The Library

1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.

Papers 1–100 of 238 labelled “serology”, newest first.

2026
A study limited by sample size found OMNIgene GUT tubes preserved Cryptosporidium DNA better than DNA Shield and FTA cards after year-long ambient storage. qPCR detected DNA in 23/24 OMNIgene, 21/24 DNA Shield, and 17/20 FTA samples, while metagenomics detected it in 13/24, 9/24, and 0/24 samples respectively, guiding decentralised sampling choices.
Detection of Cryptosporidium hominis by clinical metagenomics in stool samples from an outbreak of diarrhoea among British military personnel in Kenya — Halford et al., BMJ military health (paywalled)
- stabilised
- dna-genotek-omnigene
- serology
- microbiome
- stool
2026
First-void urine samples showed significantly higher detection rates of HPV-specific IgG antibodies compared to midstream urine, confirming the necessity of capturing the initial stream. The study found no significant difference between 10 mL and 20 mL collection volumes, indicating flexibility in device specifications for self-collection.
The importance of first-void urine for assessing HPV-specific antibodies: A comparison with midstream urine — Van Caesbroeck et al., Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- serology
- hpv
- urine
2026
The study found that self-collection of dried blood spots and other samples using at-home kits was a useful and cost-effective method for screening a large cohort for sexually transmitted infections outside a clinic. This demonstrates the feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric sampling for population-level infectious disease surveillance.
Prevalence of chlamydial, gonococcal and syphilis positivity by anatomical site and sex via self-collected biospecimens using at-home testing kits among a large and diverse cohort of men and women enrolled in the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS) in the USA — Mimiaga et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- blood
- sti
- dbs
- self-collection
- dried
- serology
- bd-microtainer
- urine
2026
This retrospective analysis of over 600,000 online postal self-sampling orders found that whilst return rates for urine samples were moderate to high, the return of processable blood samples was significantly lower and varied by age and deprivation level.
Factors associated with the online postal self-sampling testing cascade in England, 2022: a retrospective observational study of routinely collected service-level healthcare data — Gibbs et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- blood
- sti
- self-collection
- serology
- urine
2026
The study found that self-collected dried saliva on FishburneTabs achieved 92% accuracy for viral RNA detection compared to standard liquid saliva samples. This method supports decentralised testing by enabling reliable sample storage and transport for upper respiratory infections.
Validation of Dried Saliva for Molecular Diagnostics — Mora et al., ACS measurement science au
- self-collection
- dried
- serology
- validation
- saliva
2026
The study validated a semi-quantitative protocol for Epstein-Barr virus serology using dried blood spots, demonstrating 98.8% sensitivity and 96.5% specificity compared to paired venous serum samples. The successful validation in a self-sampling cohort confirms the suitability of this patient-centric microsampling approach for large-scale seroprevalence studies and decentralised trials.
A dried blood spot protocol for high-throughput semi-quantitative analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus VCA IgG and EBNA IgG serologies based on the Roche Elecsys system — Rubio-Acero et al., Virology journal
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2026
Capillary blood samples collected by staff or self-collected by participants showed strong correlation and clinically acceptable agreement with venipuncture for influenza haemagglutination inhibition titers. The small differences observed were not clinically meaningful, and adequate sample volume was achieved in most attempts, supporting the feasibility of decentralised serological testing.
Comparison of influenza hemagglutination inhibition titers from capillary blood versus venipuncture — Rick et al., Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2026
This study found strong concordance between capillary samples collected via the Tasso device and standard venous draws for VirScan serology, indicating that self-collected samples are a practical alternative for decentralised research. The authors advise against interchanging these collection methods within a single longitudinal study to avoid introducing technical variability.
Assessing VirScan serosurvey epitope profiling variability between in-clinic venous blood draw and capillary blood self-sampling device — Sircy et al., Microbiology spectrum
- dct
- venous-agreement
- blood
- self-collection
- serology
- capillary
- liquid
2026
Dried blood spot sampling achieved high agreement with serum for anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibody detection, supporting its use in decentralised settings; however, samples collected on Cobas Plasma Separation Cards showed lower antibody index values than serum and Whatman cards, which may reduce sensitivity in low-titre specimens.
Comparison of Cobas Plasma Separation Cards and Whatman filter paper cards versus conventional serum samples for anti-Trypansoma cruzi antibody detection — Silgado et al., PLoS neglected tropical diseases (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- venous-agreement
- serology
2026
In a pilot mixed-methods study of youth with HIV, mailed HemaSpot-HF kits enabled home-based dried blood spot collection that participants found feasible and acceptable, supporting remote viral load monitoring and a self-management model for decentralised care.
An Examination of Perceptions and Usage of Dried Blood Spot Biosampling Technology for HIV Viral Load Collection Among Youth with HIV — Gurung et al., AIDS and behavior (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- dct
- serology
2026
Capillary samples collected using dried blood spots and Mitra microsamplers showed strong agreement with venous plasma for quantifying IgG antibodies against most vaccine-preventable diseases. Sensitivity was high for the majority of pathogens, though the study noted that antibody stability declined at room temperature over time, favouring cold storage for longer durations.
Comparison of capillary microsampling and venous blood for multi-pathogen serosurveillance — Ombati et al., Scientific reports (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2026
Task sharing dried blood spot collection for HIV viral load testing with community lay cadres achieved high diagnostic agreement with healthcare worker collections and was highly acceptable to patients. This approach offers a viable strategy to overcome healthcare worker shortages and support decentralised viral load monitoring in resource-limited settings.
Feasibility and acceptability of task sharing collection of HIV viral load dried blood spot samples with community lay cadres: A cross-sectional diagnostic validation study in Zimbabwe — Prust et al., PLOS global public health
- acceptability
- blood
- dbs
- dried
- serology
- validation
2026
This review establishes that microsampling across blood, saliva, urine and stool matrices offers validated workflows and regulatory recognition for human biomonitoring comparable to conventional methods. It finds that these decentralised approaches enhance participant acceptability and enable screening in remote or low-resource settings.
Integrating Microsampling in Human Biomonitoring: Methodologies, Regulatory Frameworks, and Case Study Insights — Rajamani & Poongavanam, Critical reviews in analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- wearable
- acceptability
- multimodal
- sweat
- blood
- dbs
- standards
- dried
- serology
- colorectal
- pediatric
- stool
- urine
- validation
- saliva
- biomarkers
2026
In a cohort of 62 participants evaluating home self-collection with the TassoPlus device, 38 returned samples, with 29% excluded due to insufficient plasma volume below 200 ΔL. Although viral load measurements in adequate samples correlated well with conventional testing (r = 0.800), the high failure rate and missed detection in low-volume viremic samples indicate that further technical refinements are necessary before clinical adoption.
Feasibility and reliability of decentralized HIV-1 viral load monitoring on self-sampled blood — Mendes de Leon et al., PloS one
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- serology
2026
Statewide mail-based serosurveys using dried blood spot cards showed high spike antibody positivity and rising neutralising antibodies over time, with no differences by socio-demographic factors, supporting the feasibility of decentralised self-sampling for population infection surveillance.
Population-based serosurveys for SARS-CoV-2 transmission 2021-2022, Massachusetts USA — Cramer et al., Vaccine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2026
A triple-channel immunochromatographic system using quantum dots detected influenza A and B and SARS-CoV-2 nucleoproteins in saliva with limits of detection from 0.227 to 0.348 ng/mL. Testing of 15 influenza A patients and 20 healthy controls showed 100% sensitivity and 95.2% specificity, indicating potential for accurate home-based respiratory virus screening.
A multiplexed three-channel detection system for rapid home-based diagnosis of respiratory viruses — Huang et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- serology
2026
The TaqPath kit performed well for HIV drug resistance testing from dried blood spots in samples with high viral loads, meeting WHO criteria for sensitivity and mutation detection, but showed reduced sensitivity at lower viral loads below 5000 copies/mL. This supports the use of DBS for decentralised HIV monitoring in resource-limited settings, though caution is needed when viral load is low.
Evaluation of the Applied Biosystems™ TaqPath™ Seq HIV-1 Genotyping Kit for HIV-1 drug resistance testing from dried blood spot specimens — Okafor et al., Journal of virological methods (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- serology
2026
Among 1242 asymptomatic children in a remote Congolese district, dried blood spot sampling identified 53% as Plasmodium falciparum-positive. No validated artemisinin-resistance mutations were found, but a lumefantrine-susceptibility marker was present in 15% of samples, demonstrating that community-based microsampling can generate actionable resistance surveillance data to guide decentralised malaria treatment strategies.
Prevalence of antimalarial drug resistance markers and factors associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic children prior to rectal artesunate implementation in Kapolowe Health District, Democratic Republic of the Congo — Luzolo Khote et al., Malaria journal (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- serology
2026
First-void urine sampling detected 33% prevalence of 28 HPV types in 16-21-year-old Ugandan females. HPV16/18 prevalence was markedly lower among vaccinated participants (1.4%) than unvaccinated (5.6%), though vaccine coverage was suboptimal with inconsistent dosing. This validates patient-centric urine microsampling for decentralised infectious disease surveillance in resource-limited settings.
Human papillomavirus infection and vaccination among young females in rural Uganda — Newton et al., International journal of cancer (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- hpv
2026
This narrative review surveys remote biospecimen collection products for sexual health research, including dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling, and concludes that successful implementation needs a multidisciplinary, participant-centred team with sufficient time allocated to the complexities of collection procedures and processes.
A Narrative Review of Remote Biospecimen Collection Product and Implementation Considerations for Sexual Health Clinical Research — Horvath et al., AIDS and behavior (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- dct
- serology
- sti
2025
A UK survey of 2,816 healthcare workers found that 74% preferred at-home PCR testing and 52% preferred at-home serological sampling over hospital visits; some reported blood-collection or kit difficulties, and the authors conclude that home sampling is acceptable and workable for keeping participants in long-running studies.
Comparing Participant Experiences of at-Home and Hospital-Based Biological Sampling: Cross-Sectional Insights From the SIREN Study — Lut et al., Health Science Reports
- acceptability
- blood
- self-collection
- serology
- capillary
2025
In a field cohort of 60 adults with diarrhoea, OMNIgene 200 and DNA/RNA shield maintained high sensitivity and concordance with fresh samples for most pathogens, while FTA cards showed low sensitivity for STEC and poor specificity for Campylobacter. This supports the use of stabilised stool media for decentralised PCR testing after prolonged ambient transport.
Prospective evaluation of different faecal preservation media for travellers' diarrhoea diagnostic application with multiplex PCR BioFire FilmArray in resource-limited settings — Toriro et al., Journal of medical microbiology
- stabilised
- dna-genotek-omnigene
- serology
- stool
2025
The study found very strong correlation between venous blood collection and capillary VAMS using Mitra devices for detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies, with samples remaining stable at room temperature for several months. This enables reliable at-home, patient-centric serological testing for large-scale community surveillance and vaccine studies.
Validation of at-home blood sampling for large scale, cost effective serological analysis for anti-viral antibody responses — Mayer et al., Journal of immunological methods (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2025
A study of decentralised patient-centric microsampling found that 82% of untrained participants, 47 of 57, successfully self-collected acceptable fingerstick blood in Microtainer tubes. All 46 tested samples yielded accurate HIV viral suppression results compared to venipuncture, though this remote monitoring approach is limited to US courier services and temperature conditions.
A cross-sectional analysis of fingerstick blood self-microcollection for remote HIV suppression monitoring in Atlanta, Georgia, USA: a path to expanding access to continuum of care — Johnson et al., AIDS research and therapy
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- bd-microtainer
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2025
This study found moderate to strong correlations between SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in fingerprick dried blood spots collected using the hemaPEN device and standard venous serum samples from children and adults. The results suggest that this microsampling device offers a reliable alternative to venepuncture for serological surveillance.
Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response Between Paired Fingerprick (HemaPEN®) and Venepuncture Collected Samples in Children and Adults — Mazarakis et al., Antibodies
- blood
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- serology
2025
In a decentralised Eswatini clinic, molecular testing on the Xpert platform of self-collected urine and swabs found a 31.7% prevalence of Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, or Trichomonas, with 20.8% of these asymptomatic. Although limited by a cross-sectional design, this shows the feasibility of patient-centric sampling for sexually transmitted infection screening in resource-limited settings.
High Burden of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Routine Decentralised HIV Care Setting in Eswatini: A Cross-Sectional Study — Kerschberger et al., Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH
- sti
- self-collection
- serology
- hpv
- urine
2025
A study of older rural US patients found that 96 to 98 per cent of self-collected dried blood spot specimens were successfully analysed for HIV viral load, with high acceptability. However, concordance between self-reported and measured viral load was only 69 to 82 per cent, highlighting the value of objective decentralised microsampling over self-reporting.
Acceptability and Feasibility of Self-Collected Dried Blood Spot Specimens for Viral Load Monitoring among Rural Older People Living with HIV — Walsh et al., AIDS and behavior (paywalled)
- dct
- acceptability
- blood
- dbs
- self-collection
- dried
- serology
2025
A prospective study of 109 subjects found that 250 μl capillary whole blood microsampling is stable for five hours in a microtainer. This patient-centric, decentralised method successfully detected most HCV genotypes at defined limits using the Xpert HCV test on the GeneXpert Xpress system and the cobas HCV platform.
Independent assessment of a point of care HCV RNA test by laboratory analytical testing and a prospective field study in the U.S — Miller et al., PloS one
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- bd-microtainer
- validation
- serology
2025
This review summarises how incorporating saliva and urine into home-based point-of-care systems expands diagnostic accessibility for dengue virus, aligning with the WHO REASSURED framework for affordable and rapid testing.
Integrative Advances in Dengue Virus Diagnostics: From Technological Innovation to Tiered Diagnostic Systems — Shi et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2025
Capillary blood self-collected with the VAMS device showed 100 per cent agreement with serum for detecting SARS-CoV-2 S RBD antibodies in participants with known past infection, and saliva showed slightly lower but high agreement; agreement was good to almost perfect in those without known antibodies, and most participants found finger prick easy while half found the microsampler easy, supporting decentralised serosurveillance.
Performance and feasibility of self-microsampling of capillary blood and saliva for serological testing of SARS-CoV-2 — Morales et al., PloS one
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- self-collection
- serology
- capillary
- saliva
2025
The study found that the Test2Know postal self-sampling service was highly acceptable and usable, with nearly 90% of users willing to reuse or recommend it, and it reached individuals at risk who had not previously tested for HIV or STIs. This supports the role of decentralised, patient-centric microsampling in expanding access to sexual health testing.
Acceptability, usability, and user experiences of an online postal self-sampling approach for HIV and STI testing in Belgium: Test2Know — De Baetselier et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled)
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2025
Oral sponge saliva RT-PCR achieved 95% sensitivity and 95% specificity compared with nasopharyngeal swabs in 3,488 symptomatic and asymptomatic adults, while buccal swab performance varied with infection history and symptoms. The rapid antigen test showed 66.9% sensitivity overall, increasing to 97% in high viral load samples. Oral sponge collection permits self-sampling without laboratory pre-analytical steps, offering a robust method for decentralised SARS-CoV-2 screening.
Diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive SARS-CoV-2 screening tests: a national prospective analysis — Althaus et al., BMC infectious diseases
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2025
The First to Know Syphilis Self-Test, using self-collected fingerstick capillary blood, demonstrated 93.4% sensitivity and 99.5% specificity against a composite reference standard in a 1,270-subject study. This over-the-counter test enables patient-centric screening at home, which could improve early detection and reduce transmission of syphilis and associated STIs.
Clinical development and performance of the First to Know Syphilis Self-Test for over-the-counter usage: a de novo rapid test for treponemal antibody — Clark et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
- sti
2025
Among staff in long-term care and retirement homes in Ontario, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence rose from 24% in 2021 to 44% in 2022 and was higher in Black, East and Southeast Asian and other racialised groups, lower in higher income neighbourhoods and among those with paid sick leave, indicating socioeconomic disparities that should inform equity rooted public health interventions.
Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among essential workers in long term care and retirement homes in Ontario, Canada: A descriptive cross-sectional study — Fahim et al., PLOS global public health
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2025
In a prospective study of 126 people who inject drugs, 44 percent completed DBS self-collection and received HCV results; among completers, 7 percent had detectable HCV RNA and all initiated treatment. Completion was higher in those aged 40 or older and in opioid agonist treatment, but lower with stimulant use and previous HCV testing, demonstrating feasibility of peer-supported mail-order screening.
Peer-delivered mail-order self-collection and linkage to treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among users of a harm reduction service in Denmark — Demant et al., The International journal on drug policy (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2025
Among 154 volunteers, 85% found HemaSpot HF self-sampling acceptable, but correlation with venous blood for anti-tetanus toxin IgG was moderate (r = 0.73) and sensitivity varied from 70% to 100% depending on the cut-off value, with concentration differences widening at higher IgG levels. The device requires further improvement before it can reliably replace venous puncture for decentralised serological testing.
Feasibility of blood self-sampling with HemaSpot HF for Anti-Clostridium tetani Toxin IgG detection — Kettlitz et al., Scientific reports
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- serology
2025
Self-collected saliva specimens yielded high-quality results for SARS-CoV-2 PCR and whole-genome sequencing in an occupational screening programme, with variant determination achieved in 67–83 per cent of positive samples. The study shows that PCR cycle threshold cut-offs critically influence sequencing success, supporting decentralised genomic surveillance for respiratory pathogens.
SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance using self-collected saliva specimens during occupational testing programs — Schnaubelt et al., Frontiers in public health
- saliva
- self-collection
- serology
2025
Among 404 Australians at risk of hepatitis C, 91% of those with prior infection selected point-of-care RNA testing, citing rapid results, while 72% of those without prior infection preferred staff-assisted antibody testing. Offering rapid, staff-assisted testing improves uptake among people who inject drugs, those experiencing homelessness and those receiving opioid agonist therapy.
Patient preferences for simplified hepatitis C testing modalities among people at risk of hepatitis C infection in Australia: the SELECT study — Stevens et al., The International journal on drug policy (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2025
Among 133 users of HIV self-sampling and self-testing in the Netherlands, the commonest reason for choosing this route was saving time, followed by anonymity and avoiding a GP visit. However, 22% encountered problems, with seven in ten of those struggling to obtain enough blood from a finger prick, showing that while self-testing expands reach, blood collection remains a key usability hurdle for decentralised HIV screening.
Self-sampling and self-testing for HIV at a commercial and community-based test provider in the Netherlands: user preferences and usability — Willemstein et al., BMC health services research
- blood
- capillary
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2025
Self-sampling of dried blood spots for HIV viral load monitoring proved acceptable among sexual minority men who use stimulants, with 92% returning Tasso-M20 kits and 88% returning HemaSpot HD kits. Participants' device preferences centred on convenience and pain, and they highlighted that clearer instructions, contingency planning, and addressing intersectional stigma are essential for engagement, indicating that patient choice in sampling methods could improve uptake of decentralised diagnostics.
'I was like, this is gonna hurt': Implementing self-sampling of dried blood spots to measure HIV viral load — Chavez et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2025
Saliva-based RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 achieved 100 per cent sensitivity and 97 per cent specificity against nasopharyngeal swabs, while rapid antigen testing on saliva showed comparable performance and detected 97 per cent of infectious cases with cycle threshold values of 30 or below. This supports saliva self-collection as an accurate, practical option for decentralised COVID-19 screening.
Evaluating saliva for SARS-CoV-2 detection: A practical alternative — Sultana et al., Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2025
Among people who inject drugs, point-of-care HCV testing was preferred over dried blood spot collection and venepuncture because rapid results reduced anxiety. The study shows that for decentralised screening, non-judgemental care and assisted collection are critical acceptability factors, even when self-collection is available.
Acceptability of hepatitis C testing using point-of-care testing and dried blood spot collection among people at risk of hepatitis C infection — Stevens et al., The International journal on drug policy (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2025
In 404 symptomatic patients, self-collected nasal swabs and saliva showed almost perfect agreement with healthcare-collected nasopharyngeal swabs for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A RNA. Performance and reproducibility were favourable, and collection without viral transport media offers practical advantages for decentralised screening.
Evaluation of alternative clinical samples for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus by automated multiplex RT-PCR — Özarslan et al., Journal of infection in developing countries (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2025
A coffee-ring biosensor detected sepsis, COVID-19 and cancer proteins from self-collected saliva down to 3 pg/ml within 12 minutes, achieving sensitivity more than 100-fold higher than lateral flow assays. The system uses a smartphone camera and AI analysis, providing a rapid, affordable platform for decentralised protein diagnostics.
Plasmonic coffee-ring biosensing for AI-assisted point-of-care diagnostics — Behrouzi et al., Nature communications
- saliva
- self-collection
- serology
- biomarkers
2024
DBS achieved 100% sensitivity, 99% specificity and ~97% concordance versus paired serum: the strength of the classic card for ratio/threshold serology.
Using Dried Blood Spots to Quantitatively Detect Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies by ELISA: A Validation Study — Ylade et al., American J. Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
- blood
- dbs
- dried
- serology
- validation
2024
This review found saliva comparable to blood and urine for detecting viral genetic material and antibodies, supporting patient-centric monitoring and decentralised surveillance. The authors state that standardised protocols and further validation are required for routine clinical use.
The Emergence of Saliva as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for Viral Infections — Oliveira et al., Viruses
- blood
- self-collection
- serology
- hpv
- urine
- validation
- saliva
- biomarkers
2024
A time-resolved fluorescence assay detected HPV16-specific IgG in first-void urine with strong correlation to paired serum across four immunoassays in 225 healthy women, supporting first-void urine as a non-invasive alternative to venous blood for HPV antibody monitoring.
Time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) for total IgG and HPV16-specific antibody detection in first-void urine and serum: A comparative study — Lipovac et al., Journal of virological methods
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
- hpv
2024
SalivaDirect offers a simpler, faster RNA extraction protocol for SARS-CoV-2 detection from self-collected saliva samples, demonstrating good diagnostic performance and enabling large-scale testing in resource-limited settings without trained healthcare professionals.
SalivaDirect: an alternative to a conventional RNA extraction protocol for molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a clinical setting — Uddin et al., Microbiology spectrum
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2024
The study found low SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in unvaccinated children and young adults in British Columbia, with higher rates in South Asian participants and young infants. Many infections were undetected, highlighting the value of patient-centric microsampling for more accurate, decentralised surveillance.
Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated children and young adults — Silverberg et al., BMC infectious diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- acceptability
- pediatric
- serology
2024
The review found dried blood spot sampling correlates strongly with plasma for HIV-1 viral load and offers simplified collection, transport and storage without cold-chain. This could expand access to monitoring in resource-limited settings and improve clinical outcomes through earlier detection of treatment failure.
Revolutionizing HIV-1 Viral Load Monitoring in India: The Potential of Dried Blood Spot Analysis for Expanding Access and Improving Care — Chandane Tak et al., Healthcare
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2024
A statewide remote seroprevalence study using at-home dried blood spot kits achieved a 71.6% sample return rate from registered households, with success dependent on integrated data systems, responsive participant support, and strong health department partnerships. This demonstrates feasibility of large-scale decentralised microsampling for public health surveillance.
CalScope: methodology and lessons learned for conducting a remote statewide SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence study in California using an at-home dried blood spot collection kit and online survey — Lim et al., BMC medical research methodology
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- dct
- serology
2024
First-void urine IgG remained stable for at least 14 days at room temperature when stored with conservation medium. Amicon filtration with Melon Gel purification enriched HPV16-specific IgG that correlated strongly with serum levels, supporting non-invasive disease monitoring and vaccine impact assessment.
Stability, enrichment, and quantification of total and HPV16-specific IgG present in first-void urine — Téblick et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- serology
- hpv
2024
Plasma separation cards showed high specificity (99.3%) but moderate sensitivity (87.5%) against EDTA-plasma for HIV-1 viral load monitoring at a 1,000 copies/ml threshold in a South African cohort. Despite favourable usability among healthcare workers, laboratory-reported technical difficulties must be addressed to enable reliable decentralised scale-up in resource-constrained settings.
Assessment of the performance of the plasma separation card for HIV-1 viral load monitoring in South Africa — Chimoyi et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- pediatric
- serology
2024
In confirmed COVID-19 patients, direct RT-PCR on self-collected raw saliva detected all cases (100% sensitivity) with 94.3% concordance to nasopharyngeal swabs. Guanidine-based and guanidine-free inactivators reduced sensitivity to 65.9% and 82.9% respectively. Raw saliva offers a reliable patient-centric alternative for decentralised SARS-CoV-2 testing without sample treatment.
Diagnostic accuracy of direct reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using guanidine-based and guanidine-free inactivators for SARS-CoV-2 detection in saliva samples — Katsuno et al., Journal of virological methods (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2024
The authors demonstrated that saliva is a viable specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection and developed an open-source, extraction-free RT-PCR protocol (SalivaDirect) that uses readily available reagents. This approach, which gained FDA Emergency Use Authorisation and scaled to over 200 laboratories performing more than 6.5 million tests, establishes a decentralised model that reduces logistical barriers and enables frequent, self-collected testing for pandemic response.
Scalable solutions for global health: the SalivaDirect model — Wyllie et al., Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2024
An online service that mailed saliva self-sampling kits to 4623 GBMSM and trans women achieved a 67.5% return rate, detected 2.45% HIV prevalence with 100% linkage to care, and was recommended by 98% of participants, proving feasibility for decentralised screening.
An Online HIV Self-Sampling Strategy for Gay, Bisexual and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men and Trans Women in Spain — Martínez-Riveros et al., Journal of community health
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2024
The Tasso+ device, which uses a vacuum to collect capillary blood from the upper arm, gathered an average of 536 microlitres of whole blood from 47 men who have sex with men using PrEP, with 91% of samples sufficient for HIV testing and 89% for syphilis testing. Acceptability was high, with 87% expressing a positive attitude and 77% willing to use the device again for home self-sampling.
Using an Innovative Method for Self-Collection of Capillary Blood for HIV and Syphilis Testing Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Who Use Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the Netherlands; Limburg4zero — Goense et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2024
Self-collected dried blood spots analysed on the Roche Elecsys platform gave quantitative anti-spike antibody results that agreed closely with paired venous samples, with sensitivity 96.63% and specificity 97.81% and a conversion formula across 0.018 to 250 U/mL, enabling accurate tracking of titre changes in longitudinal cohorts after vaccination.
A Dried Blood Spot protocol for high-throughput quantitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RBD serology based on the Roche Elecsys system — Castelletti et al., Microbiology spectrum
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2024
The study found that DBS testing showed high specificity for HIV, HBV and HCV and perfect sensitivity for HIV and HBV, but lower sensitivity for syphilis and HCV, with creatinine measurements slightly higher than venous samples. Despite challenges in sample adequacy, DBS was acceptable to participants and could support decentralised STI and renal monitoring in men who have sex with men.
Use of Home-Based Self-Collected Dried Blood Spots to Test for Syphilis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis C and B Virus Infections and Measuring Creatinine Concentration — Nieuwenburg et al., Sexually transmitted diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2024
The study found that HPV16-specific neutralizing antibodies can be reliably detected in first-void urine samples, with strong correlation to serum levels, supporting the use of this virtually painless, self-collected sample for monitoring immune response in a decentralised setting.
HPV-specific antibodies in female genital tract secretions captured via first-void urine retain their neutralizing capacity — Téblick et al., Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- hpv
2024
Self-collected saliva without additives showed comparable diagnostic performance to nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 detection, with 87.6% sensitivity and 99.6% specificity. The sample remained stable for 72 hours and was deemed acceptable by both patients and staff, supporting its use in decentralised, patient-centric screening programmes.
Diagnostic performance, stability, and acceptability of self-collected saliva without additives for SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnosis — Marín-Echeverri et al., European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- serology
2024
Self-collected saliva for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR showed high sensitivity and specificity with an overall agreement of 84% compared with nasopharyngeal swabs, supporting its use as a viable diagnostic option where laboratory facilities are limited.
MOLECULAR DETECTION PROTOCOL OF SARS-COV-2 THROUGH SELF-COLLECTED SALIVA SPECIMENS VERSUS NASOPHARYNGEAL SWABS — Abderezak et al., African journal of infectious diseases
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- pediatric
- serology
2024
Self-collected unpreserved saliva samples gave SARS-CoV-2 detection that was only slightly less accurate than nasopharyngeal swabs, offering a more convenient patient-centric alternative for COVID-19 surveillance and potentially increasing testing in decentralised settings.
Evaluation of Self-collected Saliva Samples Without Viral Transport Media for SARS-CoV-2 Testing via RT-PCR and Comparison of Amplicon Sequences Against Commonly Used Primers in Diagnostic Assays — Ramos et al., Military medicine (paywalled)
- saliva
- liquid
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2024
Self-collected saliva samples for SARS-CoV-2 testing yielded higher viral loads than nasal or urine specimens and showed moderate agreement (kappa 0.52) with nasal swabs. A colourimetric LAMP assay achieved 90% concordance with RT-PCR, offering a rapid alternative deployable in clinics, workplaces, and homes for decentralised surveillance.
Evaluation of self-collected nasal, urine, and saliva samples for molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 using an EUA approved RT-PCR assay and a laboratory developed LAMP SARS-CoV-2 test — Purcell-Wiltz et al., Immunity, inflammation and disease
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2024
Three freeze-thaw cycles, Virkon disinfectant, and air drying on Mitra microsamplers for two hours each inactivated Trypanosoma cruzi in spiked blood, while FTA C cards failed. These validated methods permit safe removal of infectious samples from containment facilities for storage and analysis, supporting decentralised diagnostics.
Validation of Trypanosoma cruzi inactivation techniques for laboratory use — MacLean et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- serology
2024
Among 1,423 people who use drugs across 21 community centres, a decentralised care programme using dried blood spot testing achieved a 93% cure rate in those who completed hepatitis C therapy and were monitored. Over 90% of participants accepted the decentralised screening and treatment approach, showing patient-centric microsampling can improve healthcare access for stigmatised populations.
Implementing a new HCV model of care for people who use drugs — Herranz Mochales et al., JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- acceptability
- dct
- serology
2024
Self-collected dried blood spots were used to assess HIV status at 12 months in 1168 participants. Integration of sexual and reproductive health services increased linkage to HIV prevention care within 60 days (adjusted odds ratio 1·68) compared with standard referral, whereas peer support had no effect.
Effectiveness of integrating HIV prevention within sexual reproductive health services with or without peer support among adolescents and young adults in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Isisekelo Sempilo): 2 × 2 factorial, open-label, randomised controlled trial — Shahmanesh et al., The lancet. HIV (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- dct
- serology
- sti
2024
In 30 adult solid organ transplant recipients, capillary blood self-collected using the Tasso+ device showed 91% concordance with venous samples for detecting CMV DNAemia above the limit of detection, with excellent quantitative correlation (Spearman R² = 0.99). Most participants preferred self-collection over venipuncture, suggesting the device could enable decentralised viral monitoring, though sensitivity was lower (95% at 308 IU/mL).
Evaluation of the Tasso+ blood self-collection device for quantitation of plasma cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNAemia in adult solid organ transplant recipients (SOTr) — Phan et al., Microbiology spectrum
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- serology
2023
Over three years after HPV vaccination in 58 women, HPV-specific IgG was detected in 84% to 100% of first-void urine samples against 98% to 100% of serum samples, and the two correlated strongly; the authors support self-collected urine for follow-up of vaccine-induced immunity, with the caveat that only women were studied.
Follow-up of humoral immune response after HPV vaccination using first-void urine: A longitudinal cohort study — Téblick et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- dct
- colli-pee
- first-void
- serology
- hpv
- urine
2023
In 26 participants, capillary self-collection with Tasso-SST showed no qualitative discrepancies from venous phlebotomy for SARS-CoV-2 antibody results, and quantitative levels correlated strongly, total Ig Spearman rho 0.72 and IgG 0.85; within the limits of so small a study, this supports at-home collection for serosurveillance.
Comparison of capillary blood self-collection using the Tasso-SST device with venous phlebotomy for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody measurement — King et al., Journal of immunological methods (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- blood
- self-collection
- serology
- capillary
- liquid
2023
Saliva self-collection for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection showed 81.5% sensitivity and 76.4% specificity against nasopharyngeal swabs in 153 patients. Performance was highest four to seven days after symptom onset, supporting saliva as a viable decentralised diagnostic specimen during the first week of illness.
Use of saliva as an alternative diagnostic method for diagnosis of COVID-19 — Ganie et al., IJID regions
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2023
In a review of 91 human adenovirus-associated urethritis cases, dysuria occurred in 84% and meatitis in 34% of patients, with adenovirus type D being the most common subtype identified in first-void urine and urethral smears. Multiplex PCR screening for adenovirus in non-gonococcal urethritis can help establish accurate diagnoses and avoid unnecessary treatments.
Adenovirus-Associated Urethritis, a Not So Uncommon Entity. A Review of 91 Cases — Idigoras et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
2023
Antigen rapid diagnostic tests using saliva, nasal and nasopharyngeal samples showed 60% sensitivity and 98% specificity against RT-qPCR in 609 patients with suspected COVID-19. The high specificity and moderate concordance support their role as a decentralised, patient-centric triage tool to identify likely infectious individuals and guide public health measures.
Rapid antigen test as a tool for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential as a self-testing device — Filgueiras et al., Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2023
Dried blood spot eluates showed high agreement with serum for SARS-CoV-2 IgG against Spike and Nucleocapsid (r≈0.96; qualitative φ≈0.98–1.0) and remained stable after 6–8 hours of storage, supporting use of capillary DBS for serosurveys and decentralised testing.
Dried blood spot eluates are suitable for testing of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies targeting Spike protein 1 and Nucleocapsid protein — Guttmann et al., Biochemistry and biophysics reports
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2023
Mass spectrometry identified SARS-CoV-2 proteins in all self-collected saliva samples from people with COVID-19, while rRT-PCR detected viral RNA in only 57 per cent of the same samples, indicating that proteomic analysis may offer greater sensitivity for diagnosis and monitoring, especially in cases with low viral load.
Identification of SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers in saliva by transcriptomic and proteomics analysis — Marin et al., Clinical proteomics
- saliva
- self-collection
- serology
- biomarkers
2023
Internet-based self-sampling of dried blood spots for HIV total nucleic acid testing was feasible, with a 95% qualification rate and good confidentiality, and it complemented sentinel surveillance.
A novel internet sampling for HIV surveillance: feasibility of self-sampling and preparation of DBS for delivery detection of HIV total nucleic acid and complementarity to sentinel surveillance — Su et al., BMC infectious diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
- sti
2023
In 1070 young adults, dried blood spot eluates correlated strongly with serum for anti-spike IgGAM and total IgG, IgA and IgM; labDBS achieved 82.0% sensitivity and 98.2% specificity and ssDBS 86.1% sensitivity and 96.7% specificity versus serum, with minimal difference between self and investigator collection.
Validation of dried blood spot sampling for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and total immunoglobulins in a large cohort of asymptomatic young adults — Ferentinos et al., Journal of immunological methods
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2023
Urine sampling with the Colli-Pee device revealed a substantial burden of high-risk HPV infection among unvaccinated Thai schoolgirls, with prevalence increasing from 8.6% in grade 10 to 12.4% in grade 12, demonstrating the feasibility of decentralised screening to guide immunisation policy.
Prevalence of HPV infection among Thai schoolgirls in the north-eastern provinces in 2018: implications for HPV immunization policy — Vongpunsawad et al., IJID regions
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- serology
- hpv
2023
The study found that self-collected saliva samples showed high concordance with nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 detection across multiple commercial assays, with 100% agreement in two kits and 93% in the third. This supports saliva as a reliable, patient-centric alternative for decentralised diagnostics, particularly in settings where ease of collection and infection control are priorities.
SARS-CoV-2 Detection via RT-PCR in Matched Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Samples Reveals High Concordance in Different Commercial Assays — de Sousa et al., Diagnostics
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2023
The study demonstrated that qPCR-based epigenetic immune cell counting from capillary dried blood spots agreed with venous blood and conventional flow cytometry in healthy donors, and then identified lymphopenia, neutrophilia and a lowered lymphocyte-to-neutrophil ratio in 103 COVID-19 patients versus 113 healthy controls, with naive B cell frequency tracking disease severity, suggesting that filter-paper blood collection could enable remote immune monitoring in home-isolated patients.
Epigenetic immune monitoring for COVID-19 disease course prognosis — Samans et al., Frontiers in immunology
- blood
- liquid
- dried
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2023
The Ser-Col dried blood device with automated elution matched plasma gold-standard results for HIV and showed comparable performance to conventional DBS for HBV, HCV and syphilis across 378 miners at remote sites in French Guiana, with full HIV concordance and 87 per cent sensitivity for treponemal antibodies, supporting automated dried blood testing for large-scale infectious disease screening in remote populations.
Automated and combined HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis testing among illegal gold miners in French Guiana using a standardized dried blood device — Pisoni et al., Acta tropica (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
- sti
2023
The study found that congenital cytomegalovirus infection is significantly associated with asymmetric bilateral and profound sensorineural hearing loss in children, based on retrospective analysis of dried blood spot testing. This supports the use of decentralised microsampling for early identification of at-risk children, enabling timely intervention.
Factors associated with congenital cytomegalovirus infection detected by dried blood spot testing in children with hearing loss — Liao et al., International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- serology
2023
The study found that dried blood spot sampling for HIV viral load monitoring achieved high coverage over 24 months in remote settings in Vietnam, with no difference in access between people who inject drugs and other patients. However, virological failure was more common in people who inject drugs, those with poor adherence and those late to clinical visits, highlighting the need for targeted support to improve outcomes in decentralised care.
Assessment of HIV viral load monitoring in remote settings in Vietnam - comparing people who inject drugs to the other patients — Lefrancois et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- serology
2023
In participants 11 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, the nano-immunoassay achieved 98.33% sensitivity and 97.62% specificity on venous serum. When combined with dried capillary microsampling, sensitivity was 95.05% with Mitra, 61.11% with repurposed glucose strips and 83.16% with HemaXis (91.49% after automated extraction), with no loss of specificity, supporting home-based sampling for serology.
Clinical sensitivity and specificity of a high-throughput microfluidic nano-immunoassay combined with capillary blood microsampling for the identification of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG serostatus — Michielin et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2023
Salivary SARS-CoV-2 RNA testing showed 94.3% accuracy, 96.4% specificity and 89.2% sensitivity when benchmarked against nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs. Combining saliva with standard swabs improved detection by 3.6%, confirming saliva as a practical non-invasive option for decentralised COVID-19 screening.
Salivary SARS-CoV-2 RNA for diagnosis of COVID-19 patients: a systematic revisew and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy — Caixeta et al., The Japanese dental science review
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2023
Capillary blood self-collection showed acceptable agreement with venous samples for vitamin D, C-reactive protein and alkaline phosphatase even after 36-hour delays, but calcium and phosphate levels were more affected by pre-analytical conditions. This supports decentralised serology and biomarker testing while highlighting analytes that need tighter pre-analytical control.
Concordance in COVID-19 serology, bone mineralization, and inflammatory analytes between venous and self-collected capillary blood samples exposed to various pre-analytical conditions — Hosseini et al., Annals of clinical biochemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
- biomarkers
2023
This protocol paper describes a decentralised HIV self-testing trial that enrolled 2093 Black and Hispanic men who have sex with men across 11 US states. The study incorporates laboratory analysis of participant-returned dried blood spot cards to verify self-reported HIV status, illustrating how patient-centric microsampling can be integrated into remote serology screening for underserved populations.
Engaging Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men for HIV Testing and Prevention Services Through Technology: Protocol for the iSTAMP Comparative Effectiveness Trial — Dana et al., JMIR research protocols
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- dct
- serology
- sti
2023
The electrochemical sensor detected SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in under ten minutes from 1.5 μL patient samples with 100% sensitivity and specificity across 93 clinical specimens. Dried blood spots enabled self-collection and ambient-temperature transport, supporting remote serological surveillance and point-of-care assessment of humoral responses to vaccination or infection.
Rapid quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in clinical samples with an electrochemical sensor — Timilsina et al., Biosensors & bioelectronics
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- serology
2023
Sexual minority men found finger-stick blood and rectal swabs more challenging to self-collect than other specimens. Barriers to returning samples included low confidence in self-collection and concerns about transit delays, while motivators were status confirmation and limited clinic access; real-time video support could improve uptake in future decentralised testing programmes.
Perceptions and Experiences of Returning Self-collected Specimens for HIV, Bacterial STI and Potential PrEP Adherence Testing among Sexual Minority Men in the United States — Sharma et al., AIDS and behavior
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2023
Daily at-home nasal antigen tests detected only 44% of infected individuals and missed up to 37% of those with high, presumably infectious viral loads. Using combined nasal-throat specimens rather than nasal swabs alone would significantly improve detection of infectious people in decentralised testing.
Daily SARS-CoV-2 Nasal Antigen Tests Miss Infected and Presumably Infectious People Due to Viral Load Differences among Specimen Types — Viloria Winnett et al., Microbiology spectrum
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2023
This review summarises progress toward integrating automated sample preparation with on-chip nucleic acid amplification for home testing of self-collected blood, urine, saliva and stool specimens. It identifies that user-friendly, combined systems may enable rapid, accurate molecular diagnostics outside central laboratories, which is relevant for decentralised infectious disease screening.
Toward Rapid and Accurate Molecular Diagnostics at Home — Liu & Lee, Advanced materials (paywalled)
- blood
- saliva
- urine
- stool
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2023
Daily self-sampling showed SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in saliva and throat swabs rose as many as seven days earlier than in nasal swabs, with extreme differences up to ten to the ninth copies per millilitre between specimen types from the same person at the same timepoint. For decentralised diagnostics, this means single-specimen testing underestimates infectiousness and misses early infection, suggesting combined throat-nasal swabs offer superior clinical sensitivity for detecting pre-infectious and infectious individuals.
Extreme differences in SARS-CoV-2 viral loads among respiratory specimen types during presumed pre-infectious and infectious periods — Viloria Winnett et al., PNAS nexus
- saliva
- self-collection
- serology
2022
The paper records that the TAP II devices used for the infant draws were provided by YourBio Health, and that capillary serum was collected from babies as young as two months: the smallest patients sampled, without a heel prick or a venepuncture.
Durability of anti-spike antibodies in infants after maternal COVID-19 vaccination or natural infection — Shook, Edlow et al., JAMA
- blood
- liquid
- yourbio
- capillary
- pediatric
- serology
2022
In British Columbia, finger-prick dried blood spots had 97% specificity and 79% sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in unvaccinated groups, rising to 97 to 100% after vaccination, against serum; limited to one jurisdiction, the results support decentralised serosurveillance with self-collected dried blood spots.
Performance of Immunoglobulin G Serology on Finger Prick Capillary Dried Blood Spot Samples to Detect a SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response — Nikiforuk et al., Microbiology spectrum
- venous-agreement
- blood
- dbs
- dried
- serology
- capillary
- pediatric
2022
Saliva collected using the ORAcollect device demonstrated high specificity and negative predictive value for SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-PCR, with some positive results suggesting an earlier detection window than nasopharyngeal swabs. Conversely, the evaluated rapid antigen tests showed unacceptably low sensitivity for screening purposes.
Evaluation of Saliva as a Matrix for RT-PCR Analysis and Two Rapid Antigen Tests for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 — De Meyer et al., Viruses
- serology
- dna-genotek-oracollect
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2022
Pooled RT-qPCR of self-collected saliva from 824 asymptomatic employees identified two SARS-CoV-2 positives; one positive was detectable only by an amplification trend without a Ct value. A survey of 471 participants revealed that most would accept regular screening only if free or low-cost, supporting pooled saliva testing as a rapid, efficient, and inexpensive method for frequent large-scale decentralised screening.
SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR testing of pooled saliva samples: A case study of 824 asymptomatic individuals and a questionnaire survey in Japan — Oba et al., PloS one
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2022
A self-collection saliva funnel paired with CRISPR-Cas12a detection achieved 96.86% diagnostic accuracy for SARS-CoV-2 in 578 asymptomatic participants, showing decentralised active case finding is feasible for surveillance in low-resource settings.
COVID-19 active case findings based on self-collected saliva samples with CRISPR-Cas12a detection — Chantaravisoot et al., Experimental biology and medicine (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
Self‑collected nasal/oral swabs and saliva showed 77–87 per cent agreement with healthcare worker collection for SARS‑CoV‑2 detection by RT‑PCR, rising to 89 per cent for swabs when viral load was high. This demonstrates that self‑sampling can reliably support early COVID‑19 diagnosis in decentralised settings, reducing burden on healthcare workers.
Diagnostic Performance, Stability, and Usability of Self-Collected Combo Swabs and Saliva for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Diagnosis: A Case-Control Study — Choi et al., Infection & chemotherapy
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2022
This validation study demonstrated that pooled ddPCR detected SARS-CoV-2 in groups of 34 samples even when the sole positive specimen had a CT value up to 30. The approach can use saliva collected by patients themselves, which lessens risk to staff, and simple heat extraction cuts reagent costs, supporting decentralised screening programmes.
Practical considerations to establish a validated platform for pooled detection of SARS-CoV-2 by droplet digital PCR — Heckel et al., PloS one
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
Self-collected saliva and mid-turbinate nasal swabs showed greater than 95 per cent positive agreement with nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 detection in children when collected within ten days of symptom onset, dropping to 82 per cent for later or asymptomatic cases. This validates less invasive, patient-centric sampling for decentralised diagnostics in pediatric populations.
Comparison of Mid-turbinate Nasal Swabs, Saliva, and Nasopharyngeal Swabs for SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing in Pediatric Outpatients — Vos et al., Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- pediatric
- serology

Read from the corpus on 2026-09-09.