The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 1–100 of 267 labelled “sti”, newest first.
2026
This meta-analysis found that HPV testing using self-collected vaginal and urine samples showed sensitivities of 88.6% and 81% for detecting cervical precancer. Using a standardised device for first-void urine increased sensitivity to 86.6%, supporting decentralised patient-centric screening, though data on specificity and specific commercial devices were not consistently reported.
Diagnostic Performance of HPV Testing Using Self-Collected Urine and Vaginal Samples for Detecting Cervical Precancer or Worse: A Meta-Analysis — Hsiao et al., The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2026
A study of 2500 women found 99.0% agreement between first-void urine and vaginal self-sampling for HPV detection using Cobas4800, with 98.1% of participants preferring urine. Although conducted in a resource-limited setting which may limit generalisability, these results support urine as a viable sample type for decentralised, patient-centric screening.
Comparative efficacy, feasibility and acceptability of HPV DNA testing on first-void urine versus self-collected vaginal samples: a real-world study in a resource-limited setting — Bose et al., BMJ global health
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2026
This study found that self-collected vaginal swabs and first-void urine yielded comparable detection rates for vaccine-targeted high-risk HPV types, supporting the use of both patient-centric methods for decentralised surveillance. Vaginal swabs showed higher sensitivity for non-vaccine types, whereas urine sampling offers a non-invasive alternative.
Comparison of self-collected vaginal swabs and first-void urine for detection of human papillomavirus in sexually active girls and women in three South Asian countries — Telele et al., PloS one
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2026
A comparison of human papillomavirus detection in first-void urine and cervicovaginal samples from Colombian women showed moderate prevalence but weak concordance between the two methods. Although urine-based screening offers a non-invasive alternative, its limited diagnostic performance in this study highlights the ongoing need to optimise collection and processing strategies for decentralised screening.
HPV detection in first void urine and cervicovaginal samples: comparative study and analysis of associated factors in women from tunja, colombia — Neita et al., Preventive medicine reports
- first-void
- sti
- hpv
- urine
- genotyping
2026
First-void urine and self-collected vaginal swabs showed similar sensitivity and specificity to clinician-collected cervical samples for high-risk HPV detection across two real-time PCR assays, supporting their use as decentralised, patient-collected alternatives; most women preferred first-void urine for regular cervical screening.
Comparative performance of first-void urine and self-collected vaginal swabs against clinician-collected cervical samples using 2 HPV real-time assays in Indian women — A et al., Journal of gynecologic oncology (paywalled)
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
2026
Urinary HPV testing using first-void urine collected with the Colli-Pee device showed substantial agreement with clinician-collected cervico-vaginal sampling and near-equivalent negative predictive value, supporting its use as a clinically credible non-invasive entry point for cervical screening in settings where low participation rather than analytical performance is the principal barrier.
Agreement and Diagnostic Performance of Urinary HPV Testing Versus Clinician-Collected Cervico-Vaginal Sampling: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study in a Romanian Cohort — Nati et al., Medical sciences (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- hpv
- sti
2026
First-void urine samples showed significantly higher detection rates of HPV-specific IgG antibodies compared to midstream urine, confirming the necessity of capturing the initial stream. The study found no significant difference between 10 mL and 20 mL collection volumes, indicating flexibility in device specifications for self-collection.
The importance of first-void urine for assessing HPV-specific antibodies: A comparison with midstream urine — Van Caesbroeck et al., Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- serology
- hpv
- urine
2026
This meta-analysis found that self-collected urine samples for HPV testing had lower sensitivity for detecting high-grade lesions compared to physician-collected cervical specimens. The use of a first-void collection device such as Colli-Pee was associated with marginally higher sensitivity than general urine sampling.
Accuracy of HPV Testing Using Self-collected Urine Compared With Physician-collected Cervical Specimen for HSIL or Worse — Chen et al., Journal of lower genital tract disease (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2026
This randomised sub-study found return rates of 10.4% for Colli-Pee, 10.1% for FLOQSwabs and 7.4% for Evalyn-Brush. All devices yielded sufficient DNA with low invalid rates, but the authors noted the study was limited by low overall participation.
Comparison of three different hpv self-sampling tools - a subanalysis of the prospective, randomized hannover self-collection study — Hempel et al., Archives of gynecology and obstetrics
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2026
Vaginal self-sampling achieved higher pooled sensitivity and specificity than urine self-sampling for detecting high-risk HPV, making it the preferred option, while urine self-sampling remains a useful non-invasive choice for under-screened populations.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Urine and Vaginal Self-Sampling for Detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis — Rakhat & Aimagambetova, Viruses
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
- validation
2026
For decentralised testing, a study found dry vaginal self-samples using Copan FLOQSwabs stored up to two weeks at room temperature maintain DNA quality. However, first-void urine collected with the Colli-Pee device may be less sensitive for HPV detection, showing lower positivity and higher cycle threshold values, median Ct 30 versus 27 for other samples.
Evaluation of the Quality and Suitability of Self-Collected Vaginal and Urine Samples for Human Papillomavirus Testing: A Prospective Matched Study — Chu et al., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
- colli-pee
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- dried
- hpv
- urine
- validation
2026
The study found that self-collection of dried blood spots and other samples using at-home kits was a useful and cost-effective method for screening a large cohort for sexually transmitted infections outside a clinic. This demonstrates the feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric sampling for population-level infectious disease surveillance.
Prevalence of chlamydial, gonococcal and syphilis positivity by anatomical site and sex via self-collected biospecimens using at-home testing kits among a large and diverse cohort of men and women enrolled in the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS) in the USA — Mimiaga et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- blood
- sti
- dbs
- self-collection
- dried
- serology
- bd-microtainer
- urine
2026
Self-sampling for HPV testing using urine and swab devices achieved high DNA detection rates, 92.1-99.7%, and very high participant acceptance, 99.1%, in a primary care population, supporting decentralised screening in low-resource settings.
Population-based self-sampling under primary care conditions - a possible approach for cervical cancer screening in Indonesia (IndoCerCa study) — Wenang et al., Reproductive health
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2026
This retrospective analysis of over 600,000 online postal self-sampling orders found that whilst return rates for urine samples were moderate to high, the return of processable blood samples was significantly lower and varied by age and deprivation level.
Factors associated with the online postal self-sampling testing cascade in England, 2022: a retrospective observational study of routinely collected service-level healthcare data — Gibbs et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- blood
- sti
- self-collection
- serology
- urine
2026
Self-collected vaginal samples demonstrated comparable sensitivity to clinician-collected specimens for detecting high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, whereas urine and menstrual blood samples showed lower sensitivity despite moderate concordance for human papillomavirus detection.
HPV Detection in Clinician-Collected, Self-Collected Vagina, Urine, and Menstrual Blood Samples — Ho et al., Journal of lower genital tract disease (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2026
Midstream urine self-collection demonstrated adequate sensitivity for Chlamydia trachomatis screening in asymptomatic patients, although it was less sensitive than vaginal swabs in women, and the study confirmed that nucleic acids in neat urine remain stable for up to seven days when stored at 4°C.
The potential use of midstream urine samples for diagnosing Chlamydia/Gonorrhoea NAAT in male and female patients, and the pre-analytical storage conditions in neat urine specimens — Ilardo et al., The new microbiologica (paywalled)
- sti
- self-collection
- liquid
- urine
- validation
2026
This study found strong agreement between self-collected urine samples tested with the INDICAID HPV assay and clinician-collected swabs tested with the BD Onclarity assay for detecting high-risk HPV. The results suggest that urine-based self-collection offers a reliable alternative for cervical cancer screening, potentially improving access for women who face barriers to standard care.
Agreement between INDICAID™ HPV (human papillomavirus) Urine Test and BD Onclarity™ HPV Assay in detection of high-risk HPV in self-collected urine samples — Yung et al., Journal of gynecologic oncology (paywalled)
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- liquid
- urine
- validation
2026
Community pharmacy-based testing and treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhoea using self-collected first-catch urine was highly acceptable to users and successfully identified new cases, with pharmacists efficiently prescribing antibiotic treatment. This supports decentralised sampling by showing that asymptomatic STI testing can be delivered through self-collection in non-clinical settings with good uptake and patient satisfaction.
Implementation of community pharmacy-based testing and treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Nova Scotia (Swab-Rx study) — d'Entremont-Harris et al., Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2026
This meta-analysis found that urine self-sampling for HPV detection had significantly lower sensitivity for high-grade lesions compared to vaginal and cervical samples, though specificity remained comparable. Despite the reduced diagnostic accuracy, the non-invasive and acceptable nature of urine sampling supports its use as a decentralised option to improve screening uptake.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy of urine self-sampling for human papillomavirus detection in cervical cancer screening — Nath et al., Journal of medical screening (paywalled)
- acceptability
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
- validation
2026
Genital swabs demonstrated a significantly higher human papillomavirus positivity rate than self-collected urine samples or urethral swabs in men, suggesting that urine may be a less sensitive matrix for screening in this population.
Urine sample for HPV detection in men: is it a valid and non-invasive diagnostic alternative? — Sucato et al., Microbiology spectrum
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
- validation
2026
This study found that self-collected vaginal dry swabs provided noninferior sensitivity for detecting high-grade cervical lesions compared to practitioner-collected samples, although specificity was lower.
Clinical Validation of the Roche cobas and cobas 4800 Human Papillomavirus Tests on Self-Collected Vaginal Dry Swabs versus Practitioner-Collected Cervical Specimens Using the VALHUDES Protocol — Hawkes et al., The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD (paywalled)
- sti
- self-collection
- dried
- hpv
- validation
2026
Dried urine strips demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy and stability for chlamydia and gonorrhea detection compared to standard urine samples. This method supports decentralised screening by allowing self-collection and ambient temperature transport without compromising sample integrity.
Development and evaluation of dried urine strip for genital chlamydia and gonorrhea testing — Gibbons et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- sti
- self-collection
- dried
- urine
- validation
- genotyping
2026
Self-collected HPV testing was highly acceptable to transgender men with a cervix, and most participants preferred urine-based self-sampling over vaginal sampling, suggesting urine self-collection could help overcome barriers to cervical screening in this group.
Genital human papillomavirus detection in self-samples from transgender men — Vervalcke et al., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2026
This pilot study demonstrated that a fully remote web-based testing programme for sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections was feasible and acceptable overall, although participants encountered specific collection challenges with the dried blood spot component.
Comprehensive at-home sexually transmitted and blood borne infection (STBBI) testing program: A pilot study — Christensen et al., International journal of STD & AIDS
- blood
- urine
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2026
This study found that home-based multi-pathogen self-sampling, including urine collection, was feasible and highly acceptable to women in Zambia, with the majority preferring home visits over clinic attendance.
Acceptability and feasibility of one-stop home-based genital self-sampling for female genital schistosomiasis, human papilloma virus and self-testing for trichomonas and HIV: the Zipime Weka Schista study in Zambia — Ndubani et al., BMC women's health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2026
The Phase HPV Urine Test detected 14 high-risk HPV types from first-void urine samples, showing 93 per cent concordance with the Roche cobas 4800 reference assay after sequencing adjudication. The test demonstrated high precision, a low limit of detection, and ten-day stability at ambient temperature, supporting non-invasive, self-collected screening to improve access and participation.
Performance of a novel, urine-based test for the detection of cervical human papillomavirus infection — Manjeshwar et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2026
In women with abnormal cytology, hrHPV testing and PAX1/ZNF671 methylation were assessed across paired self-collected urine and vaginal samples versus clinician cervical scrapes. Methylation markers showed high area under the ROC curve for CIN3+ and strong correlation with lesion severity, and the optimal PAX1/ZNF671 panel achieved high sensitivity for CIN2+ in cervical samples but lower sensitivity in urine and vaginal samples, indicating cervical samples are optimal for methylation testing while urine and vaginal self-collection may be useful for hrHPV triage.
Comparative performance of hrHPV testing and PAX1/ZNF671 methylation in triaging women with abnormal cytology: a study of paired urine, vaginal and cervical scrape samples — Wang et al., Frontiers in oncology
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2026
The Alinity m STI assay achieved strong agreement with comparator nucleic acid amplification tests across female urogenital specimens, with κ scores of 0.84 to 0.99. Urine and self-collected vaginal swabs showed high positive agreement (≥99.2% and ≥98.0% respectively), validating their reliability for decentralized STI screening.
Evaluation of Alinity m STI Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Trichomonas vaginalis , and Mycoplasma genitalium in Female Urogenital Specimens — Gentil et al., Sexually transmitted diseases
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2026
A paired-sample study of postnatal cervical screening proved feasible with high attendance and low test inadequacy. Urine self-sampling for HPV showed lower sensitivity (60% at six weeks) than clinician-taken samples, suggesting it may be less reliable in this population.
Comparison of Cervical Screening at 6- and 12-Weeks Postnatal: A Paired-Sample Feasibility Study — Cullimore et al., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2026
In a multicentre European study the Papilloplex HR-HPV assay showed similar clinical sensitivity for CIN2+ on self collected urine and vaginal swabs compared with clinician taken cervical samples, while clinical specificity was similar for urine but lower for vaginal swabs; cut off optimisation restored specificity for vaginal swabs without compromising sensitivity.
Clinical performance assessment of the Papilloplex HR-HPV assay on self-taken urine and vaginal swab samples: findings from a multicentre European study — Cuschieri et al., Journal of clinical pathology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2026
In adults with sterile pyuria, atypical pathogens were detected in 40% of cases, most commonly Chlamydia trachomatis (19%) and Ureaplasma spp. (15%), with risk factors including multiple sexual partners and past pelvic surgery; comprehensive screening of first-void urine for these agents is warranted.
Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma spp., Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium in patients with sterile pyuria — Aggarwal et al., Indian journal of medical microbiology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2026
The lateral flow assay showed 80.6% sensitivity and 94.2% specificity in first-void urine from asymptomatic men, and 81.8% sensitivity and 98.1% specificity in vaginal swabs from asymptomatic women. Vaginal swab performance met WHO screening criteria for low-resource settings, while urine specificity fell short, indicating the assay is suitable for decentralised STI screening in women but needs improvement for men.
Cross-sectional evaluation of a lateral flow assay for point-of-care detection of <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> in asymptomatic individuals at primary healthcare facilities in South Africa — Peters et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2026
This narrative review surveys remote biospecimen collection products for sexual health research, including dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling, and concludes that successful implementation needs a multidisciplinary, participant-centred team with sufficient time allocated to the complexities of collection procedures and processes.
A Narrative Review of Remote Biospecimen Collection Product and Implementation Considerations for Sexual Health Clinical Research — Horvath et al., AIDS and behavior (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- dct
- serology
- sti
2025
Across ~27,000 specimens, moderate over-collection of first-void urine did not meaningfully change chlamydia or gonorrhoea positivity: first-void STI detection is robust to volume variation, provided the early urethral fraction is captured.
Impact of first-void urine volume on chlamydia and gonorrhoea positivity rates — Hall et al., Microbiology Spectrum
- urine
- liquid
- first-void
- sti
2025
In 498 women living with HIV, self-collected first-void urine and vaginal samples showed 78% high-risk HPV prevalence and good genotype concordance, kappa 0.64-0.78. Participants preferred the Colli-Pee device over the Evalyn Brush, supporting decentralised, patient-centric screening feasibility.
Feasibility of First-Void Urinary and Vaginal Self-Sampling for High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Testing Among Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Guinea-Bissau-A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study — Madsen et al., Journal of medical virology
- colli-pee
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
2025
Urine self-sampling for HPV showed non-inferior specificity to cervical samples, 85.19%, and found 96% of high-grade lesions. While acceptable, a survey of 1382 participants found 41.6% preferred conventional screening, showing the importance of offering choice in a decentralised, patient-centric programme.
Urine human papillomavirus testing for cervical screening in a UK general screening population: a diagnostic test accuracy study — Davies et al., The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
A study of 100 Brazilian women with high-grade cervical lesions found excellent concordance for high-risk HPV detection between clinician-collected samples and patient-centric, self-collected vaginal or first-void urine samples. Self-sampling was preferred for comfort, though the study's single-centre setting may limit generalisability.
Self-sampling for HPV genotyping: a study of vaginal and urine collection in Brazilian women with high-grade lesions — Castanheira et al., Clinics
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
- genotyping
2025
In a decentralised Eswatini clinic, molecular testing on the Xpert platform of self-collected urine and swabs found a 31.7% prevalence of Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, or Trichomonas, with 20.8% of these asymptomatic. Although limited by a cross-sectional design, this shows the feasibility of patient-centric sampling for sexually transmitted infection screening in resource-limited settings.
High Burden of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Routine Decentralised HIV Care Setting in Eswatini: A Cross-Sectional Study — Kerschberger et al., Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH
- sti
- self-collection
- serology
- hpv
- urine
2025
The study validated the Allplex HPV28 assay for use with first-void urine samples collected using a Colli-Pee device, finding good agreement with a reference method and that it works without pre-centrifugation. This provides a reliable, non-invasive option for HPV screening and vaccine monitoring, which is important for increasing participation in decentralised settings.
Optimization and analytical validation of the Allplex HPV28 genotyping assay for use in first-void urine samples — Bell et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- colli-pee
- first-void
- sti
- hpv
- urine
- validation
- genotyping
2025
Self-collection of vaginal samples achieved 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, while first-void urine achieved 90% sensitivity and 99% specificity, compared with cervical brushing for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis; these results support the use of self-collected samples for decentralised STI testing.
Accuracy of self-collection versus cervical sampling for the molecular diagnosis of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> in women attending gynecological services — Vasco et al., Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- urine
- validation
2025
An online self-sampling intervention for chlamydia and gonorrhoea using urine kits achieved a 20.7% positivity rate, with 90% of infections being extragenital, and linked 81% of positive cases to treatment, indicating high acceptability and feasibility for decentralised STI testing.
TESTATE STI project: an online chlamydia and gonorrhoea self-sampling strategy for gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men and trans people in Catalonia (Spain) — Martínez-Riveros et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- acceptability
- sti
- self-collection
- liquid
- urine
2025
The cross-sectional study of women of reproductive age in the Southern US found notable prevalence of genital and extragenital chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis, with no difference by HIV status. These results highlight the importance of extragenital STI testing in decentralised, patient-centric settings to improve detection and reproductive health outcomes.
Prevalence of genital and extragenital sexually transmitted infections among women of reproductive age with and without HIV in the Southern US: results from the study of treatment and reproductive outcomes — Nogueira et al., Frontiers in medicine
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
The study found that the Test2Know postal self-sampling service was highly acceptable and usable, with nearly 90% of users willing to reuse or recommend it, and it reached individuals at risk who had not previously tested for HIV or STIs. This supports the role of decentralised, patient-centric microsampling in expanding access to sexual health testing.
Acceptability, usability, and user experiences of an online postal self-sampling approach for HIV and STI testing in Belgium: Test2Know — De Baetselier et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled)
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2025
A home-based PrEP follow-up programme using self-collected specimens and remote monitoring was evaluated among predominantly Black and Latino men who have sex with men in South Florida. Only 37.5% elected home-based care, with completion rates falling from 48.3% at first follow-up to 15% by the third, and most returned to clinic care citing discomfort with self-collection and logistical barriers, highlighting that decentralised HIV prevention requires enhanced support to achieve equitable uptake and persistence.
PrEP Beyond the Clinic: Evaluation of a Home-Based PrEP Follow-Up System Among a Cohort of Predominantly Black and Latino Men who Have Sex with Men in South Florida — Butts et al., Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2025
Transgender women in Uganda valued integrated PrEP and STI services that used urine self-collection for therapeutic drug monitoring and infection detection. The convenience of this approach motivated adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis, while same-day initiation and drug-level feedback supported engagement with care, demonstrating that decentralised, patient-centric models can improve prevention uptake in vulnerable populations.
Integrated PrEP and STI Services for Transgender Women in Uganda: Qualitative Findings from a Randomized Trial — Mujugira et al., AIDS and behavior (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- tdm
- sti
2025
A meta-analysis of 15 studies with 3665 participants showed that urine and vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing achieved pooled sensitivity of 0.88 and specificity of 0.81 for cervical cancer screening, with an area under the curve of 0.92. Vaginal self-sampling outperformed urine sampling for high-risk HPV detection, and both methods demonstrated high sensitivity for identifying CIN2 lesions, indicating their suitability for patient-centric screening.
Accuracy analysis of cervical cancer screening using urine and vaginal self-sampling versus clinician-collected samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis — Li et al., International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
Self-collection of urine and vaginal swabs at home for STI testing in a national survey was feasible and broadly acceptable, with vaginal swabs providing higher testing sensitivity than urine.
Home-based self-collection of biological samples, including vaginal swabs: a mixed methods study for Britain's fourth National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-4) — Oeser et al., Sexually transmitted infections
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2025
Self-collected urine HPV nucleic acid amplification testing shows high pooled sensitivity but modest specificity for detecting HSIL+, supporting its use as a non-invasive decentralised screening option though confirmatory testing may be needed due to lower specificity.
Accuracy of human papillomavirus testing using self-collected urine samples for detecting high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion or worse: a diagnostic meta-analysis — Hsiao et al., International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
Self-collection of urine, pharyngeal and anal specimens for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing was highly acceptable among HIV PrEP clients in Vietnam, with 97.9% providing specimens from all three sites and 99.4% willing to repeat the process; cost was the most important factor influencing testing preferences.
Preferences and Acceptability of Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections in an HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Clinic in Hanoi, Vietnam — Bui et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2025
The First to Know Syphilis Self-Test, using self-collected fingerstick capillary blood, demonstrated 93.4% sensitivity and 99.5% specificity against a composite reference standard in a 1,270-subject study. This over-the-counter test enables patient-centric screening at home, which could improve early detection and reduce transmission of syphilis and associated STIs.
Clinical development and performance of the First to Know Syphilis Self-Test for over-the-counter usage: a <i>de novo</i> rapid test for treponemal antibody — Clark et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
- sti
2025
Non-invasive HPV self-sampling kits such as first-void urine and menstrual blood devices may increase screening participation among non-Western ethnic minority women by addressing cultural beliefs about virginity and body autonomy.
"Well, that Was Pretty Clever!"-Ethnic Minority Women's Views on HPV Self-Sampling Devices for Cervical Cancer Screening: Attitudes to Brushes, First-Void Urine, and Menstrual Blood Devices — Hald et al., Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
In MSM with HIV, Mycoplasma genitalium infection was common across anatomical sites, especially rectal, and resistance-associated mutations were frequent, limiting azithromycin efficacy while moxifloxacin or minocycline achieved satisfactory cure rates; this supports targeted testing and resistance-guided therapy in decentralised STI care.
Multi-anatomical site prevalence of <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> infection, resistance and association with coinfections: a prospective study in MSM with HIV — Wong et al., JAC-antimicrobial resistance
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
This review summarises how emerging HPV detection methods including CRISPR/Cas systems, droplet digital PCR and isothermal amplification, combined with self-collected vaginal swabs and liquid biopsy from urine or blood, could improve screening acceptability and enable point-of-care testing compared with conventional approaches that require invasive sampling and centralised laboratory infrastructure.
Evolving HPV diagnostics: current practice and future frontiers — Shi et al., Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
- liquid-biopsy
2025
First-void urine PCR identified Ureaplasma urealyticum in 19% of symptomatic men, alongside other pathogens, confirming that patient-collected urine samples provide valid diagnostic results for STI screening outside traditional clinical settings.
Investigation of mycoplasma and ureaplasma species using a molecular method in male patients suffering from urethritis symptoms: a cross-sectional study in the city of Antalya — Karpuz et al., BMC urology
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2025
Among 133 users of HIV self-sampling and self-testing in the Netherlands, the commonest reason for choosing this route was saving time, followed by anonymity and avoiding a GP visit. However, 22% encountered problems, with seven in ten of those struggling to obtain enough blood from a finger prick, showing that while self-testing expands reach, blood collection remains a key usability hurdle for decentralised HIV screening.
Self-sampling and self-testing for HIV at a commercial and community-based test provider in the Netherlands: user preferences and usability — Willemstein et al., BMC health services research
- blood
- capillary
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2025
The Cobas Liat CT/NG/MG nucleic acid amplification test achieved 97% specificity for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and mycoplasma from self-collected urine and vaginal swabs at point-of-care, with sensitivity of at least 92% for most specimen types. Sensitivity was modestly lower for female urine (77–87%), yet the 20-minute turnaround time and ease of use support rapid, decentralised STI screening and reduced empiric treatment.
Sensitivity and specificity of the Cobas Liat CT/NG/MG nucleic acid test in a clinical laboratory setting and point-of-care location — Van Der Pol et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2025
In an HIV preexposure prophylaxis programme in Hanoi, Vietnam, the prevalence of chlamydia or gonorrhoea was high at 28.9 per cent, with gonorrhoea most common in the pharynx and chlamydia most common in the rectum; urethral testing in asymptomatic individuals had limited value.
Routine testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea in an HIV preexposure prophylaxis program in Hanoi, Vietnam: implications for low- and middle-income countries — Adamson et al., AIDS (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
Self-collected penile-meatal swabs matched urine samples with 98.7% agreement for STI detection in symptomatic Ugandan men, performing equally well even in those with multiple concurrent infections. This validates swabs as a simpler, more practical alternative for decentralised STI screening in low-resource settings.
Self-collected penile-meatal swabs are suitable for the detection of STIs in Ugandan men with high rates of STI coinfections — Melendez et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2025
Self-collected vaginal and urine specimens demonstrated good to substantial agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting high-risk HPV and other sexually transmitted infections, supporting their use in decentralised screening programmes. The higher STI positivity rate among hrHPV-positive women suggests coinfections may influence cervical disease, warranting further investigation.
Molecular Detection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Other Sexually Transmitted Pathogens in Cervical and Self-Collected Specimens — Giubbi et al., International journal of molecular sciences
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
In a French trial of 682 under-screened women, most found HPV self-sampling instructions clear and procedures easy, with around 80% preferring home collection over clinic visits. Urine self-sampling was better tolerated than vaginal self-sampling, suggesting it may improve participation in decentralised cervical cancer screening programmes.
Women's perceptions and preferences toward HPV self-sampling in France: A questionnaire within the French CapU4 Trial — De Pauw et al., Journal of infection and public health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
In 121 women with abnormal cervical cytology, self-collected vaginal samples detected HPV with 77.8% concordance and 75.7% sensitivity compared to clinician-collected cervical samples using the BD Onclarity assay, while spot urine samples stored under optimal conditions (BD Probe Tec container, <72 h at room temperature) achieved only 63.9% concordance and 46.4% sensitivity. This demonstrates that self-collected vaginal sampling is a viable patient-centric approach for decentralised HPV screening, though urine-based testing requires further methodological refinement to improve clinical performance.
The Utility of an Human Papillomavirus Genotype Assay for Cancer Screening in Self-Collected Urine and Vaginal Samples from Japanese Women — Mizuno et al., Gynecologic and obstetric investigation
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
Self-collected urine and vaginal samples were tested with a new hrHPV PCR assay and compared to cervical samples. Urine showed lower sensitivity but higher specificity than vaginal and cervical samples, while vaginal samples were slightly less sensitive than cervical samples. This supports the use of self-collection for cervical screening, though urine is less sensitive than vaginal or cervical sampling.
Diagnostic accuracy of human papillomavirus testing on self-collected samples among women referred for colposcopy — Yan et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
A smartphone based colourimetric assay that detects a metabolic byproduct of HPV infected cells in urine achieved sensitivity and specificity comparable to nucleic acid detection, offering a low cost, user friendly option for home self screening of HPV.
Smartphone-based urine colourimetric assay for home self-screening of HPV infection — Zhang et al., Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2025
Escherichia coli caused 72% of lower urinary tract infections in symptomatic college women, with 95% of cases detectable at ≥10⁴ CFU/mL. Self-diagnosis accuracy reached 72%, suggesting that self-collection and self-assessment could support decentralised screening for urinary and sexually transmitted infections in this population.
Microbiology, chlamydia or gonorrhea incidence, and self-diagnosis accuracy in sexually active college women with lower urinary tract symptoms — Guertler et al., Journal of American college health : J of ACH (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
The hrHPV ReadyMix qPCR Kit detected high-risk HPV DNA in self-collected urine with 80.9% sensitivity and 100% specificity when compared to cervical swabs. Urine testing identified a similar HPV prevalence (6.28%) to cervical swabs (6.62%), suggesting this non-invasive method could expand cervical cancer screening programmes in low-resource settings.
Urinary detection of high-risk HPV DNA to enhance cervical cancer screening in developing countries — Intan et al., Microbiology spectrum
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- genotyping
- hpv
- sti
2025
Urine-based HPV testing showed broad variability in diagnostic performance, with sensitivity ranging from 44.8 to 98.6 per cent and specificity from 61 to 100 per cent against cervical specimens. High patient acceptability was reported, yet standardisation is needed before this self-collection approach can be approved for decentralised cervical cancer screening.
A Narrative Review of Urine-Based Human Papillomavirus Screening: Performance, Challenges, and Opportunities to Expand Access in the United States — Yang et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
Urinary HPV testing showed lower sensitivity than cervical sampling for detecting CIN2+ (79% versus 93%) but higher specificity (58% versus 50%), and participants favoured urine self-collection. The authors conclude that while urine sampling may complement screening in resource-limited or culturally conservative settings, its suboptimal performance and absence of standardised protocols preclude its use for general population screening.
Pooled performance of urinary human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for the presence of cervical HPV — Ye et al., Cancer (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
Self-collected first-void urine from male partners of women diagnosed with Chlamydia trachomatis achieved an 84.1% return rate and detected infection in 43.9% of returned specimens, with the highest partner positivity of 53.5% in women aged 16 to 25 years, indicating that targeted partner notification and self-sampling can identify prevalent infection in this demographic.
Evaluation of chlamydia trachomatis prevalence in male sexual partners: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Shaoxing, China — Guan et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
Self-collected urine and vaginal samples for hrHPV and CIN2+ detection showed high diagnostic accuracy and acceptability compared with clinician sampling, supporting their use as viable alternatives that could improve screening accessibility and compliance in decentralised settings.
Feasibility and acceptability of human papillomavirus self-sampling compared with clinician sampling in urban areas of western China: a cross-sectional survey — Xue et al., Frontiers in public health
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
Gargling was less sensitive than throat swabbing for detecting pharyngeal gonorrhoea (85.9% versus 97.2%), though patients preferred gargle samples. This suggests gargle samples can be used as an alternative specimen in decentralised STI screening but with reduced sensitivity compared to throat swabs.
Pharyngeal gonococcal infection and the sensitivity of oral gargle samples in comparison to self-collected throat swabs for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae in persons in Tyrol, Austria — Kitchen et al., Infection (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- sti
2025
The SHERLOCK assay detected Mycoplasma genitalium in first-void urine with a limit of detection of 10 copies per reaction and achieved 91.4% overall agreement with the cobas TV/MG PCR test (positive agreement 79.6%, negative agreement 100%), supporting its potential as a rapid point-of-care test for MG.
Development and clinical evaluation of a novel SHERLOCK test for <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> — Omachi et al., Microbiology spectrum
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2025
First-void urine self-collection achieved almost perfect agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples for high-risk HPV detection (prevalence-adjusted kappa 0.95 for HPV16). The method showed comparable sensitivity and specificity ratios for identifying cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade two or worse, supporting its use as a decentralised screening alternative.
A United States study of self-collected urine vs clinician-collected cervical sample for HPV and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade two or worse detection: Cross-sectional agreement and diagnostic accuracy study — Young et al., Preventive medicine reports
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
Urine-based HPV testing demonstrated 74% sensitivity and 52% specificity for detecting CIN2+, with performance improving when first-void collection and PCR-based assays were used. Although less sensitive than clinician-collected cervical samples, urine testing was preferred by over 90% of women, indicating potential as a complementary screening strategy to improve uptake.
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2024
Self-collected rectal and pharyngeal specimens showed high agreement and diagnostic accuracy compared to clinician-taken samples for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The approach was highly acceptable to participants, the majority of whom preferred self-sampling to clinician-sampling.
Performance and acceptability of self-collected specimens for diagnosis of rectal and pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men who have sex with men in China: a randomized controlled trial — Jiang et al., BMC infectious diseases
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- urine
2024
Preliminary data from the HOT4PrEP trial show 67% of participants offered home-based PrEP monitoring chose to self-collect blood and STI samples at home, and 82% of these successfully returned kits. This demonstrates feasibility and acceptability of decentralised microsampling for HIV prevention, which may improve PrEP retention and expand clinical capacity.
Implementation and Evaluation of a Home-Based Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Monitoring Option: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial — Cannon et al., JMIR research protocols
- blood
- self-collection
- acceptability
- dct
- sti
2024
Among 195 men who have sex with men in Shenzhen, self-reported sexual positioning proved unreliable for guiding chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening. Urine testing alone would have missed 69.2 per cent of rectal chlamydia and 85.7 per cent of rectal gonorrhoea infections even in participants who reported exclusively insertive anal sex, demonstrating that self-collected rectal swabs are essential for comprehensive decentralised STI screening programmes.
Using Self-Reported Sexual Positioning as an Indicator for Rectal Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in China: A Missed Opportunity — Weng et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2024
This randomised trial found that peer-delivered HIV self-testing and sexually transmitted infection self-sampling did not improve oral pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence among transgender women in Uganda compared to standard care. Adherence was monitored using dried blood spots and urine, which showed a strong correlation in tenofovir detection.
Peer-Delivered HIV Self-Testing, Sexually Transmitted Infection Self-Sampling, and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for Transgender Women in Uganda: A Randomized Trial — Mujugira et al., Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes
- blood
- saliva
- urine
- dbs
- self-collection
- tdm
- dct
- sti
2024
Self-collected urine samples matched clinician-collected cervical samples in detecting all seven CIN3 lesions among hrHPV-positive women when extended HPV typing was used, showing 82% concordance for hrHPV detection. This indicates urine self-collection could serve as a patient-centric, decentralised screening option for cervical precancer without compromising diagnostic yield.
Performance of urine samples compared to cervical samples for detection of precancer lesions among HPV-positive women attending colposcopy clinic in Mexico City — Meneses-León et al., Cancer causes & control : CCC
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2024
Self-collected urine samples detected high-risk HPV DNA in 25.5 per cent of women and 8 per cent of men by qPCR, while oral gargle samples detected HPV in 7 per cent of women and 5 per cent of men. With good diagnostic accuracy against Pap smear, qPCR on self-collected specimens offers a viable decentralised approach to HPV screening in remote populations.
Evaluating different samples & techniques for hr-HPV DNA genotyping to improve the efficiency of risk profiling for oral & cervical cancers in Sikkim, India — Gupta et al., The Indian journal of medical research
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- genotyping
- hpv
- sti
2024
In a Vietnamese HIV PrEP cohort, self-collected urine, rectal and pharyngeal specimens tested with the Alinity m STI Assay showed a 10.9% prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium, highest in rectal sites, and 71% of infections were asymptomatic. This supports decentralised, patient-collected sampling for STI screening to identify asymptomatic infections and guide pathogen directed therapy.
Mycoplasma genitalium Infections Among Participants in an HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Program in Hanoi, Vietnam — Nguyen et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2024
Self-directed STI testing kits were requested by some people who use drugs but few were returned, indicating the approach is acceptable yet highlighting logistical and behavioural barriers that need targeted support to realise decentralised testing.
Evaluation of self-directed specimen collection for chlamydia and gonorrhea testing among people who use drugs — Scheidell et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2024
Urinary HPV testing offers comparable detection to cervical samples and high patient acceptability, making it a viable noninvasive option for decentralised cervical cancer screening and vaccine surveillance. However, the absence of standardised protocols for sample collection and processing currently limits its widespread clinical adoption.
A review of urinary HPV testing for cervical cancer management and HPV vaccine surveillance: rationale, strategies, and limitations — Cheng et al., European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2024
An online service that mailed saliva self-sampling kits to 4623 GBMSM and trans women achieved a 67.5% return rate, detected 2.45% HIV prevalence with 100% linkage to care, and was recommended by 98% of participants, proving feasibility for decentralised screening.
An Online HIV Self-Sampling Strategy for Gay, Bisexual and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men and Trans Women in Spain — Martínez-Riveros et al., Journal of community health
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2024
The Tasso+ device, which uses a vacuum to collect capillary blood from the upper arm, gathered an average of 536 microlitres of whole blood from 47 men who have sex with men using PrEP, with 91% of samples sufficient for HIV testing and 89% for syphilis testing. Acceptability was high, with 87% expressing a positive attitude and 77% willing to use the device again for home self-sampling.
Using an Innovative Method for Self-Collection of Capillary Blood for HIV and Syphilis Testing Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Who Use Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the Netherlands; Limburg4zero — Goense et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2024
Self-sampled multi-anatomic site testing for CT/NG in community MSM uncovered a substantial burden of undiagnosed infection, with 21% positivity overall and higher yields from rectal and pharyngeal swabs than urine, indicating that decentralised self-sampling can complement clinic-based screening.
Self-sampled multi-anatomic site testing for uncovering the community burden of undiagnosed Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in men who have sex with men — Wong et al., Infection (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2024
The study found that DBS testing showed high specificity for HIV, HBV and HCV and perfect sensitivity for HIV and HBV, but lower sensitivity for syphilis and HCV, with creatinine measurements slightly higher than venous samples. Despite challenges in sample adequacy, DBS was acceptable to participants and could support decentralised STI and renal monitoring in men who have sex with men.
Use of Home-Based Self-Collected Dried Blood Spots to Test for Syphilis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis C and B Virus Infections and Measuring Creatinine Concentration — Nieuwenburg et al., Sexually transmitted diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2024
Routine clinic-based cervical sampling generated 3670 g CO2e per sample, whereas vaginal self-sampling produced 423 g CO2e and first-void urine collection produced 570 g CO2e. Decentralised self-collection approaches substantially lowered emissions by eliminating primary care clinic visits.
A comparison of the carbon footprint of alternative sampling approaches for cervical screening in the UK: A descriptive study — Whittaker et al., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- economics
- hpv
- sti
2024
The OncoPredict HPV Quantitative Typing assay achieved clinical sensitivity ratios of 0.99 for urine and 1.00 for vaginal self-samples versus clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting CIN2+, and after cut-off optimisation showed similar accuracy on self-collected and cervical specimens, supporting decentralised cervical screening through urine self-collection with Colli-Pee.
Clinical accuracy of OncoPredict HPV Quantitative Typing (QT) assay on self-samples — Latsuzbaia et al., Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2024
The Xpert CT/NG assay showed high specificity and moderate-to-high sensitivity for chlamydia and gonorrhoea in urine and rectal specimens, though pharyngeal sensitivity was lower. High acceptability among men who have sex with men and rapid turnaround support its use for decentralised STI screening with immediate treatment initiation.
Clinic-based evaluation of the dual Xpert CT/NG assay on the GeneXpert System for screening for extragenital chlamydial and gonococcal infections amongst men who have sex with men — Cordioli et al., BMC infectious diseases
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- acceptability
- sti
2024
In a qualitative study of 100 service users, online postal self-sampling for STIs was valued for privacy and for overcoming barriers such as limited clinic appointments, although blood self-sampling proved challenging for most participants. Users favoured retaining clinic access for broader sexual health support, indicating that decentralised testing works best as part of a hybrid model rather than a complete replacement.
How does online postal self-sampling (OPSS) shape access to testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? A qualitative study of service users — Spence et al., BMC public health
- blood
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2024
Among 105 women with grade 1 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia followed for a median 20 months, 29.3% experienced disease progression or persistence, which was significantly predicted by HPV positivity in physician- and self-collected samples. In 59 women with grade 2 disease followed for a median 12 months, half showed progression or persistence, but HPV status from physician-, self-, or urine-collected samples did not predict outcomes. Self-collection may enable decentralised risk stratification for CIN 1 surveillance.
Human papillomavirus self-sampling and urine-sampling tests and the management and short-term outcomes of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A prospective observational study — Matsuura et al., The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2024
Two cases of sexually acquired reactive arthritis secondary to Chlamydia trachomatis were diagnosed by PCR on first-void urine. This demonstrates that urine-based molecular testing can identify the infectious trigger in reactive arthritis, supporting decentralised STI screening and subsequent rheumatology referral.
Chronic sexually acquired reactive arthritis secondary to Chlamydiatrachomatis — Basu et al., Indian journal of medical microbiology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2024
High-risk HPV prevalence was 34.3% among HIV-positive women in Ugandan ART clinics, with non-16/18 genotypes predominating; self-collected vaginal sampling is feasible and supports integrating cervical screening into HIV care.
Prevalence of genital high-risk human papillomavirus infections and associated factors among women living with human immunodeficiency virus in Uganda — Nakigozi et al., BMC cancer
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2024
Molecular point-of-care testing on self-collected urine proved feasible and achieved high linkage to treatment among street-based female sex workers in Madrid, with an overall STI prevalence of 66 per cent and a strong association between recent drug use and STI infection.
On-site testing and treatment of sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers using molecular point-of-care testing integrated into harm reduction services in Madrid, Spain — Valencia et al., The International journal on drug policy (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2024
This literature review found that DNA methylation markers on self-collected urine or cervicovaginal swabs detected cervical intraepithelial neoplasia as well as cytology. The combination could improve screening uptake and reduce loss to follow-up, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, though more evidence is needed to identify the most efficacious methylation tests.
The current state of DNA methylation biomarkers in self-collected liquid biopsies for the early detection of cervical cancer: a literature review — Sumiec et al., Infectious agents and cancer
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
- biomarkers
- liquid-biopsy
2024
Self-collected dried blood spots were used to assess HIV status at 12 months in 1168 participants. Integration of sexual and reproductive health services increased linkage to HIV prevention care within 60 days (adjusted odds ratio 1·68) compared with standard referral, whereas peer support had no effect.
Effectiveness of integrating HIV prevention within sexual reproductive health services with or without peer support among adolescents and young adults in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Isisekelo Sempilo): 2 × 2 factorial, open-label, randomised controlled trial — Shahmanesh et al., The lancet. HIV (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- dct
- serology
- sti
2024
First-void urine collected with the Colli-pee device detected high-grade cervical precancer with 90.3% sensitivity, substantially better than the 73.4% sensitivity of standard-pot urine, and was acceptable to colposcopy attendees. The device achieved 92% relative sensitivity compared with clinician-collected cervical samples, showing promise for decentralised HPV screening.
Urine high-risk human papillomavirus testing as an alternative to routine cervical screening: A comparative diagnostic accuracy study of two urine collection devices using a randomised study design trial — Davies et al., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2024
The novel lateral flow assay demonstrated excellent clinical sensitivity and specificity for detecting Neisseria gonorrhoeae in first-void urine and vaginal swabs, meeting the target product profile for a rapid point-of-care test. This decentralised diagnostic tool could optimise clinical management and reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in primary care settings lacking laboratory infrastructure.
Novel lateral flow assay for point-of-care detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in syndromic management settings: a cross-sectional performance evaluation — Peters et al., Lancet
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2023
In a national probability survey of Croatian emerging adults, chlamydia prevalence was 2.5% in women and 1.0% in men, with low prior testing rates and gaps in knowledge; self-collected urine testing proved feasible and supports decentralised STI screening strategies.
Knowledge about and prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in a population-based sample of emerging Croatian adults — Bozicevic et al., PloS one
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2023
In a survey of 88 young people assigned female at birth, 69% preferred at-home self-collection for gonorrhoea and chlamydia screening, and lower educational attainment was associated with reduced preference, suggesting that at-home sampling is broadly acceptable but may need tailored support to address educational and other social determinants.
At-Home Self-Collection of Urine or Vaginal Samples for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Screening Among Young People Who Were Assigned Female at Birth — Chongsuwat & Cody, AJPM focus
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
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