achieved a live birth rate of 16.4% in the first cycle versus 8.5% in controls (odds ratio 2.12, p=0.001). The result demonstrates that decentralised hormone monitoring improves fertility outcomes, with 78% of all pregnancies ending in live birth.
Increased Chance of Live Birth Following Use of Connected Ovulation Test System: Outcome Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial — Johnson et al., Women's health reports
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2022
An algorithm using the ratio of area under the curve for daily urinary E3G and PDG, together with a cycle-specific rise in PDG, correctly identified the luteal transition in all 78 cycles and predicted the start of the safe period from day +2 to +6 with a mean of 10.3 safe luteal days. This offers a practical, self-collection based approach to time the menstrual cycle for natural family planning and clinical assessment of ovarian function.
Algorithms with Area under the Curve for Daily Urinary Estrone-3-Glucuronide and Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide to Signal the Transition to the Luteal Phase — Usala et al., Medicina
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2022
Salivary glucocorticoid concentrations were comparable across Salivette Cortisol, passive drool and SalivaBio collection methods, and remained stable for 72 hours at room temperature and 4 degrees Celsius with no significant degradation after repeated freeze-thaw cycles. In children under six years, the SaliPac pacifier swab was well tolerated and collected sufficient saliva for steroid analysis in under four minutes.
Salivary Steroid Collection in Children Under Conditions Replicating Home Sampling — Tonge et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled)
- saliva
- liquid
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Female night-shift nurses had significantly lower cortisol awakening response and lower cortisol levels 30 minutes after waking compared with day- and evening-shift nurses, and reported greater stress from inability to complete personal tasks. This suggests shift pattern affects HPA axis activity and may inform risk assessment and support for shift workers.
Cortisol Awakening Response and Stress in Female Nurses on Monthly Shift Rotations: A Longitudinal Study — Lin et al., BioMed research international
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Optimal sleep behaviours at 8 months positively predicted cognitive and language abilities at 14 months in infants. Salivary cortisol analysis also revealed that optimal toddler sleep correlated with higher morning cortisol, linking early sleep patterns to stress axis development.
Infant sleep behaviors relate to their later cognitive and language abilities and morning cortisol stress hormone levels — Hernandez-Reif & Gungordu, Infant behavior & development (paywalled)
- saliva
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Three-quarters of dementia care dyads completed eight weeks of in-home saliva collection for cortisol and DHEA-S, with patients and caregivers producing equally valid samples. This demonstrates that self-administered saliva collection is feasible even among people with cognitive impairment, supporting decentralised stress biomarker monitoring in this population.
The Feasibility and Acceptability of In-Home Saliva Collection for Stress in Persons With Dementia and Their Family Caregivers — Emami et al., Biological research for nursing (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
The study found that an at-home urine testing system could predict ovarian reserve, identify up to six fertile days and confirm ovulation by measuring four hormones across the menstrual cycle, potentially screening for ovulatory disorders in a decentralised setting.
Complete Cycle Mapping Using a Quantitative At-Home Hormone Monitoring System in Prediction of Fertile Days, Confirmation of Ovulation, and Screening for Ovulation Issues Preventing Conception — Wegrzynowicz et al., Medicina
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2022
Real-time racial discrimination predicted higher next-morning salivary cortisol in healthy Black adults, suggesting everyday discrimination influences HPA axis activity. Self-collection of saliva enabled repeated, decentralised measurement of stress hormones in daily life.
Real-time racial discrimination, affective states, salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase in Black adults — Nam et al., PloS one
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Among 328 Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, home testing identified obstructive sleep apnea in 40%, with higher body mass index and blood pressure in those affected. This shows decentralised sleep monitoring can uncover important comorbidities in patients attending fertility clinics.
Analysis of the proportion and clinical characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea in women with polycystic ovary syndrome — Yang et al., Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung (paywalled)
- fertility
- hormones
- rpm
2022
In a retrospective cohort, late-night salivary cortisol had 95% sensitivity and 91% specificity, while late-night salivary cortisone had 86% sensitivity and 100% specificity; using an optimal cut-off of 14.5 nmol/L, late-night salivary cortisone achieved 95.2% sensitivity and 100% specificity with an AUC of 0.997, supporting simultaneous measurement of both as first-line screening for suspected Cushing's syndrome, and because saliva collection is non-invasive and can be done at home, it is suitable for patient-centric decentralised diagnostics.
Late-night salivary cortisol and cortisone should be the initial screening test for Cushing's syndrome — Mohamed et al., Endocrine connections
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
The online Trier Social Stress Test increased cortisol and alpha amylase, increased arousal and reduced pleasure, with stronger cortisol responses in men and 64 per cent of participants classified as responders, supporting decentralised diagnostics by showing remote saliva sampling can capture stress biomarkers.
Validation of an online version of the trier social stress test in adult men and women — Meier et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
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