The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 1–100 of 377 labelled “urine”, newest first.
2026
This meta-analysis found that HPV testing using self-collected vaginal and urine samples showed sensitivities of 88.6% and 81% for detecting cervical precancer. Using a standardised device for first-void urine increased sensitivity to 86.6%, supporting decentralised patient-centric screening, though data on specificity and specific commercial devices were not consistently reported.
Diagnostic Performance of HPV Testing Using Self-Collected Urine and Vaginal Samples for Detecting Cervical Precancer or Worse: A Meta-Analysis — Hsiao et al., The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2026
DNA methylation markers in first-void urine effectively detect high-grade cervical lesions in HPV-positive women, with results similar to clinician-collected samples in those over 30. This enables reliable cervical cancer screening using self-collected urine, reducing the need for invasive follow-up procedures in decentralised settings.
Evaluating DNA methylation markers and extended HPV genotyping in first-void urine for detecting high-grade cervical lesions in HPV-positive women: a cross-sectional study — Tranberg et al., BMC medicine
- colli-pee
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
- biomarkers
- genotyping
2026
A study of 2500 women found 99.0% agreement between first-void urine and vaginal self-sampling for HPV detection using Cobas4800, with 98.1% of participants preferring urine. Although conducted in a resource-limited setting which may limit generalisability, these results support urine as a viable sample type for decentralised, patient-centric screening.
Comparative efficacy, feasibility and acceptability of HPV DNA testing on first-void urine versus self-collected vaginal samples: a real-world study in a resource-limited setting — Bose et al., BMJ global health
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2026
This study found that self-collected vaginal swabs and first-void urine yielded comparable detection rates for vaccine-targeted high-risk HPV types, supporting the use of both patient-centric methods for decentralised surveillance. Vaginal swabs showed higher sensitivity for non-vaccine types, whereas urine sampling offers a non-invasive alternative.
Comparison of self-collected vaginal swabs and first-void urine for detection of human papillomavirus in sexually active girls and women in three South Asian countries — Telele et al., PloS one
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2026
A comparison of human papillomavirus detection in first-void urine and cervicovaginal samples from Colombian women showed moderate prevalence but weak concordance between the two methods. Although urine-based screening offers a non-invasive alternative, its limited diagnostic performance in this study highlights the ongoing need to optimise collection and processing strategies for decentralised screening.
HPV detection in first void urine and cervicovaginal samples: comparative study and analysis of associated factors in women from tunja, colombia — Neita et al., Preventive medicine reports
- first-void
- sti
- hpv
- urine
- genotyping
2026
First-void urine and self-collected vaginal swabs showed similar sensitivity and specificity to clinician-collected cervical samples for high-risk HPV detection across two real-time PCR assays, supporting their use as decentralised, patient-collected alternatives; most women preferred first-void urine for regular cervical screening.
Comparative performance of first-void urine and self-collected vaginal swabs against clinician-collected cervical samples using 2 HPV real-time assays in Indian women — A et al., Journal of gynecologic oncology (paywalled)
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
2026
Urinary HPV testing using first-void urine collected with the Colli-Pee device showed substantial agreement with clinician-collected cervico-vaginal sampling and near-equivalent negative predictive value, supporting its use as a clinically credible non-invasive entry point for cervical screening in settings where low participation rather than analytical performance is the principal barrier.
Agreement and Diagnostic Performance of Urinary HPV Testing Versus Clinician-Collected Cervico-Vaginal Sampling: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study in a Romanian Cohort — Nati et al., Medical sciences (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- hpv
- sti
2026
A study in two UK cities found that at-home first-void urine sampling for HPV screening achieved a 59% uptake among women aged 60-79. Telephone reminders increased response by 5% compared with text messages, showing that decentralised sampling can engage older women, though response rates varied by area-level deprivation and screening history.
The Use of First-Void Urine to Screen Women Aged 60-79 for HPV in the UK: The Catch-Up Screen Study — Rake et al., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
2026
First-void urine samples showed significantly higher detection rates of HPV-specific IgG antibodies compared to midstream urine, confirming the necessity of capturing the initial stream. The study found no significant difference between 10 mL and 20 mL collection volumes, indicating flexibility in device specifications for self-collection.
The importance of first-void urine for assessing HPV-specific antibodies: A comparison with midstream urine — Van Caesbroeck et al., Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- serology
- hpv
- urine
2026
In a small proof-of-concept, first-void urine and cervicovaginal brushes yielded high-quality vaginal microbiome profiles in most participants, comparable to vaginal swabs, offering non-invasive, user-friendly alternatives for research; however, storage at room temperature altered microbial composition in some first-void urine samples, indicating a need for careful handling.
First-void urine and cervicovaginal brushes for vaginal microbiome profiling: a proof-of-concept study — Pinedo-Bardales et al., Microbiology spectrum (paywalled)
- first-void
- self-collection
- microbiome
- hpv
- urine
2026
This meta-analysis found that self-collected urine samples for HPV testing had lower sensitivity for detecting high-grade lesions compared to physician-collected cervical specimens. The use of a first-void collection device such as Colli-Pee was associated with marginally higher sensitivity than general urine sampling.
Accuracy of HPV Testing Using Self-collected Urine Compared With Physician-collected Cervical Specimen for HSIL or Worse — Chen et al., Journal of lower genital tract disease (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2026
This randomised sub-study found return rates of 10.4% for Colli-Pee, 10.1% for FLOQSwabs and 7.4% for Evalyn-Brush. All devices yielded sufficient DNA with low invalid rates, but the authors noted the study was limited by low overall participation.
Comparison of three different hpv self-sampling tools - a subanalysis of the prospective, randomized hannover self-collection study — Hempel et al., Archives of gynecology and obstetrics
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2026
A post-mortem case study found that Mitra microsampling devices achieved comparable qualitative toxicological detection to conventional methods across blood, urine, bile, and vitreous humour, successfully identifying methamphetamine, opioids, and alpha-PHP. Whilst limited to a single case, this shows that microsampling is a viable alternative for qualitative screening when sample volumes are restricted.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling device for forensic Toxicologic screening: A case report as proof-of-concept — Magny et al., Forensic science international (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- toxicology
2026
Vaginal self-sampling achieved higher pooled sensitivity and specificity than urine self-sampling for detecting high-risk HPV, making it the preferred option, while urine self-sampling remains a useful non-invasive choice for under-screened populations.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Urine and Vaginal Self-Sampling for Detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis — Rakhat & Aimagambetova, Viruses
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
- validation
2026
For decentralised testing, a study found dry vaginal self-samples using Copan FLOQSwabs stored up to two weeks at room temperature maintain DNA quality. However, first-void urine collected with the Colli-Pee device may be less sensitive for HPV detection, showing lower positivity and higher cycle threshold values, median Ct 30 versus 27 for other samples.
Evaluation of the Quality and Suitability of Self-Collected Vaginal and Urine Samples for Human Papillomavirus Testing: A Prospective Matched Study — Chu et al., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
- colli-pee
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- dried
- hpv
- urine
- validation
2026
The study found that testing for ASCL1/LHX8 DNA methylation in at-home collected first-void urine can detect most cervical cancers and high-grade precancers, supporting a fully molecular screening pathway without a clinical visit.
Clinical performance of ASCL1/LHX8 DNA methylation on first-void urine to screen for cervical cancer — Van Keer et al., Communications medicine
- colli-pee
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- liquid-biopsy
- urine
- biomarkers
2026
The study found that self-collection of dried blood spots and other samples using at-home kits was a useful and cost-effective method for screening a large cohort for sexually transmitted infections outside a clinic. This demonstrates the feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric sampling for population-level infectious disease surveillance.
Prevalence of chlamydial, gonococcal and syphilis positivity by anatomical site and sex via self-collected biospecimens using at-home testing kits among a large and diverse cohort of men and women enrolled in the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS) in the USA — Mimiaga et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- blood
- sti
- dbs
- self-collection
- dried
- serology
- bd-microtainer
- urine
2026
Self-sampling for HPV testing using urine and swab devices achieved high DNA detection rates, 92.1-99.7%, and very high participant acceptance, 99.1%, in a primary care population, supporting decentralised screening in low-resource settings.
Population-based self-sampling under primary care conditions - a possible approach for cervical cancer screening in Indonesia (IndoCerCa study) — Wenang et al., Reproductive health
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2026
This retrospective analysis of over 600,000 online postal self-sampling orders found that whilst return rates for urine samples were moderate to high, the return of processable blood samples was significantly lower and varied by age and deprivation level.
Factors associated with the online postal self-sampling testing cascade in England, 2022: a retrospective observational study of routinely collected service-level healthcare data — Gibbs et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- blood
- sti
- self-collection
- serology
- urine
2026
Self-collected vaginal samples demonstrated comparable sensitivity to clinician-collected specimens for detecting high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, whereas urine and menstrual blood samples showed lower sensitivity despite moderate concordance for human papillomavirus detection.
HPV Detection in Clinician-Collected, Self-Collected Vagina, Urine, and Menstrual Blood Samples — Ho et al., Journal of lower genital tract disease (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2026
Midstream urine self-collection demonstrated adequate sensitivity for Chlamydia trachomatis screening in asymptomatic patients, although it was less sensitive than vaginal swabs in women, and the study confirmed that nucleic acids in neat urine remain stable for up to seven days when stored at 4°C.
The potential use of midstream urine samples for diagnosing Chlamydia/Gonorrhoea NAAT in male and female patients, and the pre-analytical storage conditions in neat urine specimens — Ilardo et al., The new microbiologica (paywalled)
- sti
- self-collection
- liquid
- urine
- validation
2026
This study found strong agreement between self-collected urine samples tested with the INDICAID HPV assay and clinician-collected swabs tested with the BD Onclarity assay for detecting high-risk HPV. The results suggest that urine-based self-collection offers a reliable alternative for cervical cancer screening, potentially improving access for women who face barriers to standard care.
Agreement between INDICAID™ HPV (human papillomavirus) Urine Test and BD Onclarity™ HPV Assay in detection of high-risk HPV in self-collected urine samples — Yung et al., Journal of gynecologic oncology (paywalled)
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- liquid
- urine
- validation
2026
Community pharmacy-based testing and treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhoea using self-collected first-catch urine was highly acceptable to users and successfully identified new cases, with pharmacists efficiently prescribing antibiotic treatment. This supports decentralised sampling by showing that asymptomatic STI testing can be delivered through self-collection in non-clinical settings with good uptake and patient satisfaction.
Implementation of community pharmacy-based testing and treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Nova Scotia (Swab-Rx study) — d'Entremont-Harris et al., Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2026
This meta-analysis found that urine self-sampling for HPV detection had significantly lower sensitivity for high-grade lesions compared to vaginal and cervical samples, though specificity remained comparable. Despite the reduced diagnostic accuracy, the non-invasive and acceptable nature of urine sampling supports its use as a decentralised option to improve screening uptake.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy of urine self-sampling for human papillomavirus detection in cervical cancer screening — Nath et al., Journal of medical screening (paywalled)
- acceptability
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
- validation
2026
Genital swabs demonstrated a significantly higher human papillomavirus positivity rate than self-collected urine samples or urethral swabs in men, suggesting that urine may be a less sensitive matrix for screening in this population.
Urine sample for HPV detection in men: is it a valid and non-invasive diagnostic alternative? — Sucato et al., Microbiology spectrum
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
- validation
2026
Dried urine strips demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy and stability for chlamydia and gonorrhea detection compared to standard urine samples. This method supports decentralised screening by allowing self-collection and ambient temperature transport without compromising sample integrity.
Development and evaluation of dried urine strip for genital chlamydia and gonorrhea testing — Gibbons et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- sti
- self-collection
- dried
- urine
- validation
- genotyping
2026
Self-collected HPV testing was highly acceptable to transgender men with a cervix, and most participants preferred urine-based self-sampling over vaginal sampling, suggesting urine self-collection could help overcome barriers to cervical screening in this group.
Genital human papillomavirus detection in self-samples from transgender men — Vervalcke et al., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2026
Frequent dried blood spot sampling detected early changes in beta-cell function more effectively than mixed-meal tolerance tests or urine ratios, supporting its potential as a decentralised monitoring tool for clinical trials.
Serial Dried Blood Spot C-Peptide Sampling, but Not Urine C-Peptide-to-Creatinine Ratio, Detects Early Preservation of β-Cell Function in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: Experience From the USTEKID Trial — Dunseath et al., Diabetes care (paywalled)
- dct
- blood
- dbs
- dried
- pediatric
- urine
- biomarkers
2026
This pilot study demonstrated that a fully remote web-based testing programme for sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections was feasible and acceptable overall, although participants encountered specific collection challenges with the dried blood spot component.
Comprehensive at-home sexually transmitted and blood borne infection (STBBI) testing program: A pilot study — Christensen et al., International journal of STD & AIDS
- blood
- urine
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2026
The study found that oral fluid microsampling using VAMS has high patient acceptability, 90% vs 28% for urine, and over 88% agreement with urine toxicology screening, making it a practical alternative for substance use disorder monitoring with reduced sample adulteration risk and lower costs.
Evaluation of oral fluid microsampling as a urine surrogate matrix in substance use disorder care: clinical applicability and analytical performance — Thiebot et al., Clinical toxicology (paywalled)
- vams
- acceptability
- toxicology
- urine
- saliva
2026
This study found that home-based multi-pathogen self-sampling, including urine collection, was feasible and highly acceptable to women in Zambia, with the majority preferring home visits over clinic attendance.
Acceptability and feasibility of one-stop home-based genital self-sampling for female genital schistosomiasis, human papilloma virus and self-testing for trichomonas and HIV: the Zipime Weka Schista study in Zambia — Ndubani et al., BMC women's health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2026
This review establishes that microsampling across blood, saliva, urine and stool matrices offers validated workflows and regulatory recognition for human biomonitoring comparable to conventional methods. It finds that these decentralised approaches enhance participant acceptability and enable screening in remote or low-resource settings.
Integrating Microsampling in Human Biomonitoring: Methodologies, Regulatory Frameworks, and Case Study Insights — Rajamani & Poongavanam, Critical reviews in analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- wearable
- acceptability
- multimodal
- sweat
- blood
- dbs
- standards
- dried
- serology
- colorectal
- pediatric
- stool
- urine
- validation
- saliva
- biomarkers
2026
This study demonstrates that a memristor sensor can identify distinct electrical signatures in saliva and urine corresponding to different ovulation phases, suggesting a potential route for noninvasive home fertility monitoring.
A Noninvasive Method for Dynamic Ovulation Monitoring Based on Memristor — Chen et al., ACS omega
- fertility
- hormones
- liquid
- urine
- saliva
2026
This review highlights that microsampling techniques such as dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling offer superior alternatives to traditional sampling for the mass spectrometry detection of prohibited substances in anti-doping analysis. It provides guidance on selecting appropriate analytical methods and sample pretreatment strategies to ensure sensitive detection and reliable storage conditions.
Mass Spectrometry-Based Anti-Doping Analysis: A Critical Review of Emerging Analytical and Sample Pretreatment Strategies — Maykar et al., Critical reviews in analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- validation
- doping
- toxicology
2026
The dried urine spot device showed strong agreement with liquid urine across three clinical chemistry analysers and stable performance across temperatures, enabling decentralised ambient collection for albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Analysis of albumin-to-creatinine ratio on automated analysers using a microsampling card (Capitainer DIP70 card) for the collection of urine — Olausson et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- validation
2026
In a large real-world cohort of pregnancy planners using home urine tests, sensitivity was lower than expected before the expected period, with false negatives of 12.7% at 2 days, 21.4% at 3 days and 46.4% at 4 days before menses; sensitivity rose sharply thereafter to over 99% by 4 days after the expected period, and for any given test day, longer menstrual cycles were associated with higher sensitivity, especially among early testers.
Home pregnancy test sensitivity by test timing and cycle length with real-world use among pregnancy planners who conceived — Sundermann et al., Fertility and sterility (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
2026
Postnatal women view the six-week check-up as a window of opportunity for cervical screening via urine self-sampling, though some feel it may be too soon after delivery. The study reveals women's health is perceived as neglected compared with infant care, supporting feasibility of a trial to test early postnatal screening uptake.
Investigating the Acceptability of Cervical Screening and Self-Sampling in Postnatal Women at the 6-Week Postnatal Check-Up: A Qualitative Study — Newhouse et al., Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
2026
Among 454 postnatal women, 74.4 per cent would be more likely to undergo cervical screening if offered urine self-sampling for HPV at six weeks postnatal, and 54 per cent preferred this method to conventional clinician-taken samples. This indicates high acceptability of patient-collected urine for decentralised HPV screening in the postnatal period, which could improve uptake when integrated into routine postnatal care.
Investigating the acceptability of cervical screening, using conventional clinician-taken cervical samples or urine self-sampling, at 6 weeks postnatal: A cross-sectional questionnaire — Cullimore et al., Journal of medical screening
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
2026
The Phase HPV Urine Test detected 14 high-risk HPV types from first-void urine samples, showing 93 per cent concordance with the Roche cobas 4800 reference assay after sequencing adjudication. The test demonstrated high precision, a low limit of detection, and ten-day stability at ambient temperature, supporting non-invasive, self-collected screening to improve access and participation.
Performance of a novel, urine-based test for the detection of cervical human papillomavirus infection — Manjeshwar et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2026
In women with abnormal cytology, hrHPV testing and PAX1/ZNF671 methylation were assessed across paired self-collected urine and vaginal samples versus clinician cervical scrapes. Methylation markers showed high area under the ROC curve for CIN3+ and strong correlation with lesion severity, and the optimal PAX1/ZNF671 panel achieved high sensitivity for CIN2+ in cervical samples but lower sensitivity in urine and vaginal samples, indicating cervical samples are optimal for methylation testing while urine and vaginal self-collection may be useful for hrHPV triage.
Comparative performance of hrHPV testing and PAX1/ZNF671 methylation in triaging women with abnormal cytology: a study of paired urine, vaginal and cervical scrape samples — Wang et al., Frontiers in oncology
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2026
The Alinity m STI assay achieved strong agreement with comparator nucleic acid amplification tests across female urogenital specimens, with κ scores of 0.84 to 0.99. Urine and self-collected vaginal swabs showed high positive agreement (≥99.2% and ≥98.0% respectively), validating their reliability for decentralized STI screening.
Evaluation of Alinity m STI Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Trichomonas vaginalis , and Mycoplasma genitalium in Female Urogenital Specimens — Gentil et al., Sexually transmitted diseases
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2026
A paired-sample study of postnatal cervical screening proved feasible with high attendance and low test inadequacy. Urine self-sampling for HPV showed lower sensitivity (60% at six weeks) than clinician-taken samples, suggesting it may be less reliable in this population.
Comparison of Cervical Screening at 6- and 12-Weeks Postnatal: A Paired-Sample Feasibility Study — Cullimore et al., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2026
In a multicentre European study the Papilloplex HR-HPV assay showed similar clinical sensitivity for CIN2+ on self collected urine and vaginal swabs compared with clinician taken cervical samples, while clinical specificity was similar for urine but lower for vaginal swabs; cut off optimisation restored specificity for vaginal swabs without compromising sensitivity.
Clinical performance assessment of the Papilloplex HR-HPV assay on self-taken urine and vaginal swab samples: findings from a multicentre European study — Cuschieri et al., Journal of clinical pathology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2026
In adults with sterile pyuria, atypical pathogens were detected in 40% of cases, most commonly Chlamydia trachomatis (19%) and Ureaplasma spp. (15%), with risk factors including multiple sexual partners and past pelvic surgery; comprehensive screening of first-void urine for these agents is warranted.
Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma spp., Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium in patients with sterile pyuria — Aggarwal et al., Indian journal of medical microbiology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2026
First-void urine sampling detected 33% prevalence of 28 HPV types in 16-21-year-old Ugandan females. HPV16/18 prevalence was markedly lower among vaccinated participants (1.4%) than unvaccinated (5.6%), though vaccine coverage was suboptimal with inconsistent dosing. This validates patient-centric urine microsampling for decentralised infectious disease surveillance in resource-limited settings.
Human papillomavirus infection and vaccination among young females in rural Uganda — Newton et al., International journal of cancer (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- hpv
2026
The lateral flow assay showed 80.6% sensitivity and 94.2% specificity in first-void urine from asymptomatic men, and 81.8% sensitivity and 98.1% specificity in vaginal swabs from asymptomatic women. Vaginal swab performance met WHO screening criteria for low-resource settings, while urine specificity fell short, indicating the assay is suitable for decentralised STI screening in women but needs improvement for men.
Cross-sectional evaluation of a lateral flow assay for point-of-care detection of <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> in asymptomatic individuals at primary healthcare facilities in South Africa — Peters et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2026
The fluorescence-enhanced catalytic hairpin assembly nanobiosensor detected HPV16 E7 mRNA with high sensitivity and specificity in first-void urine, showing linear performance across clinically relevant concentrations and stability for 45 days, offering a promising tool for decentralised HPV screening programmes.
Fluorescence-Enhanced Catalytic Hairpin Assembly-Driven Nanobiosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of HPV16 E7 mRNA — Bina et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
2025
A multi-targeted procedure covered 237 prohibited substances across 11 WADA classes in dried urine spots, with environmental-stability testing for refrigeration-free transport.
LC-HRMS screening for 11 classes of prohibited substances in dried urine spots for doping control — Mazzarino et al., Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (paywalled)
- neoteryx-mitra
- doping
- dried
- toxicology
- urine
- validation
2025
Across ~27,000 specimens, moderate over-collection of first-void urine did not meaningfully change chlamydia or gonorrhoea positivity: first-void STI detection is robust to volume variation, provided the early urethral fraction is captured.
Impact of first-void urine volume on chlamydia and gonorrhoea positivity rates — Hall et al., Microbiology Spectrum
- urine
- liquid
- first-void
- sti
2025
In 498 women living with HIV, self-collected first-void urine and vaginal samples showed 78% high-risk HPV prevalence and good genotype concordance, kappa 0.64-0.78. Participants preferred the Colli-Pee device over the Evalyn Brush, supporting decentralised, patient-centric screening feasibility.
Feasibility of First-Void Urinary and Vaginal Self-Sampling for High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Testing Among Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Guinea-Bissau-A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study — Madsen et al., Journal of medical virology
- colli-pee
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
2025
Urine self-sampling for HPV showed non-inferior specificity to cervical samples, 85.19%, and found 96% of high-grade lesions. While acceptable, a survey of 1382 participants found 41.6% preferred conventional screening, showing the importance of offering choice in a decentralised, patient-centric programme.
Urine human papillomavirus testing for cervical screening in a UK general screening population: a diagnostic test accuracy study — Davies et al., The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
The EUROArray HPV test achieved similar sensitivity and specificity for CIN2+ detection using first-void urine and vaginal self-samples compared with clinician-collected cervical samples, supporting the use of self-collection for cervical screening.
EUROArray HPV test accuracy for cervical precancer in self- vs. clinician-collected samples using the VALHUDES protocol — van et al., Gynecologic oncology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2025
A study of 100 Brazilian women with high-grade cervical lesions found excellent concordance for high-risk HPV detection between clinician-collected samples and patient-centric, self-collected vaginal or first-void urine samples. Self-sampling was preferred for comfort, though the study's single-centre setting may limit generalisability.
Self-sampling for HPV genotyping: a study of vaginal and urine collection in Brazilian women with high-grade lesions — Castanheira et al., Clinics
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
- genotyping
2025
In a decentralised Eswatini clinic, molecular testing on the Xpert platform of self-collected urine and swabs found a 31.7% prevalence of Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, or Trichomonas, with 20.8% of these asymptomatic. Although limited by a cross-sectional design, this shows the feasibility of patient-centric sampling for sexually transmitted infection screening in resource-limited settings.
High Burden of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Routine Decentralised HIV Care Setting in Eswatini: A Cross-Sectional Study — Kerschberger et al., Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH
- sti
- self-collection
- serology
- hpv
- urine
2025
This study found that the HarmoniaHPV assay on first-void urine collected via Colli-Pee and vaginal self-samples showed a relative sensitivity of 0.95 for detecting CIN2+ compared to cervical samples. The VenusHPV assay showed similar accuracy but required cut-off optimisation, supporting decentralised HPV screening.
Accuracy of Liferiver HarmoniaHPV and VenusHPV Assays on Urine and Vaginal Self-Samples — Latsuzbaia et al., Journal of medical virology
- colli-pee
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
- validation
2025
In a Belgian colposcopy referral cohort, a study found that 66.6% of women preferred home-based first-void urine self-sampling over physician-taken samples, and 96.6% found the Colli-Pee UCM FV-5010 device easy to use. This supports patient-centric, decentralised screening, though results are limited to this specific referral population.
Home-based urinary HPV self-sampling for the detection of cervical cancer precursor lesions: attitudes and preferences from Belgian females participating in the CASUS study — Hendrickx et al., Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique
- colli-pee
- acceptability
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- liquid-biopsy
- liquid
- urine
2025
This study found that 80% of Middle Eastern-North African women preferred urine HPV self-sampling over clinician-directed screening, and 73% favoured home collection. 80% reported this decentralised method would positively impact future screening intent.
Acceptability of Home-Based Urine Self-Collection for Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women Receiving Care at the Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services in Michigan — Guetterman et al., Cancer medicine
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
2025
The authors found that a single microdose of recombinant EPO was detectable up to 72 hours using ITP and CP methods, though the Tasso microsampling device showed lower sensitivity than Mitra and Capitainer. Additionally, isotope ratio mass spectrometry successfully detected testosterone micro-dosing in all analysed samples, supported by serum testosterone levels.
Detection of a Single Microdose of Testosterone and Recombinant EPO in Healthy Volunteers — Heiland et al., Drug testing and analysis
- neoteryx-mitra
- doping
- blood
- dbs
- dried
- steroids
- capillary
- hormones
- urine
- validation
2025
HPV DNA testing on first-void urine collected at home performed as well as clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting CIN2+ using Roche cobas 4800 and 6800 systems, with good to excellent agreement between paired samples. This supports the use of home-collected first-void urine for cervical cancer screening programmes.
Equivalent Clinical Accuracy of Human Papillomavirus DNA Testing Using Cobas 4800 and 6800 Human Papillomavirus Systems in Paired Urine and Cervical Samples — Van Keer et al., The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2025
Using the Novosanis Colli-Pee Small Volumes device, this study found that self-collected first-void urine had slightly lower sensitivity for detecting high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia than cervical samples, CIN2+ ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.83-0.99, with comparable specificity. This patient-centric, decentralised approach offers a feasible screening alternative despite a marginal reduction in sensitivity.
Clinical and Analytical Evaluation of the Abbott Alinity m HR HPV Assay in a New Generation First-Void Urine Collector — Van Keer et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2025
The study validated the Allplex HPV28 assay for use with first-void urine samples collected using a Colli-Pee device, finding good agreement with a reference method and that it works without pre-centrifugation. This provides a reliable, non-invasive option for HPV screening and vaccine monitoring, which is important for increasing participation in decentralised settings.
Optimization and analytical validation of the Allplex HPV28 genotyping assay for use in first-void urine samples — Bell et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- colli-pee
- first-void
- sti
- hpv
- urine
- validation
- genotyping
2025
A Danish study found that first-void urine testing using the 10-mL Colli-Pee device had similar sensitivity to cervical sampling for detecting CIN2+, ratio 0.97, and CIN3+, ratio 0.95, though specificity was lower. This patient-centric, decentralised microsampling method shows promise, but further clinical accuracy and acceptability data in under-screened populations are needed before implementation.
High-risk human papillomavirus testing in first-void urine as a novel and non-invasive cervical cancer screening modality-a Danish diagnostic test accuracy study — Tranberg et al., BMC medicine
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- validation
- hpv
2025
Self-collection of vaginal samples achieved 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, while first-void urine achieved 90% sensitivity and 99% specificity, compared with cervical brushing for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis; these results support the use of self-collected samples for decentralised STI testing.
Accuracy of self-collection versus cervical sampling for the molecular diagnosis of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> in women attending gynecological services — Vasco et al., Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- urine
- validation
2025
An online self-sampling intervention for chlamydia and gonorrhoea using urine kits achieved a 20.7% positivity rate, with 90% of infections being extragenital, and linked 81% of positive cases to treatment, indicating high acceptability and feasibility for decentralised STI testing.
TESTATE STI project: an online chlamydia and gonorrhoea self-sampling strategy for gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men and trans people in Catalonia (Spain) — Martínez-Riveros et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- acceptability
- sti
- self-collection
- liquid
- urine
2025
The cross-sectional study of women of reproductive age in the Southern US found notable prevalence of genital and extragenital chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis, with no difference by HIV status. These results highlight the importance of extragenital STI testing in decentralised, patient-centric settings to improve detection and reproductive health outcomes.
Prevalence of genital and extragenital sexually transmitted infections among women of reproductive age with and without HIV in the Southern US: results from the study of treatment and reproductive outcomes — Nogueira et al., Frontiers in medicine
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
This review summarises how incorporating saliva and urine into home-based point-of-care systems expands diagnostic accessibility for dengue virus, aligning with the WHO REASSURED framework for affordable and rapid testing.
Integrative Advances in Dengue Virus Diagnostics: From Technological Innovation to Tiered Diagnostic Systems — Shi et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2025
Healthcare professionals considered a postal self-collection service for diabetes review acceptable, anticipating it would reduce missed appointments and enable more holistic use of consultation time, while cautioning that administrative burden and public perception of diminished face-to-face care would need managing. The study indicates that patient-centric microsampling can secure professional support, a prerequisite for decentralised diagnostics.
Healthcare professional views of a diabetes review postal box: A qualitative study — Colley et al., Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
2025
The Mira fertility monitor's LH surge and urine E1-3G levels correlated strongly with the ClearBlue Fertility Monitor's LH surge and low-to-high shift in both postpartum and perimenopause transitions, supporting at-home urine hormone monitoring for fertility tracking.
Validating At-Home Urinary Hormone Measurements in Postpartum and Perimenopause Fertility Transitions — Bouchard et al., Women's health reports
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
2025
A home-based PrEP follow-up programme using self-collected specimens and remote monitoring was evaluated among predominantly Black and Latino men who have sex with men in South Florida. Only 37.5% elected home-based care, with completion rates falling from 48.3% at first follow-up to 15% by the third, and most returned to clinic care citing discomfort with self-collection and logistical barriers, highlighting that decentralised HIV prevention requires enhanced support to achieve equitable uptake and persistence.
PrEP Beyond the Clinic: Evaluation of a Home-Based PrEP Follow-Up System Among a Cohort of Predominantly Black and Latino Men who Have Sex with Men in South Florida — Butts et al., Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2025
Focus groups with 48 women from diverse ethnic groups in Northwest England revealed that self-sampling for cervical screening was highly acceptable, particularly because it offered privacy, autonomy, and reduced discomfort. The study indicates that providing a self-sampling option could increase screening uptake among underserved populations, though participants expressed concerns about test accuracy and practical usability.
Acceptability of Self-Sampling for Cervical Screening in Ethnically Diverse Groups in Northwest England: A Focus Group Study — Whitley et al., Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
2025
Transgender women in Uganda valued integrated PrEP and STI services that used urine self-collection for therapeutic drug monitoring and infection detection. The convenience of this approach motivated adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis, while same-day initiation and drug-level feedback supported engagement with care, demonstrating that decentralised, patient-centric models can improve prevention uptake in vulnerable populations.
Integrated PrEP and STI Services for Transgender Women in Uganda: Qualitative Findings from a Randomized Trial — Mujugira et al., AIDS and behavior (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- tdm
- sti
2025
A meta-analysis of 15 studies with 3665 participants showed that urine and vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing achieved pooled sensitivity of 0.88 and specificity of 0.81 for cervical cancer screening, with an area under the curve of 0.92. Vaginal self-sampling outperformed urine sampling for high-risk HPV detection, and both methods demonstrated high sensitivity for identifying CIN2 lesions, indicating their suitability for patient-centric screening.
Accuracy analysis of cervical cancer screening using urine and vaginal self-sampling versus clinician-collected samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis — Li et al., International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
Self-collection of urine and vaginal swabs at home for STI testing in a national survey was feasible and broadly acceptable, with vaginal swabs providing higher testing sensitivity than urine.
Home-based self-collection of biological samples, including vaginal swabs: a mixed methods study for Britain's fourth National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-4) — Oeser et al., Sexually transmitted infections
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2025
Self-collected urine HPV nucleic acid amplification testing shows high pooled sensitivity but modest specificity for detecting HSIL+, supporting its use as a non-invasive decentralised screening option though confirmatory testing may be needed due to lower specificity.
Accuracy of human papillomavirus testing using self-collected urine samples for detecting high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion or worse: a diagnostic meta-analysis — Hsiao et al., International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
Self-collection of urine, pharyngeal and anal specimens for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing was highly acceptable among HIV PrEP clients in Vietnam, with 97.9% providing specimens from all three sites and 99.4% willing to repeat the process; cost was the most important factor influencing testing preferences.
Preferences and Acceptability of Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections in an HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Clinic in Hanoi, Vietnam — Bui et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2025
This paper describes a handheld electrochemical sensor for vitamin C measurement in saliva and urine, showing a linear range from 0.2 to 200 µm and detection limit of 0.03 µm. The device demonstrated satisfactory accuracy and recovery in human samples, suggesting potential for affordable home-based testing of vitamin C status.
A Multi-Channel Handheld Diagnostic Device Based on Green Biomimetic Material for Point-of-Care Testing of Vitamin C in Human Fluids — Fu et al., Advanced healthcare materials (paywalled)
- saliva
- urine
- liquid
- self-collection
- biomarkers
2025
In 20 adults, CRP measured in urine and saliva strongly correlated with serum CRP (Spearman rho 0.886) and was significantly elevated in participants with systemic inflammation compared with controls, suggesting these noninvasive matrices could replace venipuncture for monitoring inflammatory status in remote or at-home settings.
Multimodal Noninvasive Assessment of C-Reactive Protein for Systemic Inflammation in Adults: Cross-Sectional Study — Shim et al., JMIR formative research
- saliva
- urine
- stool
- sweat
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- biomarkers
2025
Concentrated first-void urine samples detected HPV with 84.6% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity, showing substantial agreement with cervical swabs (Fleiss' kappa 0.796). This noninvasive self-collection method could expand screening coverage and improve patient acceptance in decentralised and resource-limited settings.
Concentrated urine as an alternative to cervical smear samples enabling easy screening of HPV in large populations — Uyar et al., Journal of infection and public health (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2025
Non-invasive HPV self-sampling kits such as first-void urine and menstrual blood devices may increase screening participation among non-Western ethnic minority women by addressing cultural beliefs about virginity and body autonomy.
"Well, that Was Pretty Clever!"-Ethnic Minority Women's Views on HPV Self-Sampling Devices for Cervical Cancer Screening: Attitudes to Brushes, First-Void Urine, and Menstrual Blood Devices — Hald et al., Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
In MSM with HIV, Mycoplasma genitalium infection was common across anatomical sites, especially rectal, and resistance-associated mutations were frequent, limiting azithromycin efficacy while moxifloxacin or minocycline achieved satisfactory cure rates; this supports targeted testing and resistance-guided therapy in decentralised STI care.
Multi-anatomical site prevalence of <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> infection, resistance and association with coinfections: a prospective study in MSM with HIV — Wong et al., JAC-antimicrobial resistance
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
This review summarises how emerging HPV detection methods including CRISPR/Cas systems, droplet digital PCR and isothermal amplification, combined with self-collected vaginal swabs and liquid biopsy from urine or blood, could improve screening acceptability and enable point-of-care testing compared with conventional approaches that require invasive sampling and centralised laboratory infrastructure.
Evolving HPV diagnostics: current practice and future frontiers — Shi et al., Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
- liquid-biopsy
2025
First-void urine PCR identified Ureaplasma urealyticum in 19% of symptomatic men, alongside other pathogens, confirming that patient-collected urine samples provide valid diagnostic results for STI screening outside traditional clinical settings.
Investigation of mycoplasma and ureaplasma species using a molecular method in male patients suffering from urethritis symptoms: a cross-sectional study in the city of Antalya — Karpuz et al., BMC urology
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2025
The Cobas Liat CT/NG/MG nucleic acid amplification test achieved 97% specificity for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and mycoplasma from self-collected urine and vaginal swabs at point-of-care, with sensitivity of at least 92% for most specimen types. Sensitivity was modestly lower for female urine (77–87%), yet the 20-minute turnaround time and ease of use support rapid, decentralised STI screening and reduced empiric treatment.
Sensitivity and specificity of the Cobas Liat CT/NG/MG nucleic acid test in a clinical laboratory setting and point-of-care location — Van Der Pol et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2025
In an HIV preexposure prophylaxis programme in Hanoi, Vietnam, the prevalence of chlamydia or gonorrhoea was high at 28.9 per cent, with gonorrhoea most common in the pharynx and chlamydia most common in the rectum; urethral testing in asymptomatic individuals had limited value.
Routine testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea in an HIV preexposure prophylaxis program in Hanoi, Vietnam: implications for low- and middle-income countries — Adamson et al., AIDS (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
Self-collected penile-meatal swabs matched urine samples with 98.7% agreement for STI detection in symptomatic Ugandan men, performing equally well even in those with multiple concurrent infections. This validates swabs as a simpler, more practical alternative for decentralised STI screening in low-resource settings.
Self-collected penile-meatal swabs are suitable for the detection of STIs in Ugandan men with high rates of STI coinfections — Melendez et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2025
Self-collected vaginal and urine specimens demonstrated good to substantial agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting high-risk HPV and other sexually transmitted infections, supporting their use in decentralised screening programmes. The higher STI positivity rate among hrHPV-positive women suggests coinfections may influence cervical disease, warranting further investigation.
Molecular Detection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Other Sexually Transmitted Pathogens in Cervical and Self-Collected Specimens — Giubbi et al., International journal of molecular sciences
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
In a French trial of 682 under-screened women, most found HPV self-sampling instructions clear and procedures easy, with around 80% preferring home collection over clinic visits. Urine self-sampling was better tolerated than vaginal self-sampling, suggesting it may improve participation in decentralised cervical cancer screening programmes.
Women's perceptions and preferences toward HPV self-sampling in France: A questionnaire within the French CapU4 Trial — De Pauw et al., Journal of infection and public health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
In 121 women with abnormal cervical cytology, self-collected vaginal samples detected HPV with 77.8% concordance and 75.7% sensitivity compared to clinician-collected cervical samples using the BD Onclarity assay, while spot urine samples stored under optimal conditions (BD Probe Tec container, <72 h at room temperature) achieved only 63.9% concordance and 46.4% sensitivity. This demonstrates that self-collected vaginal sampling is a viable patient-centric approach for decentralised HPV screening, though urine-based testing requires further methodological refinement to improve clinical performance.
The Utility of an Human Papillomavirus Genotype Assay for Cancer Screening in Self-Collected Urine and Vaginal Samples from Japanese Women — Mizuno et al., Gynecologic and obstetric investigation
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
Erythropoietin was unstable in urine stored at room temperature or 37 degrees, with degradation in eight of twelve participants, while serum samples showed greater stability. Recombinant EPO detectability was identical across urine, venous serum and capillary serum collected with the Tasso+ SST device, leading the authors to recommend capillary serum collection for doping control to improve overall detection of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.
Assessing EPO stability in urine and comparing recombinant EPO detectability in matched urine, venous serum, and capillary serum following a controlled epoetin alfa administration — Miller et al., Drug testing and analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
- doping
2025
In this decentralised n-of-1 crossover trial of dapagliflozin in 20 adults with type 2 diabetes, remote collection of urine and capillary blood samples achieved 99.4% and 98.4% delivery success respectively, demonstrating that remote monitoring can reliably track individual albuminuria responses to therapy.
Albuminuria Responses to Dapagliflozin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Crossover Trial — Beernink et al., JAMA network open
- blood
- urine
- capillary
- self-collection
- dct
2025
DNA methylation levels in self-collected cervicovaginal samples fell two years after treatment in patients who remained free of recurrent cervical cancer. This shows that home-collected urine and cervicovaginal specimens can be used to assess methylation markers for surveillance of cervical cancer recurrence.
Recurrent cervical cancer detection using DNA methylation markers in self-collected samples from home — Schaafsma et al., International journal of cancer
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- biomarkers
2025
Self-collected urine and vaginal samples were tested with a new hrHPV PCR assay and compared to cervical samples. Urine showed lower sensitivity but higher specificity than vaginal and cervical samples, while vaginal samples were slightly less sensitive than cervical samples. This supports the use of self-collection for cervical screening, though urine is less sensitive than vaginal or cervical sampling.
Diagnostic accuracy of human papillomavirus testing on self-collected samples among women referred for colposcopy — Yan et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
A smartphone based colourimetric assay that detects a metabolic byproduct of HPV infected cells in urine achieved sensitivity and specificity comparable to nucleic acid detection, offering a low cost, user friendly option for home self screening of HPV.
Smartphone-based urine colourimetric assay for home self-screening of HPV infection — Zhang et al., Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2025
Escherichia coli caused 72% of lower urinary tract infections in symptomatic college women, with 95% of cases detectable at ≥10⁴ CFU/mL. Self-diagnosis accuracy reached 72%, suggesting that self-collection and self-assessment could support decentralised screening for urinary and sexually transmitted infections in this population.
Microbiology, chlamydia or gonorrhea incidence, and self-diagnosis accuracy in sexually active college women with lower urinary tract symptoms — Guertler et al., Journal of American college health : J of ACH (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
The hrHPV ReadyMix qPCR Kit detected high-risk HPV DNA in self-collected urine with 80.9% sensitivity and 100% specificity when compared to cervical swabs. Urine testing identified a similar HPV prevalence (6.28%) to cervical swabs (6.62%), suggesting this non-invasive method could expand cervical cancer screening programmes in low-resource settings.
Urinary detection of high-risk HPV DNA to enhance cervical cancer screening in developing countries — Intan et al., Microbiology spectrum
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- genotyping
- hpv
- sti
2025
Urine-based HPV testing showed broad variability in diagnostic performance, with sensitivity ranging from 44.8 to 98.6 per cent and specificity from 61 to 100 per cent against cervical specimens. High patient acceptability was reported, yet standardisation is needed before this self-collection approach can be approved for decentralised cervical cancer screening.
A Narrative Review of Urine-Based Human Papillomavirus Screening: Performance, Challenges, and Opportunities to Expand Access in the United States — Yang et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
Urinary HPV testing showed lower sensitivity than cervical sampling for detecting CIN2+ (79% versus 93%) but higher specificity (58% versus 50%), and participants favoured urine self-collection. The authors conclude that while urine sampling may complement screening in resource-limited or culturally conservative settings, its suboptimal performance and absence of standardised protocols preclude its use for general population screening.
Pooled performance of urinary human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for the presence of cervical HPV — Ye et al., Cancer (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
Self-collected first-void urine from male partners of women diagnosed with Chlamydia trachomatis achieved an 84.1% return rate and detected infection in 43.9% of returned specimens, with the highest partner positivity of 53.5% in women aged 16 to 25 years, indicating that targeted partner notification and self-sampling can identify prevalent infection in this demographic.
Evaluation of chlamydia trachomatis prevalence in male sexual partners: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Shaoxing, China — Guan et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
Self-collected urine and vaginal samples for hrHPV and CIN2+ detection showed high diagnostic accuracy and acceptability compared with clinician sampling, supporting their use as viable alternatives that could improve screening accessibility and compliance in decentralised settings.
Feasibility and acceptability of human papillomavirus self-sampling compared with clinician sampling in urban areas of western China: a cross-sectional survey — Xue et al., Frontiers in public health
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
A new model using sex, age and body surface area most accurately predicted one-day creatinine excretion in Japanese schoolchildren, outperforming eleven existing methods; this improves decentralised assessment of chemical exposure and dietary nutrient intake from first-void urine.
Prediction of one-day creatinine excretion in Japanese schoolchildren based on anthropometric measurements — Kato et al., Environmental health and preventive medicine
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- pediatric
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