The Library

1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.

98 papers labelled “cortisol”, newest first.

2026
This study used home self-collected saliva samples to successfully monitor cytokines and cortisol in mothers and infants, finding that a community singing intervention significantly reduced salivary interleukin-6 levels in mothers with postnatal depression.
Community singing intervention reduces maternal salivary cytokines and enhances maternal-infant cortisol synchrony in postnatal depression: biological findings from the SHAPER-PND trial — Kirkpatrick et al., Brain, behavior, and immunity (paywalled)
- dct
- cortisol
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- liquid
- saliva
- biomarkers
2026
At-home saliva sampling for cortisol was feasible over 12 days in two people with poststroke aphasia, with the cortisol awakening response remaining consistent across days and weeks.
Intraindividual Variability of the Cortisol Awakening Response, Sleep Dynamics, Stress, and Emotion in Two Persons With Poststroke Aphasia — Laures-Gore et al., Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR (paywalled)
- cortisol
- self-collection
- hormones
- liquid
- saliva
2026
This study found that salivary 11-dehydrodexamethasone correlates strongly with serum dexamethasone, unlike salivary dexamethasone which shows poor agreement. This validation suggests patients could self-collect saliva samples at home to verify dexamethasone absorption for the overnight suppression test.
The Utility of Salivary 11-Dehydrodexamethasone as a Marker of Dexamethasone Absorption — Marshall et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- cortisol
- self-collection
- hormones
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2026
This study validated a lateral flow fluorescence assay using quantum dots for saliva and europium nanoparticles for serum to detect cortisol within physiological ranges. The test operates in 15 minutes with a handheld reader, supporting point-of-care and at-home monitoring without a cold chain.
Ultrasensitive de novo Protein Sandwich Lateral flow Fluorescence Assay for Cortisol in Saliva and Serum using Quantum dots and Europium Nanoparticles — Bruno et al., Journal of fluorescence (paywalled)
- blood
- saliva
- liquid
- self-collection
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
2026
The study determined that an at-home saliva collection protocol using the passive drool method was feasible for Black women with histories of abuse, with 84% of participants completing at least one full day of adherent sampling. While the decentralised approach yielded usable cortisol data, women with histories of forced sex exposure showed lower protocol adherence scores.
Repeat At-Home Saliva Collection to Measure Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR): Protocol Feasibility Study Among Black Women With Histories of Abuse — Tsuyuki et al., Interactive journal of medical research (paywalled)
- dct
- acceptability
- cortisol
- self-collection
- liquid
- saliva
2026
In a study of 46 perinatal nicotine users, dried blood spots and saliva were used weekly to measure reproductive hormones, finding that lower postpartum estradiol and greater peripartum declines in oxytocin were associated with increased nicotine craving and use. This demonstrates the feasibility of decentralised microsampling and remote surveys for longitudinal hormone tracking in vulnerable populations.
Exploring hormonal influences on nicotine craving and use across the perinatal period: A prospective longitudinal study — Allen et al., Drug and alcohol dependence reports (paywalled)
- blood
- dbs
- cortisol
- self-collection
- dried
- fertility
- hormones
- saliva
2026
Analysis of dried blood spots from 813 newborns demonstrated that extremely preterm infants have markedly elevated corticosterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone, with the latter showing the strongest inverse correlation with gestational age, indicating these precursors better reflect adrenal immaturity than cortisol alone. This validates DBS as a practical tool for guiding postnatal steroid therapy in preterm infants by helping clinicians distinguish physiological adrenal immaturity from true insufficiency.
Elevation of corticosterone and 17OH progesterone in extremely preterm infants and clinical implications — Kessel et al., Pediatric research
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2026
Among 101 working-age women in Chicago, 70% returned at-home kits for capillary blood and saliva collection, demonstrating that patient-centric microsampling of stress biomarkers (cortisol and CRP) is feasible in diverse urban populations. This supports decentralised diagnostics for population health research.
A feasibility study exploring precarious employment and stress-related health among women — Oddo et al., BMC public health
- blood
- saliva
- capillary
- self-collection
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2025
Patient-centric microsampling of salivary cortisol shows a 12.6 nmol/L cutoff at 60 min post cosyntropin stimulation, 89% accuracy, 85% sensitivity and 90% specificity, for adrenal insufficiency diagnosis, but reproducibility in healthy volunteers was poor.
Utility of Salivary Cortisol and Cortisone in the Diagnostics of Adrenal Insufficiency — Kvam Hellan et al., Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (paywalled)
- cortisol
- hormones
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2025
Testosterone, androstenedione, cortisol and cortisone were measurable from 200 µL saliva, but estradiol fell below quantification and progesterone in under half of samples: only a subset of steroids is reliable in saliva, and not interchangeable with serum.
Non-invasive assessment of free steroid hormones: a high-throughput LC-MS/MS method for salivary steroid quantification — Slettvoll et al., Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- cortisol
- steroids
- hormones
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2025
This trial found that decentralised saliva collection in care home residents with dementia is feasible, but only 66% of 1,014 samples were valid for alpha-amylase and 62% for cortisol assays. Sponsors should note the authors' caveat that future trials require improved collection protocols, such as stimulating saliva flow, to ensure data quality.
The short-term impact of music interventions on stress: Results of a multinational cluster-randomized trial using salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase assessments in care home residents with dementia — Rasing et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- dct
- cortisol
- liquid
- saliva
2025
Cortisol dynamic range measured from participant-led saliva collection was feasible and associated with higher perceived stress and anxiety in African American women, suggesting saliva self-collection can serve as a decentralised biomarker of chronic stress.
A Community-Engaged Approach for Assessment of Cortisol Dynamic Range and Multilevel Chronic Stress in African Americans: FAITH! Heart Health+ Ancillary Study — Ortiz et al., Journal of participatory medicine
- cortisol
- self-collection
- hormones
- saliva
- biomarkers
2025
Long-term sleep quality improved significantly during an internet-based intervention for major depressive disorder. Patients with poor sleep initially showed blunted cortisol awakening responses, which normalised as sleep quality improved, demonstrating that self-collected saliva can track biological stress changes in decentralised mental health care.
Sleep quality and the biological stress system during an internet-based intervention for major depressive disorder — Laufer et al., Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- dct
2025
Higher lifetime trauma exposure in adolescent mothers was associated with higher evening salivary cortisol, and maternal trauma during pregnancy was associated with higher bedtime cortisol in infants, suggesting that self-collected saliva can capture diurnal cortisol patterns relevant to trauma research and decentralised sampling.
A Preliminary Investigation of Associations Between Traumatic Events Experienced During Pregnancy and Salivary Diurnal Cortisol Levels of Brazilian Adolescent Mothers and Infants — Wiley et al., American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2025
Among children of parents with bipolar disorder, saliva samples collected at home over two days showed that improvements in family organisation during a six-month prevention programme were associated with adaptive changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, including elevated cortisol awakening response and steeper diurnal slope. These results indicate that decentralised saliva collection can capture clinically meaningful neuroendocrine responses to psychosocial interventions in at-risk paediatric populations.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder and the impact of the family environment: A pilot study of the Reducing Unwanted Stress in the Home (RUSH) prevention program — Ping et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2025
In women with endometriosis, longer individual exercise sessions were associated with lower levels of salivary c-reactive protein and estradiol, as well as reduced pain and fat mass. The results demonstrate the utility of timed, at-home saliva self-collection for assessing systemic biomarkers in reproductive health research.
Is exercise duration more important than intensity in endometriosis? — Hartmann et al., BMC women's health
- saliva
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2024
A validated LC-MS/MS assay successfully measured 13 steroid hormones and two synthetic steroids in saliva, requiring only 50 microlitres, or down to 2 to 5 microlitres for nine analytes. This shows saliva's viability for non-invasive, patient-centric microsampling and decentralised monitoring in paediatric, neonatal and adult populations.
An LC-MS/MS assay for simultaneous determination of 13 steroid hormones and two synthetic steroids in saliva: potential utility for paediatric population and beyond — Dahl et al., Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation (paywalled)
- cortisol
- self-collection
- steroids
- pediatric
- hormones
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2024
In a 14-day study of youth with neurodevelopmental conditions and chronic pain, multimodal in-home monitoring achieved good accelerometer wear compliance (77% wore devices for at least 7 days) and moderate survey engagement, but adherence to salivary cortisol sampling was low at 28% after excluding protocol violations and dry swabs. Families reported high overall satisfaction and willingness to participate again, highlighting that remote sampling protocols in pediatric populations require iterative tailoring to improve biospecimen collection adherence.
The Living Lab at Home: Feasibility and Acceptability of Multimodal In-Home Data Collection Among Youth Across the Developmental Spectrum — Boerner et al., Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- pediatric
- cortisol
- wearable
- actigraphy
- multimodal
2024
In a longitudinal cohort of 1,292 mothers, increased cortisol reactivity to children's distress at 15 months predicted higher harsh parenting at 24 months, and conversely, higher harsh parenting at 15 months predicted increased cortisol reactivity at 24 months. This bidirectional association suggests that salivary cortisol reactivity in early toddlerhood may flag risk for harsh parenting and that parenting stress can further alter maternal stress physiology, which is pertinent to decentralised monitoring of stress biomarkers via saliva.
Within-person bidirectional associations between maternal cortisol reactivity and harsh parenting across infancy and toddlerhood — Ravindran et al., Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (paywalled)
- saliva
- hormones
- cortisol
2024
Healthy postpartum women exhibited a blunted cortisol awakening response and lower evening cortisol than non-perinatal controls when samples were self-collected at home. This suggests reduced CAR may reflect healthy adjustment to motherhood, demonstrating the feasibility of patient-centric saliva microsampling for perinatal mental health monitoring.
The cortisol awakening response is blunted in healthy women early postpartum — Høgh et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2024
Using Saliva Children's Swabs to collect salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol was feasible in elderly nursing home residents with dementia, though active patient engagement remained necessary. However, an individualised music listening intervention showed no significant effect on these salivary stress markers.
Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase as stress markers to evaluate an individualized music intervention for people with dementia: feasibility and pilot analyses — Hillebrand et al., BMC research notes
- saliva
- acceptability
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2024
The study found improved salivary DHEA levels and reduced anxiety and loneliness in older adults after a 12-week digital music and movement intervention, showing that decentralised, patient-centric saliva sampling can support biological and psychosocial monitoring in care homes.
Digital music and movement intervention to improve health and wellbeing in older adults in care homes: a pilot mixed methods study — De Nys et al., BMC geriatrics
- saliva
- hormones
- cortisol
2024
Maltreated adolescents exhibited persistently flattened cortisol diurnal rhythms when saliva was collected at home, showing that decentralised, patient-centric microsampling across laboratory, home, and school settings can reveal neurobiological adaptations to chronic stress. This supports saliva self-collection as a feasible method for monitoring HPA axis dysfunction in vulnerable youth.
Cortisol's diurnal rhythm indexes the neurobiological impact of child adversity in adolescence — Shirtcliff et al., Biological psychology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2024
In 60 healthy young adults who self-collected saliva, habitual coffee consumption at low, moderate or high intake did not significantly alter morning or evening levels of salivary cortisol or alpha amylase under non-stressful conditions. This suggests that for decentralised diagnostics, coffee drinking is unlikely to confound salivary hormone results, supporting the validity of self-collection for cortisol and stress biomarker monitoring.
[Effects of coffee consumption on salivary cortisol and alpha amylase in young adults] — Alejandro Juárez & Celia, Revista cientifica odontologica
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2024
Self-collection of saliva for cortisol awakening response research at home was experienced as arduous, with participants reporting apprehension, cognitive burden, and disruption to sleep and morning routines. Difficulty identifying the moment of awakening affected sample timing, though habituation reduced these effects over repeated days, indicating that clear protocols are needed to improve ecological validity in decentralised hormone monitoring.
Experiences of participating in cortisol awakening response research: "I was more conscious than usual, I wanted to get it right " — Ramachandran et al., Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
During ACTH stimulation, salivary cortisol correlated only weakly with serum and gave modest accuracy: saliva does not reliably replace serum cortisol for adrenal insufficiency. A concrete limit.
Reliability of Salivary versus Serum Cortisol for Diagnosing Adrenal Insufficiency in Children — Ciancia et al., Children
- venous-agreement
- blood
- cortisol
- pediatric
- hormones
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2023
In sixteen workers observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, those working from home had higher waking and lower nocturnal melatonin, and higher oxytocin, than office-based colleagues, while cortisol and s-IgA rhythms were unchanged. The study shows that self-collected saliva samples can detect how remote work alters stress-related biomarkers, supporting decentralised occupational-health monitoring.
Differences in the diurnal variation of salivary stress biomarkers during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic between telecommuters and office workers — Hasebe et al., Neuro endocrinology letters (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Toddler saliva cortisol fell from an initial rise back to low levels over three months, matching parents' and caregivers' reports of an easy start when parents were present followed by demanding first weeks of separation and then improved well-being; this concordance supports using self-collected saliva cortisol as a pragmatic, patient-centric biomarker of adaptation during the transition to childcare.
Do toddlers' levels of cortisol and the perceptions of parents and professional caregivers tell the same story about transition from home to childcare? A mixed method study — Drugli et al., Frontiers in psychology
- saliva
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Twenty dementia caregivers self-collected saliva at home while using a mobile yoga app for twelve weeks. Those who practised most showed decreased salivary cortisol and increased 1,5-anhydroglucitol, indicating that self-collected saliva can track stress responses to decentralised behavioural interventions.
Self-Administered Gentle Yoga and Yoga Breathing Intervention Improves Burden and Stress Biomarkers in Caregivers of Persons Living with Dementia — Balasubramanian et al., International journal of yoga therapy (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2023
In 880 people who self-collected three saliva samples at home, more than half in each cohort were cortisol awakening non-responders. No association was found between cortisol awakening response and trait resilience, but age, sex, weekday collection and awakening time significantly affected results, revealing compliance challenges for decentralised hormone monitoring.
The relationship between cortisol awakening response and trait resilience in two patient cohorts and one population-based cohort — Linnemann et al., The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
In unmedicated major depressive disorder, prefrontal and anterior cingulate 5-HT4 receptor binding positively associated with cortisol awakening response; eight weeks of antidepressant treatment did not alter cortisol awakening response and pretreatment cortisol awakening response did not predict outcome.
Stress Hormone Dynamics Are Coupled to Brain Serotonin 4 Receptor Availability in Unmedicated Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A NeuroPharm Study — Vulpius et al., The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Canadian dentists self-collected monthly saliva samples over one year during COVID-19. Salivary cortisol levels showed a modest positive association with national COVID-19 case counts, while dentistry-specific anxiety peaked during waves but general anxiety declined, demonstrating feasibility of longitudinal stress monitoring through decentralised sampling.
Salivary Cortisol and Anxiety in Canadian Dentists over 1 Year of COVID-19 — Kolbe et al., Journal of dental research
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Among 667 men who have sex with men who self-collected saliva at home, experiences of sexual behaviour stigma, particularly gossip by healthcare providers, were associated with elevated evening and average daily cortisol. This demonstrates that decentralised saliva microsampling can capture physiological stress responses in hard-to-reach populations, enabling remote psychosocial monitoring.
Predicting salivary cortisol and sexual behavior stigma among MSM in the American Men's Internet Survey 2019 — Dibble et al., Scientific reports
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Nine studies of non-pharmacological interventions in hospitalised children demonstrated reduced anxiety and distress when outcomes were confirmed by salivary cortisol, supporting saliva as an objective stress biomarker in paediatric settings. The authors concluded that higher-quality studies are needed to strengthen the evidence base for saliva cortisol as a reliable anxiety measurement tool.
Investigating Non-Pharmacological Stress Reduction Interventions in Pediatric Patients Confirmed with Salivary Cortisol Levels: A Systematic Review — Grigoropoulou et al., Pediatric reports
- saliva
- pediatric
- cortisol
2023
Repeated self-collection of saliva for steroid hormone analysis proved feasible in dementia care dyads over eight weeks, with participants providing a mean of 4.3 to 4.9 morning samples weekly during the first seven weeks, falling to 3.3 in the final week. The music intervention was associated with lower morning cortisol concentrations in caregivers, showing that home-based saliva microsampling can objectively capture intervention effects in decentralised studies.
Assessing stress using repeated saliva concentration of steroid hormones in dementia care dyads: results from a controlled pilot care music intervention — Emami et al., Upsala journal of medical sciences
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Latent profile analysis of more than 4000 saliva cortisol samples from children aged two, three-and-a-half, and five years identified three diurnal patterns: a predominant low/regular profile, a low/flat profile, and a high/fluctuating profile associated with home childcare, higher temperamental surgency, and maternal depressive symptoms. The study observed only moderate stability across the three-year follow-up, with half of children moving between groups, and highlights methodological issues in pediatric saliva sampling, supporting decentralised, longitudinal biomarker monitoring in early childhood.
Latent profile analysis of diurnal cortisol patterns at the ages of 2, 3.5, and 5 years: Associations with childcare setting, child individual characteristics, and maternal distress — Tervahartiala et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
EFT and music therapy significantly reduced anxiety and salivary cortisol levels while improving psychological growth and wellbeing in pregnant women following prenatal loss. This demonstrates that saliva sampling can be integrated into decentralised mental health interventions, supporting remote biomarker monitoring in perinatal care.
The effect of emotional freedom technique and music applied to pregnant women who experienced prenatal loss on psychological growth, well-being, and cortisol level: A randomized controlled trial — Okyay & Uçar, Archives of psychiatric nursing (paywalled)
- saliva
- fertility
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
In 45 young adults, pre-pandemic diurnal cortisol output measured from saliva samples predicted the degree of loneliness increase during COVID-19 home confinement, with the relationship moderated by extraversion. This suggests saliva-derived cortisol is a viable biomarker for identifying at-risk individuals in decentralised public health crises monitoring.
Pre-pandemic Psychobiological Features Predict Impact of COVID-19 Confinement on Loneliness — Baliyan et al., Frontiers in psychology
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Salivary glucocorticoid concentrations were comparable across Salivette Cortisol, passive drool and SalivaBio collection methods, and remained stable for 72 hours at room temperature and 4 degrees Celsius with no significant degradation after repeated freeze-thaw cycles. In children under six years, the SaliPac pacifier swab was well tolerated and collected sufficient saliva for steroid analysis in under four minutes.
Salivary Steroid Collection in Children Under Conditions Replicating Home Sampling — Tonge et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled)
- saliva
- liquid
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Female night-shift nurses had significantly lower cortisol awakening response and lower cortisol levels 30 minutes after waking compared with day- and evening-shift nurses, and reported greater stress from inability to complete personal tasks. This suggests shift pattern affects HPA axis activity and may inform risk assessment and support for shift workers.
Cortisol Awakening Response and Stress in Female Nurses on Monthly Shift Rotations: A Longitudinal Study — Lin et al., BioMed research international
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Optimal sleep behaviours at 8 months positively predicted cognitive and language abilities at 14 months in infants. Salivary cortisol analysis also revealed that optimal toddler sleep correlated with higher morning cortisol, linking early sleep patterns to stress axis development.
Infant sleep behaviors relate to their later cognitive and language abilities and morning cortisol stress hormone levels — Hernandez-Reif & Gungordu, Infant behavior & development (paywalled)
- saliva
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Three-quarters of dementia care dyads completed eight weeks of in-home saliva collection for cortisol and DHEA-S, with patients and caregivers producing equally valid samples. This demonstrates that self-administered saliva collection is feasible even among people with cognitive impairment, supporting decentralised stress biomarker monitoring in this population.
The Feasibility and Acceptability of In-Home Saliva Collection for Stress in Persons With Dementia and Their Family Caregivers — Emami et al., Biological research for nursing (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Real-time racial discrimination predicted higher next-morning salivary cortisol in healthy Black adults, suggesting everyday discrimination influences HPA axis activity. Self-collection of saliva enabled repeated, decentralised measurement of stress hormones in daily life.
Real-time racial discrimination, affective states, salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase in Black adults — Nam et al., PloS one
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Salivary cortisol profiles measured from self-collected samples were associated with symptom severity and neurobehavioural impairment after mild traumatic brain injury, suggesting salivary cortisol may be a useful biomarker for characterising biological factors that influence outcomes.
Association between Altered Cortisol Profiles and Neurobehavioral Impairment after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in College Students — Villegas et al., Journal of neurotrauma (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2022
In a retrospective cohort, late-night salivary cortisol had 95% sensitivity and 91% specificity, while late-night salivary cortisone had 86% sensitivity and 100% specificity; using an optimal cut-off of 14.5 nmol/L, late-night salivary cortisone achieved 95.2% sensitivity and 100% specificity with an AUC of 0.997, supporting simultaneous measurement of both as first-line screening for suspected Cushing's syndrome, and because saliva collection is non-invasive and can be done at home, it is suitable for patient-centric decentralised diagnostics.
Late-night salivary cortisol and cortisone should be the initial screening test for Cushing's syndrome — Mohamed et al., Endocrine connections
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
The online Trier Social Stress Test increased cortisol and alpha amylase, increased arousal and reduced pleasure, with stronger cortisol responses in men and 64 per cent of participants classified as responders, supporting decentralised diagnostics by showing remote saliva sampling can capture stress biomarkers.
Validation of an online version of the trier social stress test in adult men and women — Meier et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Smaller cortisol awakening responses were linked to greater visual dependence in postural control, showing that home-collected saliva samples can capture biologically meaningful variations in HPA axis activity relevant to neuroendocrine function and balance regulation.
Smaller Cortisol Awakening Responses Are Associated with Greater Visual Dependence in Postural Control — Smyth et al., Healthcare
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
A pilot study in 10 child-parent dyads showed that collecting saliva at clinic and home is feasible, with parent attachment avoidance linked to higher parent cortisol in clinic and higher child cortisol at home, and parent-child cortisol levels correlated in clinic but not at home.
Relationship Between Parental Attachment and Stress Elevation and Synchrony in Pediatric Occupational Therapy Patient-Parent Dyads — Scott et al., The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- cortisol
2021
Children with higher temperamental surgency had greater total diurnal cortisol output, but care setting did not moderate this relationship. The study shows saliva cortisol collection is feasible from toddlers in both home and centre-based environments, supporting decentralised pediatric research designs.
Child Temperament and Total Diurnal Cortisol in Out-of-Home Center-Based Child Care and in At-Home Parental Care — Tervahartiala et al., Child development
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Self-collected saliva sampling in military technicians produced stable post-awakening cortisol parameters across two days, showing the expected rise thirty minutes after waking followed by recovery. Using actigraphy to verify compliance confirms that unsupervised saliva collection in free-living settings delivers reliable data for operational health surveillance of chronically stressed personnel.
Post-awakening Cortisol in Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technicians: A Replication Study in a Novel Population — Hernández et al., Military medicine (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- actigraphy
- multimodal
2021
Salivary cortisol was measured over two days in children at 3.5 years; afternoon cortisol was higher on childcare days than home days in the out-of-home group, suggesting afternoons in out-of-home childcare may activate the stress response in young children.
Children's diurnal cortisol output and temperament in two different childcare settings at 2 and 3.5 years of age — Tervahartiala et al., Developmental psychobiology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- cortisol
2021
In a longitudinal case analysis of repeat sexual trauma, self-collected saliva samples revealed a dysregulated diurnal cortisol profile that tracked with immune suppression and mental health fluctuations. The study highlights the feasibility of incorporating remote self-sampling into sensitive biobehavioural monitoring over time.
The biobehavioral impacts of sexual violence: Findings from an acute repeat survivor of vaginal rape — Anderson et al., Women's health
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2021
The study found that disadvantaged children had higher cortisol levels and flatter diurnal rhythms, indicating poorer stress regulation, but higher attachment to childcare providers was linked to decreasing cortisol release over time. This supports the use of saliva microsampling in decentralised studies of stress biomarkers in vulnerable paediatric populations.
Attachment and stress regulation in socioeconomically disadvantaged children: Can public childcare compensate? — Eckstein-Madry et al., Infant mental health journal
- saliva
- pediatric
- cortisol
2021
Maternal choline intake was found to reduce the impact of adverse childhood experiences on maternal and infant cortisol responses, highlighting the role of nutrition in buffering stress biology. This supports decentralised diagnostics by demonstrating the feasibility and value of self-collected saliva samples for longitudinal, patient-centric monitoring of hormonal biomarkers in real-world settings.
The role of maternal nutrition during pregnancy in the intergenerational transmission of childhood adversity — Vaghef-Mehrabani et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Low-income African American emerging adults showed asymmetrical cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase reactivity to stress that correlated with experiences of racism and interpersonal trauma. Self-collected saliva revealed atypical diurnal cortisol rhythms under daily stress, showing the feasibility of decentralised biomarker monitoring for stress-related health disparities.
Stress response asymmetries in African American emerging adults exposed to chronic social adversity — Wood et al., Stress (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2021
Salivary cortisol was lower when participants self-collected at home compared with samples taken in the laboratory, and levels fell after music listening in both environments. This demonstrates that home-based saliva collection can capture physiologically relevant changes in stress hormones, which is pertinent for decentralised diagnostic and trial applications.
Psychological and Physiological Signatures of Music Listening in Different Listening Environments-An Exploratory Study — Tervaniemi et al., Brain sciences
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Self-collected saliva and urine samples from prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes revealed altered nocturnal cortisol metabolism, with lower urinary glucocorticoid metabolites and higher morning salivary cortisone levels compared with healthy controls. This demonstrates that decentralised home sampling can detect HPA axis hyperactivity in paediatric populations with endocrine disease.
Altered Cortisol Metabolism Increases Nocturnal Cortisol Bioavailability in Prepubertal Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus — Brossaud et al., Frontiers in endocrinology
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
A surrogate-analyte LC-MS/MS method for cortisol in whole blood was validated, showing linearity from 0.5 to 500 ng/mL with acceptable accuracy and precision per regulatory guidance. Evaluation of patient samples demonstrated comparable cortisol concentrations in whole blood and plasma, indicating that whole blood sampling could support patient-centric, at-home collection in decentralised trials and clinical diagnostics.
A validated surrogate analyte LC-MS/MS assay for quantification of endogenous cortisol in human whole blood — Agrawal et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
- dct
2021
Fathers who self-collected saliva at home showed that greater engagement in childcare, particularly cuddling, was associated with a more pronounced diurnal decline in testosterone and lower cortisol levels. This demonstrates saliva sampling can capture behaviourally relevant hormone changes, supporting its use for decentralised monitoring of stress and reproductive hormones.
Fathering behavior, attachment, and engagement in childcare predict testosterone and cortisol — Ahnert et al., Developmental psychobiology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Nineteen healthy adults showed high compliance to a three-day home salivary sampling protocol, with 95% collecting the correct number of samples. Morning cortisol and cortisone profiles had moderate reproducibility, requiring three to four days of sampling to achieve high reliability, indicating that home-based protocols can support decentralised stress-hormone monitoring.
Feasibility of home-based sampling of salivary cortisol and cortisone in healthy adults — Sørensen et al., BMC research notes
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Children aged 8 to 14 living in neighbourhoods with higher concentrated poverty showed higher diurnal cortisol output when measured in saliva samples. Otherwise, cortisol output showed little association with other aspects of social disadvantage, suggesting limited support for HPA axis dysregulation as a general mechanism linking socioeconomic inequality to health outcomes in childhood.
Weak and uneven associations of home, neighborhood, and school environments with stress hormone output across multiple timescales — Malanchini et al., Molecular psychiatry (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2021
Daily home-based saliva collection proved feasible for six to eight weeks in people with dementia and their caregivers, with a quarter showing decreases in both morning and evening cortisol, suggesting stress reduction. Caregivers displayed a significant flattening of the morning to evening cortisol slope and dyads showed correlated evening cortisol trends, demonstrating that self-sampling can objectively monitor stress in decentralised studies of vulnerable populations.
The use of saliva steroids (cortisol and DHEA-s) as biomarkers of changing stress levels in people with dementia and their caregivers: A pilot study — Theorell et al., Science progress
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- dct
2020
Late-night salivary cortisol was a highly sensitive screen, about 97%, for ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome, but performed poorly for adrenal disease: a validated screening, not confirmatory, test.
Prospective Evaluation of Late-Night Salivary Cortisol and Cortisone in Suspected Cushing Syndrome — Kannankeril et al., J. Endocrine Society
- cortisol
- hormones
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2020
A community-based participatory research study across five American Indian communities showed that a home-based salivary cortisol collection protocol achieved high participant compliance, with 91% providing at least one usable sample and 79% providing four, and that deviations from timing were not robustly associated with cortisol indices, indicating that such decentralised protocols can yield valid hormone data.
Assessment of feasibility and outcomes of a salivary cortisol collection protocol in five American Indian communities — Walls et al., Stress (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- cortisol
2020
Self-collected salivary cortisol, measured at three daily time points in cocaine-abstinent outpatients, showed elevated morning levels and area-under-the-curve values that correlated positively with craving and negatively with verbal memory performance. This pilot study suggests home-based cortisol monitoring could help track relapse risk and cognitive impairment in substance-use disorders.
Salivary Cortisol Levels Are Associated with Craving and Cognitive Performance in Cocaine-Abstinent Subjects: A Pilot Study — Sampedro-Piquero et al., Brain sciences
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2020
Self-collected saliva samples taken six times daily across three weekdays from 49 Chinese undergraduates showed that higher trait resilience is associated with a stronger cortisol awakening response and steeper diurnal decline. The protocol, which objectively monitored compliance, supports the feasibility of intensive decentralised sampling for stress-axis biomarker research.
Biomarking Trait Resilience With Salivary Cortisol in Chinese Undergraduates — Lai et al., Frontiers in psychology
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2020
Saliva cortisol levels were 30% higher overall in toddlers receiving at-home childcare compared with centre-based care, although both groups displayed typical circadian rhythms. Home-based, patient-centric microsampling of saliva is feasible in paediatric populations, and these findings show that caregiving context must be accounted for when interpreting decentralised cortisol results.
Toddlers' diurnal cortisol levels affected by out-of-home, center-based childcare and at-home, guardian-supervised childcare: comparison between different caregiving contexts — Tervahartiala et al., European child & adolescent psychiatry
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2020
Vibration during maximal cycling increased salivary cortisol by 83% compared with no vibration, while testosterone did not differ, reducing the testosterone/cortisol ratio. This demonstrates that saliva can detect exercise modality effects on stress hormones, which could inform remote monitoring of training load or rehabilitation if self-collection methods were validated.
Salivary endocrine response following a maximal incremental cycling protocol with local vibration — Jemni et al., PloS one
- saliva
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2020
The magnitude of the cortisol awakening response, measured from self-collected saliva at home, positively predicted performance on an attention-switching task later the same day in healthy young adults. The association held only when sampling occurred within eight minutes of waking, demonstrating that precise electronic timing verification is essential for valid decentralised saliva-based cognitive biomarker studies.
The cortisol awakening response predicts a same-day index of executive function in healthy young adults — Law et al., International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2020
Acutely concussed youth studied at home showed longer sleep latency and greater fatigue than controls, with altered overnight cortisol dynamics and lower bedtime melatonin; these home-based saliva and actigraphy measures highlight decentralised endpoints for acute concussion care.
Sleep and stress in the acute phase of concussion in youth — Maerlender et al., Sports medicine and health science
- saliva
- liquid
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
- actigraphy
- multimodal
2020
A pilot study of 43 nursing home residents with dementia and chronic pain found that only eight participants could provide adequate saliva samples both before and after a six-week intervention, despite using salivary swabs. The cognitive impairment, difficulty obtaining sufficient sample volume, and cost suggest saliva collection may not be feasible for cortisol monitoring in this population, which has implications for decentralised stress assessment in vulnerable groups.
Using Salivary Cortisol as an Objective Measure of Physiological Stress in People With Dementia and Chronic Pain: A Pilot Feasibility Study — Pu et al., Biological research for nursing (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- cortisol
2020
In 385 expectant couples, maternal psychological stress during late pregnancy strengthened the diurnal cortisol linkage between partners when saliva was self-collected at home. This demonstrates that home-based sampling can capture clinically relevant interpersonal physiological dynamics that may influence prenatal and postnatal health.
Maternal psychological stress moderates diurnal cortisol linkage in expectant fathers and mothers during late pregnancy — Braren et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2020
Home-collected saliva samples revealed that patients with central serous chorioretinopathy exhibit a higher cortisol awakening response and altered diurnal trajectories of salivary cortisol and α-amylase compared with controls. This demonstrates that self-sampling can capture chronobiological biomarker differences associated with stress-related eye disease, supporting decentralised collection for ophthalmic and neuroendocrine research.
Diurnal trajectories of salivary cortisol and α-amylase and psychological profiles in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy — Scarinci et al., Chronobiology international (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2020
In youth aged 8–16 years, first-waking saliva cortisol, IL-6 and IL-1β collected at home associate with prior-night actigraphy sleep metrics. Sleep quality confounds interpretation of salivary stress and immune biomarkers in decentralised paediatric microsampling, so protocols must account for it.
Bidirectional relationships between sleep and biomarkers of stress and immunity in youth — LaVoy et al., International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- cortisol
- biomarkers
- actigraphy
- multimodal
2019
Saliva self-collection at home and during clinical procedures yielded cortisol data from 326 children, revealing genetic variants in stress-response pathways that may identify paediatric patients at risk of adverse reactions to painful procedures, supporting tailored interventions in decentralised settings.
Genetic Variants and the Cortisol Response in Children: An Exploratory Study — Ersig et al., Biological research for nursing (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- cortisol
- genotyping
2019
Male fire and emergency service workers showed a lower cortisol awakening response and post-awakening cortisol levels the day after a night on-call with a call, likely due to noise, exertion and stress during callouts. This supports the use of decentralised saliva sampling to assess real-world physiological stress responses in working populations.
Salivary cortisol profiles of on-call from home fire and emergency service personnel — Hall et al., Stress (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- actigraphy
- multimodal
2019
A social skills intervention programme delivered in child care centres produced a significant interaction with time of day for diurnal cortisol secretion in preschool children (p = 0.04), with the intervention group showing more typical decreasing cortisol patterns throughout the day. This demonstrates that saliva-based cortisol monitoring in decentralised settings can detect clinically meaningful changes in stress physiology among paediatric populations.
Impact of a social skills program on children's stress: A cluster randomized trial — Larose et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- pediatric
- cortisol
2019
In 152 low-income pregnant women, saliva self-collected at home by passive drool showed that higher mindfulness and social support correlated with lower perceived stress reactivity, yet the cortisol awakening response did not differ. This demonstrates that home saliva sampling is feasible for stress biomarker assessment in pregnancy, but psychological interventions may affect subjective stress ratings more than physiological cortisol levels.
The influence of mindfulness and social support on stress reactivity during pregnancy — Sanchez Hernandez et al., Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2019
Adverse childhood family environments were associated with lower resting blood pressure in women but not men, and home-collected saliva samples showed women had lower total cortisol output than men. This supports the use of self-collected saliva for investigating stress biomarkers in patient-centric cardiovascular research.
Associations between adverse childhood family environments and blood pressure differ between men and women — Schreier et al., PloS one
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2019
Parents of hospitalised children had lower morning saliva cortisol levels on the ward than when self-sampling at home four weeks later, while postawakening cortisol and cortisol awakening response did not differ between settings. This demonstrates that self-collected saliva can capture setting-specific differences in stress biomarkers, supporting decentralised studies of caregiver wellbeing.
The cortisol response in parents staying with a sick child at hospital — Angelhoff et al., Nursing open
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2019
In extremely preterm-born children, salivary cortisol and DHEA at age 6 correlated inversely with early postnatal growth measures and positively with systolic blood pressure, and DHEA was higher than in term-born children, suggesting perinatal programming of cardiometabolic risk.
Adrenal function links to early postnatal growth and blood pressure at age 6 in children born extremely preterm — Watterberg et al., Pediatric research
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2019
Women showed elevated evening saliva cortisol and flattened diurnal variation with higher aircraft noise exposure, whereas morning cortisol and all measures in men were unchanged. These findings from self-collected samples demonstrate saliva can serve as a decentralised biomarker for environmentally driven hormonal dysregulation in large cohorts.
Saliva cortisol in relation to aircraft noise exposure: pooled-analysis results from seven European countries — Baudin et al., Environmental health : a global access science source
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2019
In a rural Indian cohort of 712 infants, each additional childhood adversity factor was associated with a 6.1% increase in hair cortisol concentration, while diurnal salivary cortisol measures showed no association. This demonstrates that chronic stress biomarkers can be reliably measured from hair and saliva collected during home visits, supporting decentralised paediatric research in low-resource settings.
The contribution of childhood adversity to cortisol measures of early life stress amongst infants in rural India: Findings from the early life stress sub-study of the SPRING cluster randomised controlled trial (SPRING-ELS) — Bhopal et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2018
Self-collected saliva cortisol and cortisone showed good correlation with free, non-protein-bound serum concentrations across a pregnancy cycle, supporting saliva as a decentralised surrogate for monitoring free glucocorticosteroid levels. Plasma protein binding of cortisone decreased from 86.3 per cent to 80.7 per cent during pregnancy while cortisol binding remained stable at approximately 96 per cent.
The plasma protein binding of the endogenous glucocorticosteroids is of vital importance for the concentrations in hair and saliva — Krumbholz et al., Forensic science international (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2018
Afternoon salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly higher when collected in the laboratory than when self-collected at home, indicating that collection setting materially influences results. No significant differences were found across menstrual cycle phases or by relationship status, suggesting these factors do not confound basal cortisol measurements in healthy women.
Salivary Afternoon Cortisol and Relationship Status in Healthy Women with Regular Menstrual Cycles — Wilson et al., Women's reproductive health (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
- cortisol
2018
Monthly rotating shift type significantly altered the cortisol awakening response (CARi) in female nurses who self-collected saliva at home. This demonstrates that patient-centric microsampling can capture stress-hormone changes related to occupational schedules, supporting decentralised monitoring of worker health.
Influence of shift type on sleep quality of female nurses working monthly rotating shifts with cortisol awakening response as mediating variable — Chang, Chronobiology international (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2018
Home-collected saliva showed that six days of escitalopram steepened diurnal cortisol slopes in healthy women by raising waking cortisol, suggesting SSRIs may correct flattened cortisol rhythms in depression. No effects were seen on cortisol awakening response or total daily output, demonstrating that self-sampling can capture drug-induced endocrine changes.
The effects of six-day SSRI administration on diurnal cortisol secretion in healthy volunteers — Ronaldson et al., Psychopharmacology
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2018
Home self-collection of saliva at 32 weeks gestation demonstrated sex-specific associations between maternal cortisol and infant birth weight, with a significant positive association in males. This shows that decentralised sampling can capture clinically relevant hormone data for prenatal research without clinic visits.
Associations between maternal prenatal cortisol and fetal growth are specific to infant sex: findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study — Braithwaite et al., Journal of developmental origins of health and disease (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2018
The immunosensor accurately measured salivary cortisol across the physiological range with good reproducibility and recovery, and showed strong agreement with UHPLC-MS/MS, enabling reliable patient self-collection for stress hormone monitoring.
Disposable electrochemical immunosensor for cortisol determination in human saliva — Kämäräinen et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
2017
Maltreating families showed lower initial adherence to home salivary cortisol sampling than nonmaltreating families, but achieved comparable compliance after receiving additional support and resampling opportunities. Electronic monitoring devices enabled tracking of collection protocol adherence, showing that targeted support facilitates reliable self-collection in vulnerable populations for decentralised diagnostics.
Adherence to Diurnal Cortisol Sampling Among Mother-Child Dyads From Maltreating and Nonmaltreating Families — Valentino et al., Child maltreatment (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- cortisol
2017
Self-collection of saliva and hair specimens from ethnically diverse breast cancer survivors proved feasible, with samples remaining stable during shipment and storage. Hair cortisol measured by ELISA showed acceptable variability (16% coefficient of variation), supporting decentralised capture of chronic stress biomarkers in oncology cohorts without clinic visits.
Evaluation of cortisol and telomere length measurements in ethnically diverse women with breast cancer using culturally sensitive methods — Ramirez et al., Journal of community genetics
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2017
In low income children, lower cortisol output strengthened the association between lack of routine and poorer emotion regulation, suggesting that underlying stress biology may shape how home environment influences child emotion regulation.
Child cortisol moderates the association between family routines and emotion regulation in low-income children — Miller et al., Developmental psychobiology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2017
Aircraft noise exposure flattened the daily cortisol rhythm in 1244 adults, with unchanged morning but higher evening saliva cortisol levels. This shows home-collected saliva can monitor stress-related HPA axis changes linked to cardiovascular disease risk, supporting decentralised biomarker screening.
Effects of aircraft noise exposure on saliva cortisol near airports in France — Lefèvre et al., Occupational and environmental medicine (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2015
In healthy adults, use of LifeWave Energy Enhancer patches was associated with higher salivary cortisol at midday and mid afternoon compared with placebo, while energy visual analogue scale scores fell in the placebo group but not in the active group.
Effects of energy enhancer patches on cortisol production, peripheral circulation, and psychological measures: a pilot study — Connor et al., Advances in mind-body medicine (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- cortisol
2015
In healthy adults self-collecting saliva at home, cortisol did not increase for up to ten minutes after awakening. Delays of five to fifteen minutes before the first sample overestimated the cortisol awakening response and shifted its peak earlier, demonstrating that strict timing adherence is essential for accurate measurement in decentralised settings.
Detailed time course of the cortisol awakening response in healthy participants — Smyth et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2015
Salivary cortisol concentrations were unchanged after storage at -18 °C, -4 °C, 4 °C or room temperature for 72 h, and after simulated postal transport with a freezing element, when compared with samples kept continuously at -80 °C. This confirms that enzyme immunoassay of self-collected saliva is robust for home-sampling and postal delivery in decentralised studies.
The effect of storage conditions on salivary cortisol concentrations using an enzyme immunoassay — Nalla et al., Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
2014
A US survey of 3,400 adults aged 62 to 90 collected up to 15 biomeasures at home, including saliva, dried blood spots and urine, with Salivette and Oragene among the devices used, which shows that several patient-centric sampling methods can run together in home-based research.
Continuity and innovation in the data collection protocols of the second Wave of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project — Jaszczak et al., The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences (paywalled)
- actigraphy
- multimodal
- blood
- dbs
- cortisol
- dna-genotek-oragene
- self-collection
- dried
- bd-microtainer
- hormones
- liquid
- urine
- saliva
- biomarkers
- genotyping
2014
Self-collected saliva revealed that perceived stress at home, but not at work, was associated with a lower cortisol awakening response and flatter diurnal slope, an effect seen only in women. This demonstrates that home-based saliva sampling can detect stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes, supporting its use in remote stress monitoring and highlighting sex-specific responses.
Diurnal salivary cortisol in relation to perceived stress at home and at work in healthy men and women — Sjörs et al., Biological psychology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol

Read from the corpus on 2026-09-09.