The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
100 papers labelled “haematocrit”, newest first.
2026
In AML and CLL, 91% of VAMS venetoclax results fell within 20% of plasma after individualised haematocrit correction; in home sampling, 18 of 21 patients self-sampled independently and 76% of returned samples were analysable, which shows home microsampling is workable, though the authors ask for multicentre validation.
Clinical Validation of Venetoclax Volumetric Microsampling in Leukemia, with Whole-Blood-to-Plasma Conversion and Self-Microsampling Feasibility — Levens et al., Clinical Pharmacokinetics (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- oncology
- capillary
- validation
2026
In lung and renal transplant recipients, VAMS sampling with LC-MS/MS quantification of mycophenolic acid and tacrolimus showed good linearity and accuracy, and with a haematocrit-adjusted conversion formula achieved clinical agreement in most samples; tacrolimus did not require haematocrit correction. The approach is virtually painless and enables richer sampling for more accurate drug exposure estimates, supporting decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring.
Evaluation of hematocrit-adjusted conversion strategies for mycophenolic acid and tacrolimus monitoring using volumetric absorptive microsampling in lung and renal transplant recipients — Juan et al., Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2026
This review found that volumetric microsampling devices, such as Mitra, HemaPEN, HemaXis DB10, and Tasso-M20, overcome haematocrit bias, whilst Telimmune plasma separation cards enable direct plasma collection without centrifugation. These technologies support patient-centric, decentralised sampling, though the authors note that clinical validation remains limited across different drugs and patient populations.
A Review of Blood-Based Microsampling Devices for Patient-Centered Application in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Huhn & Scherf-Clavel, Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- vams
- volumetric
- acceptability
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2026
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was successfully validated for measuring androstenedione, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and 11-ketotestosterone in dried blood samples collected via volumetric absorptive microsampling. The dried samples remained stable at room temperature for up to a week and after postal transit, and plasma concentrations could be reliably estimated from the microsamples when adjusting for haematocrit.
Analytical validation of a dried blood microsampling method to measure androstenedione, 17α‑hydroxyprogesterone, and 11‑ketotestosterone for congenital adrenal hyperplasia monitoring — De Baets et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- hormones
- haematocrit
2026
Capillary dried blood spots, after haematocrit-dependent conversion, showed good agreement with plasma for 25-hydroxyvitamin D quantification, with 90 per cent of results within 20 per cent of plasma and substantial to almost perfect agreement in status classification, supporting reliable home self-collection for large-scale vitamin D monitoring.
Clinical validation of a DBS-based LC-MS/MS method for 25-hydroxyvitamin D: from lab sampling to home sampling — Heughebaert et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- blood
- dbs
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
- biomarkers
2026
In patients with type 2 diabetes and secondary polycythaemia, HbA1c-derived estimated mean plasma glucose showed a significant negative bias compared to structured home capillary blood glucose monitoring, whilst fructosamine served as a more reliable glycaemic marker.
Glycemic assessment in diabetic patients with secondary polycytheamia: limitations of HbA1c and the potential role of fructosamine-a prospective comparative study — Erarslan et al., Acta diabetologica (paywalled)
- blood
- haematocrit
- capillary
- liquid
- biomarkers
2026
This study validated a method for monitoring mycophenolic acid in paediatric patients, demonstrating that quantitative dried plasma spots achieved close agreement with venous plasma. Quantitative dried blood spots showed significant haematocrit-related bias, making the plasma-based format more suitable for decentralised monitoring.
Matrix fidelity in microsampling: Plasma-first LC-MS/MS quantification of mycophenolic acid and MPAG — Kocur et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- blood
- qdbs
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2026
Volumetric microsampling can enable patient-centred therapeutic drug monitoring with high patient preference and acceptable method validation for many drugs, but conversion from capillary to plasma and agreement with venous sampling varies by analyte and requires careful validation.
Volumetric Microsampling for Patient-Centric Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Clinical Pharmacology: A Scoping Review — Tummala et al., Journal of clinical pharmacology (paywalled)
- volumetric
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2026
Fingerstick capillary sampling showed strong agreement with venous sampling for mycophenolic acid, tacrolimus and cyclosporine A, with acceptable bias and improved agreement for mycophenolic acid after haematocrit correction. This minimally invasive approach may reduce procedural burden and support outpatient or home based therapeutic drug monitoring in children.
Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressants in Children with Kidney Diseases: Validation of Fingerstick Sampling Using LC-MS/MS — Ishii et al., Pharmaceuticals
- venous-agreement
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2026
Capillary finger-stick dried blood spots demonstrated strong analytical agreement with venous serum for prostate-specific antigen (R² = 0.987) and remained stable for 31 days across a wide temperature range. This less invasive microsampling approach enables at-home self-collection, supporting decentralised screening and tele-diagnostics for prostate cancer.
Accessible Prostate-Specific Antigen Testing through Finger-Stick Dried Blood Spots and Routine Laboratory Analyzers — van Vugt et al., The journal of applied laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- haematocrit
- biomarkers
2026
A liquid-phase microsampling method using 2.8 µL of whole blood demonstrated strong correlation with conventional venous sampling for immunosuppressant monitoring in renal transplant recipients. This approach enables patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring, reducing burden and supporting implementation in home-based, paediatric, and telemedicine settings.
Clinical Application of Microvolume LC-MS/MS for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressants in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients — Iwami et al., Journal of clinical medicine
- blood
- liquid
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2026
Finger-stick dried blood spots produce creatinine measurements that correlate strongly with venous plasma (R² = 0.97), with 91% sensitivity and 96% specificity for detecting reduced eGFR. Creatinine stays stable in dried spots for up to one month at refrigerated or frozen temperatures, supporting accurate home-based kidney function screening, patient follow-up, and medication management.
Creatinine measurement from finger stick dried blood spots with a routine chemistry analyzer for estimation of GFR — van Dam et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- haematocrit
2026
The study validated an LC-MS/MS method for eight antiepileptic drugs and two metabolites in dried blood spot and VAMS formats, with satisfactory analytical performance and stability, and was the first to include the oxcarbazepine metabolite DHCB. In 80 paired patient samples, microsampling concentrations showed promising correlation with plasma, supporting decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic treatment.
Development and application of an LC-MS/MS method for 8 antiepileptic drugs and 2 metabolites using microsampling techniques (DBS and VAMS) — Cobo-Golpe et al., Journal of analytical toxicology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- haematocrit
2026
This study demonstrates that a commercial conductive vial electromembrane extraction device can reliably isolate basic pharmaceuticals from whole blood collected on volumetric absorptive microsampling tips, showing superior reproducibility and reduced matrix effects compared to conventional treatment.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling and conductive vial electromembrane extraction for the analysis of pharmaceuticals in whole blood — Reguli et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2026
A UPLC-MS/MS method for linezolid and metabolites in oral fluid and VAMS capillary blood satisfied ICH M10 validation requirements. Linezolid concentrations correlated strongly with venous plasma in both matrices, offering a non‑invasive option for therapeutic drug monitoring, whereas metabolites were systematically underestimated in VAMS and seldom detectable in oral fluid, restricting metabolite measurement.
Simultaneous quantification of linezolid and its metabolites (PNU-142300 and PNU-142586) in oral fluid and capillary blood by UPLC-MS/MS: method validation and clinical application using non-invasive sampling techniques — González-Berdullas et al., Journal of translational medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- saliva
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2025
A review of 39 studies found that dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling show promising results for therapeutic drug monitoring of oral targeted anticancer drugs. The authors state that external validation remains crucial to confirm reliability, citing haematocrit effects and sample stability as key challenges.
Advancing Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Oral Targeted Anticancer Drugs: From Hospital-Based Towards Home-Sampling — Meertens et al., Biomedical Chromatography
- vams
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- oncology
- validation
2025
This study compared four dried blood spot devices for glucocorticoid detection, finding that the Mitra VAMS device offered the best combination of analytical recovery and user usability, whilst the HemaXis DB10 showed the least bias compared to whole blood.
Analytical and usability comparison of microsampling dried blood spot devices for glucocorticoid detection in sports using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry — Chen et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- vams
- acceptability
- neoteryx-mitra
- doping
- blood
- dbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- toxicology
- hormones
- validation
2025
The HematoCARD cartridge autonomously collects duplicate 10 microlitre dried blood spot samples from a single finger prick and shows good analytical performance for monitoring adalimumab, with accuracy between 91 and 111 per cent, linearity R squared 0.99 and coefficient of variation at or above 0.94 compared with serum reference and commercial DBS microsampling methods.
HematoCARD: A Volumetric Duplicate Dried Blood Spot Collection Cartridge Validated for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Van Hileghem et al., Analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- volumetric
- biologics
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2025
A UHPLC-MS/MS assay using the Capitainer-qDBS device successfully quantified five antiseizure medications, showing robust 30-day stability at room temperature and no haematocrit effect between 20-70%. Although the clinical cohort was small, comparison with plasma in 30 patients showed good correlation, supporting the potential of this patient-centric microsampling method for decentralised home monitoring.
Quantitative dried blood spot microsampling for therapeutic drug monitoring of -antiseizure medications by design of experiment and UHPLC-MS/MS — Cancellerini et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- blood
- qdbs
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2025
A validated LC-MS/MS method for everolimus using Mitra and Capitainer devices found excellent agreement between capillary microsamples and venous whole blood in 33 adult transplant recipients. The results showed high accuracy and negligible haematocrit effects, supporting the use of microsampling for decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Everolimus Using Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling and Quantitative Dried Blood Spot Methods with LC-MS/MS in Adult Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: An Analytical and Clinical Comparative Study — Kocur et al., Molecules
- vams
- venous-agreement
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- qdbs
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2025
In children with SLE, VAMS finger-prick capillary blood gave haematocrit-adjusted MPA and MPAG concentrations indistinguishable from plasma, and the AUC from VAMS derived plasma-equivalent concentrations matched plasma AUC with R2 0.97. This supports accurate pharmacokinetically guided dosing of MMF using only three timed capillary microsamples.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Combined with Mass Spectrometry to Support Pharmacokinetically-Guided Precision Dosing of Mycophenolate Mofetil in Pediatric Lupus Nephritis Patients — Zhao et al., The journal of applied laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2025
The paper highlights that while self-collection microsampling devices for blood and other matrices are advancing decentralised testing, standardisation of sample collection and integration into clinical workflows is critical for reliable results. This matters because it identifies key hurdles that must be overcome for patient-centric sampling to be widely adopted in healthcare.
Standardization of Microsampling Technologies for Accurate Sensing and Reliable Diagnostics — Mora & Mace, ACS sensors (paywalled)
- blood
- standards
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- validation
- saliva
2025
Microsampling, particularly VAMS and quantitative DBS, can enable patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants after transplantation, allowing home self-sampling and long-term monitoring when patients live far from transplant centres. These volumetric dried formats have largely overcome the haematocrit effect and sample heterogeneity that limit conventional dried blood spots.
Microsampling techniques and patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants — Kocur & Pawiński, Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- qdbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- immunosuppressants
2025
A 2025 review maps 28 microsampling devices, from dried spots and volumetric absorptive tips to upper-arm liquid capillary collectors, and names what a laboratory must control before their results are used: the haematocrit effect in non-volumetric dried samples, interstitial fluid from finger milking, volume, haemolysis and transport stability. Regulators on both sides of the Atlantic ask for the same two things, a device the patient can use safely and a sample fit for the test.
Patient centric blood sampling and analysis for diagnostics and laboratory medicine — Spooner et al., Bioanalysis
- blood
- standards
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- liquid
- validation
2025
An LC-MS/MS assay using volumetric absorptive microsampling achieved 72.5% to 98.9% accuracy and under 8% precision for measuring circulating endocannabinoids and related lipid mediators. However, drying time significantly altered 2-AG and 2-OG concentrations, and marked differences were observed between whole blood and plasma measurements.
Spotlight on Endocannabinoids in Healthy Individuals Using Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Combined with LC-MS/MS Analysis — Haroune et al., ACS omega
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- haematocrit
- biomarkers
2025
A fully validated LC-MS method quantifies four direct oral anticoagulants and phenprocoumon from 10 µL capillary blood collected with Neoteryx Mitra VAMS devices. Samples remained stable for seven days at room temperature, showed no significant haematocrit effect, and offers a reliable approach for ambulatory therapeutic drug monitoring.
Development and validation of a quantification method for direct oral anticoagulants from capillary blood using volumetric absorptive microsampling and online SPE-LC-MS — Opitz et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2025
The method quantified elexacaftor, tezacaftor and ivacaftor across plasma, dried plasma spots and VAMS with good linearity, accuracy and no matrix effect. Plasma and dried plasma spot results were interchangeable, while VAMS gave lower concentrations due to high protein binding and were corrected using the haematocrit to estimate equivalent plasma levels.
A Novel LC-MS/MS Method for the Measurement of Elexacaftor, Tezacaftor and Ivacaftor in Plasma, Dried Plasma Spot (DPS) and Whole Blood in Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) Devices — Pigliasco et al., Pharmaceutics
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2025
In 55 patients, four approaches to convert dried capillary blood concentrations to plasma equivalents were evaluated. All methods except haematocrit-based conversion yielded acceptable analytical and clinical agreement for paracetamol and metabolites, supporting the reliability of capillary microsampling for decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring.
Comparative Evaluation of Approaches to Convert Microsampled Capillary Blood Concentrations to Plasma Concentrations: Paracetamol and Metabolites as a Case Study — Boffel et al., The AAPS journal (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- dct
- haematocrit
2024
The study validated a VAMS-based LC-MS/MS method for measuring sirolimus levels, showing it was clinically equivalent to the standard whole blood method and suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring in paediatric transplant patients, supporting the use of decentralised microsampling for this purpose.
Personalization of pharmacotherapy with sirolimus based on volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) in pediatric renal transplant recipients-from LC-MS/MS method validation to clinical application — Kocur et al., Pharmacological reports : PR
- vams
- venous-agreement
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2024
Patterned DBS cards meter reproducible volumes of dried blood across a range of haematocrits, allowing accurate white blood cell counts by qPCR that match HemoCue measurements. This enables reliable at-home sampling for populations without easy access to clinical facilities.
Hematocrit-Independent Sampling Enables White Blood Cell Counts from Patterned Dried Blood Spot Cards — Tierney et al., Analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dbs
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2024
Microsampling enables less invasive, patient-centric self-collection of capillary blood for remote monitoring of metabolites and lipids, overcoming conventional venipuncture constraints. Recent device innovations address dried blood spot limitations, particularly haematocrit and volume variations, expanding decentralised applications in population health, drug discovery and multi-omics research.
Revolutionizing Blood Collection: Innovations, Applications, and the Potential of Microsampling Technologies for Monitoring Metabolites and Lipids — Bossi et al., Metabolites
- multimodal
- blood
- dbs
- metabolome
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
- biomarkers
- multi-omics
2024
The paper found that two laboratory assays for the anticoagulants apixaban and rivaroxaban gave markedly different plasma concentrations, and that dried blood volumetric absorptive microsamples taken by patients at home did not agree with plasma results. For decentralised diagnostics this means clinical laboratories must validate their chosen method and always measure haematocrit when using microsamples to ensure accurate anticoagulant monitoring.
Assays for Monitoring Apixaban and Rivaroxaban in Emergency Settings, State-of-the-Art Routine Analysis, and Volumetric Absorptive Microsamples Deliver Discordant Results — Fehér et al., Diagnostics
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2024
Capillary blood collection using liquid and dried microsampling devices yielded pharmacokinetic profiles comparable to venous sampling for two monoclonal antibodies and a small molecule, whereas haematocrit correction was necessary for dried formats and bridging was ineffective for hydroxychloroquine. The findings demonstrate the bioanalytical feasibility and patient acceptability of remote microsampling tools for pharmacokinetic evaluations in decentralised clinical trials.
Evaluation of Patient-Centric Sample Collection Technologies for Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Large and Small Molecules — Mandlekar et al., Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- dried
- capillary
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- biologics
- dct
- haematocrit
2024
A validated LC-MS method quantified multiple antibiotics from a single volumetric absorptive microsample, with stability up to 90 days for most analytes and minimal haematocrit effect except vancomycin, enabling pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in decentralised settings.
Bioanalysis of six antibiotics from volumetric microsamples: a new tool for precision dosing in critically ill children — Takyi-Williams et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2024
This study found that dried blood spot samples stored at room temperature for four years correlated highly with serum measurements for testosterone and androstenedione, indicating that hematocrit adjustment may be unnecessary for serial monitoring in home-based self-sampling.
Dried blood spot sampling of testosterone microdosing in healthy females — Desai et al., The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- fertility
- hormones
- haematocrit
2024
A validated high-throughput LC-MS/MS assay for piperaquine from dried blood spots achieved 54-72% recovery with <9% relative standard deviation and a quantification limit of 3 ng/mL, enabling detection for 4-8 weeks post-dose. The method showed minimal haematocrit interference and is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of antimalarial treatment in resource-limited settings and pediatric populations.
A high-throughput LC-MS/MS assay for piperaquine from dried blood spots: Improving malaria treatment in resource-limited settings — Blessborn et al., Journal of mass spectrometry and advances in the clinical lab
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2023
A study of 50 paediatric renal transplant recipients found that a validated VAMS LC-MS/MS method for tacrolimus showed high correlation with the reference method over 0.5–60 ng/mL, with minimal haematocrit effect.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus Based on VAMS in Renal Transplant Pediatric Recipients — LC-MS/MS Method, Hematocrit Effect, and Clinical Application — Kocur et al., Pharmaceutics
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2023
VAMS matched serum for the kinase inhibitors nilotinib, cabozantinib, dabrafenib and ruxolitinib, r 0.94–0.97, with serum reliably predictable for the first three, and 93% of at-home samples were collected correctly: at-home VAMS shown feasible for routine cancer-drug monitoring.
Clinical validation and feasibility of VAMS for monitoring of nilotinib, cabozantinib, dabrafenib, trametinib and ruxolitinib — Zimmermann et al., J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- oncology
- capillary
- validation
2023
A study of 50 paediatric renal transplant recipients found that a UHPLC-MS/MS method successfully quantified mycophenolic acid in VAMS microsampling samples over a 0.10-15 µg/mL range. However, converting microsampling results to plasma equivalents using haematocrit-based regression is required for clinical interpretation, supporting patient-centric decentralised monitoring.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA) using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) in pediatric renal transplant recipients: ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analytical method development, cross-validation, and clinical application — Kocur et al., Pharmacological reports : PR
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2023
Capillary finger-stick dried blood spots yielded TSH measurements that agreed strongly with venous plasma (R² 0.988) and correctly identified hypothyroidism and hypothyrotropinemia in most cases. The analyte remained stable for at least four days between -20°C and +30°C, indicating potential for at-home collection in thyroid diagnostics and monitoring.
A Preliminary Analysis of Thyrotropin Measurement from Finger Stick Dried Blood Spot with an Automated High-Throughput Immunoassay Analyzer — Schakelaar et al., Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- hormones
- haematocrit
2023
The authors developed and validated a workflow that couples Mitra volumetric absorptive microsampling with hybridisation LC-MS/MS to quantify the antisense oligonucleotide fomivirsen in human blood. Quantitative recovery was achieved irrespective of haematocrit level or sample age, and the method demonstrated sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and four-month stability, supporting its use for therapeutic drug monitoring of biologic candidates in decentralised trials.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling coupled with hybridization LC-MS/MS for quantitation of antisense oligonucleotides — Chen et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- haematocrit
2023
A UHPLC-MS/MS method for measuring Fabry disease biomarkers in dried blood spots was validated using both conventional cards and Capitainer B devices. Capillary blood gave similar results to venous blood across a wide haematocrit range, supporting decentralised screening and longitudinal monitoring of patients.
Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Globotriaosylsphingosine and Its Analogues in Dried Blood Spots — Boutin et al., International journal of molecular sciences
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- haematocrit
- biomarkers
2023
Automated dried blood spot analysis achieved clinical and analytical acceptance criteria for tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus and cyclosporin A after haematocrit correction. This validates a method that could enable decentralised, patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring for transplant recipients.
Application of a Fully Automated Dried Blood Spot Method for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressants: Another Step Toward Implementation of Dried Blood Spot Analysis — Deprez & Stove, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2023
VAMS capillary samples from 32 liver transplant recipients showed strong agreement with venous blood for everolimus measurement, with a correlation of r squared 0.92 and no proportional or constant bias on Bland Altman analysis. No effect of haematocrit or sampling time was observed, supporting VAMS as a virtually painless decentralised alternative to venous draws for immunosuppressant monitoring in transplant patients.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Everolimus in Patients Who Have Undergone Liver Transplant — Yoo et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2023
Jacobs et al. validated a VAMS-based LC-HRMS/MS method for therapeutic drug monitoring of antihypertensive drugs in finger-prick blood, demonstrating acceptable accuracy and precision across haematocrit levels and stable analyte recovery for two weeks at ambient temperature. Whole-blood VAMS concentrations cannot be used interchangeably with plasma, requiring class-specific reference ranges, yet the approach is suitable for decentralised adherence assessment.
Closing the gap - development of an analytical methodology using volumetric absorptive microsampling of finger prick blood followed by LC-HRMS/MS for adherence monitoring of antihypertensive drugs — Jacobs et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2023
Finger-stick capillary blood spotted onto filter paper and dried (DBS) provides C-reactive protein results that correlate excellently with venous plasma (R² = 0.986). The method correctly classified all 25 high cardiovascular-risk patients and 12 of 13 inflammation cases, with analyte stability demonstrated for 31 days, supporting its use for patient-centric at-home sampling in decentralised diagnostics and screening programmes.
Analysis of C-reactive protein from finger stick dried blood spot to predict high risk of cardiovascular disease — Schakelaar et al., Scientific reports
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- haematocrit
- biomarkers
2023
Deprez et al. validated LC‑MS/MS methods for four immunosuppressants and creatinine from a single 10 μL quantitative dried blood spot. With biases under 10 % and CVs below 8 %, the approach enables accurate patient‑centric therapeutic drug monitoring from capillary blood at home, mitigating the haematocrit effect through volumetric collection.
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants and creatinine from a single dried blood spot using the Capitainer® qDBS device — Deprez et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- qdbs
- volumetric
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2022
A review of dried blood microsampling for tyrosine kinase inhibitor monitoring, covering the analytical and clinical requirements for moving oral cancer-drug TDM out of hospital.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Using Dried Blood Microsamples — Verougstraete et al., Frontiers in Oncology
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- oncology
- pediatric
- validation
2022
A single VAMS run quantified two immunosuppressants plus creatinine with minimal haematocrit effect: combined drug-and-organ-function monitoring from one dried tip.
A VAMS UPLC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Tacrolimus, Mycophenolic Acid and Creatinine in Whole Blood of Renal Transplant Recipients — Wang et al., Pharmaceutics
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2022
This review shows that patient-centric Mitra microsampling devices accurately collect fixed blood volumes for immunosuppressant monitoring, reducing haematocrit bias compared to classic dried blood spots. While ideal for paediatric adherence, wider decentralised adoption requires further multicentre validation and cross-laboratory harmonisation to address current analytical and cost limitations.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressive Drugs — From Sampling and Analytical Issues to Clinical Application — Kocur & Pawiński, Int. J. Molecular Sciences
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2022
Clinical validation for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid monitoring showed that while volumetric absorptive microsampling met analytical criteria after concentration correction, conventional dried blood spots achieved superior adherence to strict clinical criteria, sample quality, and cost efficiency without significant haematocrit bias.
Comparison of conventional dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid determination — Paniagua-González et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- economics
- haematocrit
2022
LC-MS/MS assays successfully validated the quantitation of giredestrant in dried whole blood across 1 to 1000 ng/ml using Mitra and Tasso-M20 microsampling devices. Quantitation was unaffected by haematocrit, hyperlipidaemia or anticoagulants, with ambient stability documented for 84 days on Mitra and 28 days on Tasso-M20.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling-LC-MS/MS assays for quantitation of giredestrant in dried human whole blood — Johnson et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
- haematocrit
2022
The hemaPEN device demonstrated linear measurement of cocaine and metabolites in capillary blood with acceptable precision and accuracy, and analytes remained stable for seven days within the device. While haematocrit affected accuracy, it stayed within acceptable limits, suggesting the device could improve decentralised toxicology screening compared with conventional dried blood spot collection.
Evaluation of hemaPEN<sup>®</sup> sampling device for measurement of cocaine and metabolites in capillary blood by LC-MS/MS — Smidt et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- validation
- haematocrit
- toxicology
2022
The authors validated a quadratic calibration model for automated UV-Vis-based haematocrit prediction from dried blood spots, achieving bias below 0.025 L L-1 and total precision of 2.7%. In therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus, predicted haematocrit values showed good concordance with reference Sysmex measurements, supporting the use of this patient-centric microsampling approach for decentralised immunosuppressant monitoring.
In-depth evaluation of automated non-contact reflectance-based hematocrit prediction of dried blood spots — Boffel et al., The Analyst (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2022
An LC-MS/MS method for dried blood spots simultaneously quantifies four therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and estimates haematocrit from haemoglobin peptides with >0.9 correlation to laboratory values, enabling accurate therapeutic drug monitoring from self-collected samples for decentralised care.
Development of an LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify therapeutic mAbs and estimate hematocrit values in dried blood spot samples — Chiu et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- tdm
- biologics
- haematocrit
2022
The study validated an LC-MS/MS method for measuring eight tyrosine kinase inhibitors in dried blood samples collected via VAMS, showing good accuracy, precision and haematocrit independence. It demonstrated agreement with venous sampling, supporting the use of decentralised, patient-centric microsampling for oncology drug monitoring.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling as a suitable tool to monitor tyrosine kinase inhibitors — Verougstraete & Stove, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- oncology
- haematocrit
2022
A validated VAMS method quantified ten kinase inhibitors from 20 µL dried capillary blood with linearity (R² 0.994) and six-week room-temperature stability. In vitro VAMS-to-plasma conversion factors were established, and the method proved applicable for clinical routine and home self-collection by patients, enabling remote therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) for the quantification of ten kinase inhibitors and determination of their in vitro VAMS-to-plasma ratio — Zimmermann et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
- haematocrit
2021
The honest counterpoint in children: VAMS predicted plasma vancomycin only modestly, venous/arterial VAMS was more accurate than capillary, and 29% of capillary samples were unusable for collection issues: collection technique and training matter as much as the assay.
Comparison of antibiotic sampling techniques: predicting plasma vancomycin from VAMS capillary versus venous/arterial whole blood — Downes et al., Open Forum Infect. Dis.
- vams
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- antimicrobials
- capillary
- pediatric
- validation
2021
A review of VAMS and DBS microsampling for TDM of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, adalimumab, infliximab and others, in inflammatory disease: a convenient, home-friendly alternative to venepuncture that can preserve analytical accuracy, subject to assay-specific validation.
The evolving role of microsampling in therapeutic drug monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory diseases — Mingas et al., Molecules
- vams
- biologics
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2021
Delahaye et al reviewed dried-blood microsampling devices for home therapeutic drug monitoring, concluding that while patient willingness and feasibility have been demonstrated, clinical adoption remains limited. They emphasised that more extensive analytical and clinical evaluation is essential to prove real-world utility and enable routine integration.
Alternative Sampling Devices to Collect Dried Blood Microsamples: State-of-the-Art — Delahaye et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- volumetric
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- economics
- haematocrit
2021
A microfluidic DBS device using hydrophobic burst valves meters 5-15 μL blood accurately across 25-70% haematocrit and, in a therapeutic drug monitoring validation with adalimumab-spiked samples, achieves higher recovery than traditional DBS (86% versus 62%), supporting precise home or low-resource sampling.
Precise sample metering method by coordinated burst action of hydrophobic burst valves applied to dried blood spot collection — Vloemans et al., Lab on a chip (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- biologics
- haematocrit
2021
Volumetric absorptive microsampling with Mitra devices permits minimally invasive, finger-prick blood collection for therapeutic drug monitoring of antiseizure medications without trained staff. The review concluded that stability, accuracy and precision are acceptable for specific drugs and haematocrit effects are minimised, but evidence is drug-specific and further validation is required for decentralised clinical use.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiseizure Medications Using Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling: Where Are We? — D'Urso et al., Pharmaceuticals
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) achieved excellent correlation with conventional venous sampling for iohexol quantification and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) derivation in twenty children, showing minimal bias overall. Accuracy was lower for GFR values under 60 mL/min/1.73 m², but the method proved stable for 245 days and valid across a 20–60 % haematocrit range, offering a viable decentralised alternative for paediatric renal function assessment.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling as alternative sampling technique for renal function assessment in the paediatric population using iohexol — Dhondt et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- haematocrit
2021
Preanalytical variables significantly affect therapeutic drug monitoring accuracy, where traditional dried blood spots face challenges with haematocrit bias and filter paper fragility. Volumetric absorptive microsampling provides a fixed-volume alternative that overcomes haematocrit dependency and facilitates self-collection workflows.
Review of the Preanalytical Errors That Impact Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Peck Palmer & Dasgupta, Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
Capillary point-of-care haemoglobin measurement correlated strongly with venous automated complete blood count in adult dengue patients, though sensitivity for detecting haemoconcentration was only fair. Using capillary microsampling reduces venipuncture frequency, enabling more patient-centric decentralised monitoring of dengue.
Comparison between blood hemoglobin concentration determined by point-of-care device and complete blood count in adult patients with dengue — Wisanuvej et al., PLoS neglected tropical diseases
- blood
- capillary
- venous-agreement
- haematocrit
2021
A VAMS method for 24 mycotoxins was validated against FDA and European Commission guidelines, showing no haematocrit bias and acceptable stability for 21 days at room temperature. Comparison with liquid whole blood from 20 samples revealed no missed exposed cases and comparable levels of key mycotoxins, supporting VAMS as an alternative to venous sampling in resource-limited settings.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as an Alternative Tool for Biomonitoring of Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Resource-Limited Areas — Vidal et al., Toxins
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- haematocrit
- toxicology
2021
The authors validated an LC-MS/MS method for measuring thiamine diphosphate in dried blood collected by VAMS, achieving accuracy within 6.5% bias and imprecision below 13% CV. The method was unaffected by haematocrit variation and showed superior stability, with samples remaining stable for one week at 60°C or high humidity and for at least one month at room temperature, enabling thiamine screening without cold chain logistics.
Patient-Centric Assessment of Thiamine Status in Dried Blood Volumetric Absorptive Microsamples Using LC-MS/MS Analysis — Verstraete & Stove, Analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- haematocrit
- biomarkers
2021
This proof-of-concept study compared VAMS and dried blood spot microsamples with fluid blood for untargeted lipidomic profiling using high-resolution LC-MS/MS, finding that VAMS is a viable option for untargeted lipidomics with the advantage of haematocrit independence over traditional dried blood spots.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling of Blood for Untargeted Lipidomics — Marasca et al., Molecules
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- haematocrit
- biomarkers
2021
A VAMS method for quantifying 13 antipsychotics in finger prick blood was validated across three haematocrit values, showing coherent results with matched plasma samples. Five antipsychotics degraded after one week at room temperature, indicating stability limits for decentralised adherence monitoring.
Development, validation, and application of a quantitative volumetric absorptive microsampling-based method in finger prick blood by means of LC-HRMS/MS applicable for adherence monitoring of antipsychotics — Jacobs et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
The authors developed and fully validated LC-MS/MS methods for paracetamol and four metabolites in plasma, whole blood and 10 microlitre VAMS dried blood microsamples, including assessment of haematocrit effects on VAMS recovery. Successful analysis of patient samples collected from both venous and capillary blood confirmed the methods are fit for purpose and can support future pharmacokinetic studies using decentralised microsampling.
Determination of paracetamol and its metabolites via LC-MS/MS in dried blood volumetric absorptive microsamples: A tool for pharmacokinetic studies — Delahaye et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
This review summarises liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry assays using dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling for quantifying antimicrobial drugs in children, highlighting that VAMS reduces haematocrit bias and offers a viable alternative to traditional plasma sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Microsampling Assays for Pharmacokinetic Analysis and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antimicrobial Drugs in Children: A Critical Review — Moorthy et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2021
Near-infrared spectroscopy predicted haematocrit in dried blood spots with a maximal bias of 0.012 L/L and coefficient of variation of 4.5%. The method demonstrated robustness for capillary finger-prick samples and across various storage conditions, filter paper types and spotted volumes, enabling correction of haematocrit-related bias in quantitative analysis and supporting broader use of patient-centric microsampling.
Near-infrared-based hematocrit prediction of dried blood spots: An in-depth evaluation — Delahaye et al., Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- haematocrit
2020
A review contrasting the formats, framing the haematocrit effect, non-uniform spreading and homogeneity limits of DBS as the problems volumetric sampling is designed to solve.
Opportunities and obstacles for microsampling techniques in bioanalysis: special focus on DBS and VAMS — Londhe & Rajadhyaksha, J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (paywalled)
- vams
- blood
- dbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2020
The hemaPEN device demonstrated acceptable volumetric accuracy and precision for collecting dried blood spots in vitro, with performance unaffected by user training, while observed haematocrit-dependent bias was attributed to the extraction process rather than the device itself.
<i>In vitro</i> testing of the hemaPEN microsampling device for the quantification of acetaminophen in human blood — Sen et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- haematocrit
2020
AstraZeneca's two case studies showed that reduced pharmacokinetic sampling schedules and composite plasma and dried-blood profiles in patient-centric trials maintained outcomes while lowering burden. This validates decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring and haematocrit modelling, but success demands organisational collaboration and accepting that no single device fits all patients.
Giving patients choices: AstraZeneca's evolving approach to patient-centric sampling — Bailey et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dct
- haematocrit
2020
Volumetric absorptive microsampling provides accurate quantification of 16 anti-epileptic drugs within two days of collection, showing less than ten percent deviation from conventional serum sampling and no haematocrit effect across the clinical range. This supports home-based therapeutic drug monitoring for epilepsy patients, though temperature-sensitive drugs require careful storage.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-epileptic drugs - a clinical verification of volumetric absorptive micro sampling — Canisius et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- haematocrit
2020
The authors developed two simple methods to calculate haematocrit from VAMS samples using potassium content, one with aqueous extraction and one with organic extraction, both designed to integrate with existing VAMS assays so that whole-blood results can be converted to serum or plasma values and compared with therapeutic intervals.
Hematocrit prediction in volumetric absorptive microsamples — Capiau & Stove, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- haematocrit
2020
The review highlights that volumetric absorptive microsampling enables easy, minimally invasive home sampling with room temperature storage and fixed volume accuracy, making it a viable alternative for clinical trials and therapeutic drug monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as a Sampling Alternative in Clinical Trials and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review — Harahap et al., Drug design, development and therapy
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- dct
- haematocrit
2019
Imaging shows analytes distribute non-uniformly within a single spot, one central, one peripheral, so where a sub-punch is taken can change the answer.
Analysis of the heterogeneous distribution of amiloride and propranolol in dried blood spot by UHPLC-FLD and MALDI-imaging — Uribe et al., Molecules
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2019
The consensus guideline defining the analytical- and clinical-validation requirements for dried-blood TDM: the standardisation reference for implementing a dried assay clinically.
Official IATDMCT Guideline: Development and Validation of Dried Blood Spot-Based Methods for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Capiau et al., Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- standards
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2019
The study developed and validated two LC-MS/MS methods for quantifying paracetamol in dried blood and dried cerebrospinal fluid using VAMS, showing acceptable precision and accuracy, limited haematocrit influence, and stability under various storage conditions, thus proving the utility of VAMS for CSF microsampling.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling as an alternative sampling strategy for the determination of paracetamol in blood and cerebrospinal fluid — Delahaye et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- haematocrit
2019
The authors developed and validated a fully automated dried blood spot method for monitoring four anti-epileptic drugs and a metabolite. Accuracy and precision were within acceptable limits, samples were stable for at least one month at room temperature, and haematocrit effects were limited, demonstrating suitability for remote therapeutic drug monitoring in resource-limited settings.
Fully automated therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-epileptic drugs making use of dried blood spots — Velghe et al., Journal of chromatography. A (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2018
The authors validated a dried blood spot assay for benznidazole that showed strong agreement with plasma concentrations (r²=0.8295) and proved stable at room temperature for more than one year. This microsampling approach enables therapeutic drug monitoring for Chagas disease in decentralised trials and remote settings, including paediatric populations.
Dried Blood Spot Technique-Based Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method as a Simple Alternative for Benznidazole Pharmacokinetic Assessment — Galindo Bedor et al., Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2018
Volumetric absorptive microsampling provided acceptable analytical accuracy and precision for atenolol, lisinopril, simvastatin and capillary blood samples without being influenced by haematocrit levels. The VAMS approach demonstrated strong agreement with standard dried blood spot cards in identifying medication adherence among volunteers.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) coupled with high-resolution, accurate-mass (HRAM) mass spectrometry as a simplified alternative to dried blood spot (DBS) analysis for therapeutic drug monitoring of cardiovascular drugs — Tanna et al., Clinical mass spectrometry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2018
VAMS recovery relative to DMPK-C depended on the protein, being lower for β-lactoglobulin and myoglobin but higher for cytochrome c and albumin, and haematocrit affected protein quantification from both materials. VAMS showed strong correlation (R² ≥ 0.983), accuracy of 71 to 101 per cent and precision with RSD at or below 20 per cent for six model proteins spiked into blood, supporting its use for decentralised protein analysis with awareness of haematocrit effects.
Volumetric absorptive MicroSampling vs. other blood sampling materials in LC-MS-based protein analysis - preliminary investigations — Andersen et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- haematocrit
2018
A volumetric absorptive microsampling method for quantifying GSKA in human blood was developed and validated. Haematocrit related assay bias was minimised across a 30 to 60 per cent range and all validation parameters met acceptance criteria, indicating the method is suitable for quantitative analysis in decentralised settings.
Drug monitoring by volumetric absorptive microsampling: method development considerations to mitigate hematocrit effects — Fang et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2017
A UHPLC-MS/MS assay for risperidone, aripiprazole, pipamperone and their metabolites in dried blood spots was validated for therapeutic drug monitoring. The method proved accurate across haematocrit values of 30-45 percent, remained stable for ten days at room temperature, and was successfully applied to patient samples, enabling decentralised monitoring in children with autism spectrum disorders.
Dried Blood Spots Combined With Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Quantification of the Antipsychotics Risperidone, Aripiprazole, Pipamperone, and Their Major Metabolites — Tron et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- haematocrit
2017
VAMS devices collect accurate blood volumes regardless of haematocrit level, but conventional ultrasonication extraction showed reduced drug recovery at higher haematocrit. A new bead-based impact-assisted extraction eliminated this bias, achieving quantitative recovery of naproxen and ritonavir across all haematocrit levels tested.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling combined with impact-assisted extraction for hematocrit effect free assays — Youhnovski et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2016
Miltefosine concentrations measured in dried blood spots showed excellent agreement with plasma (median ratio 0.99, Pearson's r=0.946) in patients with visceral leishmaniasis. The method demonstrated 97% extraction recovery, remained stable for 162 days at 37°C, and performed reliably across haematocrit levels of 20–35%, offering a valid and practical alternative to venous sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring in decentralised settings.
Validation and Clinical Evaluation of a Novel Method To Measure Miltefosine in Leishmaniasis Patients Using Dried Blood Spot Sample Collection — Kip et al., Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2016
The validation of a dried blood spot assay for ceftriaxone achieved a limit of quantification of 0.14 mg/L with strong correlation between DBS-predicted and measured plasma concentrations (r=0.95). The method showed acceptable thermal stability, retaining over 95% of initial concentrations for periods ranging from 14 hours to 11 months. This supports the use of self-collected DBS samples for therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobials in remote and resource-poor settings.
Validation and Application of a Dried Blood Spot Ceftriaxone Assay — Page-Sharp et al., Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2016
A book-type dried plasma spot card that filters red cells on-card was validated for nine drugs of abuse, showing good linearity and recovery while tolerating a wide haematocrit range of 30–60%. This approach circumvents the haematocrit bias that limits dried blood spots and yields more plasma for automated analysis, making it suitable for patient-collected samples in decentralised drug screening.
A Book-Type Dried Plasma Spot Card for Automated Flow-Through Elution Coupled with Online SPE-LC-MS/MS Bioanalysis of Opioids and Stimulants in blood — Ryona & Henion, Analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- validation
- haematocrit
- toxicology
2015
VAMS eliminated the variable haematocrit bias seen with DBS, but a residual haematocrit-dependent recovery effect persisted at high haematocrit: the nuance that assays still need per-analyte validation.
Does volumetric absorptive microsampling eliminate the hematocrit bias for caffeine and paraxanthine in dried blood samples? A comparative study — De Kesel, Lambert & Stove, Analytica Chimica Acta (paywalled)
- vams
- blood
- dbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- toxicology
- validation
2015
The foundational quantitative-DBS work: a microfluidic layer meters a controlled 5–10 µL onto a standard card in seconds, targeting the haematocrit problem at source.
New microfluidic-based sampling procedure for overcoming the hematocrit problem associated with dried blood spot analysis — Leuthold et al., Analytical Chemistry (paywalled)
- volumetric
- blood
- qdbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2015
Combining volumetric absorptive microsampling with phospholipid removal plates reduces matrix effects and delivers high sensitivity for dried blood hepcidin quantification. This method establishes a reliable microsampling protocol to quantify this peptide hormone while mitigating haematocrit bias.
Hepcidin determination in dried blood by microfluidic LC-MS/MS: comparison of DBS and volumetric absorptive microsampling for matrix effect and recovery — Houbart et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- hormones
- haematocrit
2015
The authors validated an LC-MS/MS method for quantifying emixustat in whole blood collected by VAMS. The assay performed reliably across the normal adult haematocrit range and the analyte remained stable on the device under ambient, refrigerated, and frozen storage, enabling decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring without plasma separation or cold chain.
Bioanalysis of emixustat (ACU-4429) in whole blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling by LC-MS/MS — Miao et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2014
The foundational VAMS paper: a fixed ~10 µL is absorbed with under 5% volume variation across a 20–70% haematocrit range, overcoming the area bias and homogeneity problems of the dried blood spot.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling: A Dried Sample Collection Technique for Quantitative Bioanalysis — Denniff & Spooner, Analytical Chemistry (paywalled)
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2014
Dried blood spot microsampling provides a patient-centric alternative to venous sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring, with advantages of home self-collection, small sample volumes suitable for children, and analyte stability, though accuracy is affected by haematocrit and requires patient correlation studies to validate clinical equivalence.
Therapeutic drug monitoring by dried blood spot: progress to date and future directions — Wilhelm et al., Clinical pharmacokinetics
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- haematocrit
2014
The validated LC-MS method for valproic acid in dried blood spots showed imprecision below 9% CV and accuracy within ±14% across the clinically relevant range of 10 to 1200 μmol/L, with haematocrit effects manageable between 30 and 60%, supporting its potential for home-based therapeutic drug monitoring of this antiepileptic medication.
Quantification of valproic acid in dried blood spots — Pohanka et al., Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2014
Parsons et al. validated a quantitative dried blood spot assay for rifapentine that remained stable for 11 weeks at ambient temperature and showed good agreement with plasma concentrations after haematocrit correction, offering a low-volume sampling approach suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring in international and paediatric tuberculosis trials.
Quantification of rifapentine, a potent antituberculosis drug, from dried blood spot samples using liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis — Parsons et al., Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2013
The canonical review of the haematocrit effect, decomposing it into recovery bias, matrix effects, spot-size/homogeneity variation and analyte-distribution bias.
Hemato-critical issues in quantitative analysis of dried blood spots: challenges and solutions — De Kesel et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
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