The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 1–100 of 255 labelled “tdm”, newest first.
2026
In AML and CLL, 91% of VAMS venetoclax results fell within 20% of plasma after individualised haematocrit correction; in home sampling, 18 of 21 patients self-sampled independently and 76% of returned samples were analysable, which shows home microsampling is workable, though the authors ask for multicentre validation.
Clinical Validation of Venetoclax Volumetric Microsampling in Leukemia, with Whole-Blood-to-Plasma Conversion and Self-Microsampling Feasibility — Levens et al., Clinical Pharmacokinetics (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- oncology
- capillary
- validation
2026
Guidance on capillary-to-plasma conversion: method- and analyte-specific clinical validation with paired capillary–venous samples before reporting plasma-equivalent results.
To Convert or Not to Convert? Official IATDMCT Guideline on Converting Capillary-Blood Microsampling Concentrations to Plasma Concentrations — Boffel et al., Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- blood
- tdm
- standards
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2026
In four crew members, capillary volumetric absorptive microsampling caught altered acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in flight: Cmax rose to 43,300 ng/mL from 9,110 before flight and clearance fell to 3,890 mL/h from 16,200, pointing to toxicity risk at standard dosing; four people only, but a case for microsampling where no clinic can reach.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling During Spaceflight for Analysis of Acetaminophen Pharmacokinetics in Whole Blood — Mampre et al., Journal of clinical pharmacology
- blood
- capillary
- vams
- tdm
- dct
2026
At-home volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) for anti-seizure medicines was feasible and reliable, with strong correlations to clinic VAMS and low bias for lacosamide, lamotrigine and levetiracetam; quantitative dried blood spot (qDBS) was a reliable alternative in the ambulatory setting, though older age reduced sampling quality.
Real-world evaluation of capillary microsampling for drug monitoring of anti-seizure medications — Cancellerini et al., Epilepsia (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- qdbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
- capillary
2026
In lung and renal transplant recipients, VAMS sampling with LC-MS/MS quantification of mycophenolic acid and tacrolimus showed good linearity and accuracy, and with a haematocrit-adjusted conversion formula achieved clinical agreement in most samples; tacrolimus did not require haematocrit correction. The approach is virtually painless and enables richer sampling for more accurate drug exposure estimates, supporting decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring.
Evaluation of hematocrit-adjusted conversion strategies for mycophenolic acid and tacrolimus monitoring using volumetric absorptive microsampling in lung and renal transplant recipients — Juan et al., Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2026
This review found that volumetric microsampling devices, such as Mitra, HemaPEN, HemaXis DB10, and Tasso-M20, overcome haematocrit bias, whilst Telimmune plasma separation cards enable direct plasma collection without centrifugation. These technologies support patient-centric, decentralised sampling, though the authors note that clinical validation remains limited across different drugs and patient populations.
A Review of Blood-Based Microsampling Devices for Patient-Centered Application in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Huhn & Scherf-Clavel, Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- vams
- volumetric
- acceptability
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2026
In 15 critically ill children with multiple organ dysfunction, a population pharmacokinetic model built on volumetric absorptive microsamples found that estimated glomerular filtration rate and age drove cefepime clearance and distribution; the authors take this as showing the method is workable for antimicrobial monitoring in this group.
Cefepime pharmacokinetics in critically ill children with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome using volumetric absorptive microsampling — Amajor et al., Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
- blood
- dried
- vams
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2026
This study found that volumetric absorptive microsampling shows satisfactory agreement with venous plasma for monitoring several antiseizure medications in paediatric patients. However, a blood-to-plasma conversion factor was required to estimate plasma concentrations for clobazam and carbamazepine metabolites due to poor capillary-to-plasma interchangeability.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiseizure Medications (ASMs) in Pediatric Patients — Simeoli et al., Pharmaceuticals (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
2026
An LC-MS/MS method for tamoxifen and six metabolites in VAMS was developed and validated, with water prerinsing improving recoveries and poor room temperature stability but stability for at least 100 days at minus 80 degrees Celsius. Plasma to blood ratios were used to estimate plasma equivalent concentrations, and paired VAMS and plasma samples from ten breast cancer patients showed strong correlations and good agreement on Bland-Altman analysis, supporting reliable decentralised TDM.
Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the comprehensive quantification of tamoxifen and its metabolites in volumetric absorptive microsampling: clinical application in breast cancer patients — Kuo et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- oncology
2026
This method validation for 15 cardiovascular drugs found that VAMS and Capitainer-B provided interchangeable patient results, although Capitainer-B showed higher matrix effects while VAMS exhibited stability losses for specific analytes after two weeks. The work confirms the suitability of these microsampling workflows for decentralised adherence monitoring but highlights the need for analyte-specific stability testing.
Capillary blood microsampling and LC-Orbitrap analysis for adherence monitoring of cardiovascular drugs: method development, cross-validation, and patient proof-of-concept using VAMS and Capitainer-B — Kretschmer et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- vams
- volumetric
- blood
- tdm
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2026
A prospective study of eleven adults with epilepsy found that saliva microsampling using VAMS showed excellent agreement with conventional liquid saliva for perampanel quantification, with a mean bias of -0.126 ng/mL. This supports analytical equivalence for decentralised monitoring, though the small sample size limits generalisability.
Clinical validation of a patient-friendly saliva microsampling approach to monitor perampanel levels in people with epilepsy — Franco et al., Epilepsia (paywalled)
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- tdm
- validation
- saliva
2026
This study found that salivary 11-dehydrodexamethasone correlates strongly with serum dexamethasone, unlike salivary dexamethasone which shows poor agreement. This validation suggests patients could self-collect saliva samples at home to verify dexamethasone absorption for the overnight suppression test.
The Utility of Salivary 11-Dehydrodexamethasone as a Marker of Dexamethasone Absorption — Marshall et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- cortisol
- self-collection
- hormones
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2026
The True Dose TD-EPI kit demonstrated strong analytical agreement with venous blood for epirubicin monitoring, and the capillary samples remained stable for 72 hours at ambient temperature.
Method-Comparison Validation of a Novel Capillary Blood Collection Kit, True Dose<sup>®</sup> TD-EPI, for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Epirubicin — De Chiara et al., Pharmaceuticals
- venous-agreement
- stabilised
- blood
- tdm
- oncology
- capillary
- liquid
- validation
2026
This study validated a dried blood spot method for tacrolimus monitoring and demonstrated agreement with venous whole blood measurements in kidney transplant recipients. It also found that dried blood spot analysis of the biomarker CXCL-10 was elevated in patients experiencing rejection or infection, supporting its use for decentralised monitoring.
Dried Blood Spot for CXCL-10 and Tacrolimus: Integrated Non-Invasive Monitoring to Guide Personalized Treatment in Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients — Millán et al., Pharmaceuticals
- venous-agreement
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- dried
- immunosuppressants
- validation
- biomarkers
2026
Enhanced visual and textual guidance significantly improved the quality of dried blood spots self-collected by children and adolescents, increasing the proportion of acceptable cards from 47.6% to 86.6%, which supports the feasibility of home sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Optimizing Dried Blood Spot Sampling for Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder — Ringeling et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- pediatric
- tdm
2026
The study found that quantitative dried blood spot sampling provided high clinical agreement for tacrolimus and creatinine monitoring, with patients rating the self-collection devices as user-friendly. These results support the feasibility of decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring for immunosuppressants.
Patient-centric capillary dried blood spot sampling for tacrolimus and creatinine monitoring in clinical practice — De Baets et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- qdbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2026
This study employed volumetric absorptive microsampling to collect blood samples from neonates, revealing that existing propofol pharmacokinetic models poorly predicted drug levels in this population. A newly developed meta-model provided accurate predictions, validating the use of patient-centric microsampling for therapeutic drug monitoring in preterm and term infants.
Systematic evaluation of propofol population pharmacokinetic models and development of a literature-supported new meta-model for critically ill preterm and term neonates — Rantanen et al., European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
2026
This study validated a method for monitoring mycophenolic acid in paediatric patients, demonstrating that quantitative dried plasma spots achieved close agreement with venous plasma. Quantitative dried blood spots showed significant haematocrit-related bias, making the plasma-based format more suitable for decentralised monitoring.
Matrix fidelity in microsampling: Plasma-first LC-MS/MS quantification of mycophenolic acid and MPAG — Kocur et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- blood
- qdbs
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2026
Volumetric microsampling can enable patient-centred therapeutic drug monitoring with high patient preference and acceptable method validation for many drugs, but conversion from capillary to plasma and agreement with venous sampling varies by analyte and requires careful validation.
Volumetric Microsampling for Patient-Centric Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Clinical Pharmacology: A Scoping Review — Tummala et al., Journal of clinical pharmacology (paywalled)
- volumetric
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2026
Fingerstick capillary sampling showed strong agreement with venous sampling for mycophenolic acid, tacrolimus and cyclosporine A, with acceptable bias and improved agreement for mycophenolic acid after haematocrit correction. This minimally invasive approach may reduce procedural burden and support outpatient or home based therapeutic drug monitoring in children.
Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressants in Children with Kidney Diseases: Validation of Fingerstick Sampling Using LC-MS/MS — Ishii et al., Pharmaceuticals
- venous-agreement
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2026
This study validated a method requiring only 10 microlitres of serum and found high agreement between fingerstick capillary samples and venous serum for monitoring twelve antibiotics. The results suggest capillary serum sampling is a feasible, minimally invasive alternative that avoids the haematocrit effect associated with whole blood microsampling.
Feasibility verification of fingerstick capillary microsampling replacing venipuncture for therapeutic drug monitoring of 12 antibiotics using a rapid LC-MS/MS assay — Chen et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2026
The study developed and validated a reliable HPLC-MS method for quantifying multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors from VAMS microsamples of capillary blood, showing acceptable accuracy, precision, and 28-day stability at -21°C, with results comparable to venous plasma in 194 samples from patients with solid tumours. This enables therapeutic drug monitoring using microsamples in oncology practice.
HPLC-MS Quantification of Multiple Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Patients with Solid Tumors: Method Validation and Clinical Application — Staudinger et al., Pharmaceutics (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2026
Saliva and dried saliva spot lamotrigine concentrations correlated strongly with plasma (R approximately 0.84 to 0.85), supporting saliva and DSS as needle-free alternatives for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Toward needle-free lamotrigine monitoring: Proof-of-concept for saliva and dried saliva spot analysis by LC-MS/MS - a short communication — Ďurčová et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- saliva
- dried
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2026
A liquid-phase microsampling method using 2.8 µL of whole blood demonstrated strong correlation with conventional venous sampling for immunosuppressant monitoring in renal transplant recipients. This approach enables patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring, reducing burden and supporting implementation in home-based, paediatric, and telemedicine settings.
Clinical Application of Microvolume LC-MS/MS for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressants in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients — Iwami et al., Journal of clinical medicine
- blood
- liquid
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2026
The authors validated VAMS for lumateperone therapeutic drug monitoring and confirmed its stability, which supports decentralised, patient-centric antipsychotic therapy through low-volume blood collection.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling for lumateperone analysis: method validation and stability evaluation — Milandri et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2026
Dried blood spot collection proved feasible during parabolic flight, with seventeen of twenty volunteers successfully providing samples for caffeine pharmacokinetic profiling. The method yielded stable metabolic ratios between ground and weightless conditions, and participants reported high satisfaction, suggesting DBS could support therapeutic drug monitoring in remote or extreme environments such as long-term spaceflight.
Feasibility of dried blood spot collection for caffeine pharmacokinetic studies in microgravity: Insights from parabolic flight campaigns — Derobertmasure et al., British journal of clinical pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- tdm
- genotyping
2026
Home DBS sampling gave testosterone results that agreed well with venous blood in men on intramuscular testosterone undecanoate, but showed falsely high values in those using topical gel, likely from skin contamination. Patients preferred home collection for its convenience, suggesting DBS is viable for decentralised monitoring of injectable testosterone if patients are taught proper technique.
From venipuncture to self-sampling dried blood spots: a shift in monitoring testosterone levels — Olthof et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
- tdm
2026
The study validated an LC-MS/MS method for eight antiepileptic drugs and two metabolites in dried blood spot and VAMS formats, with satisfactory analytical performance and stability, and was the first to include the oxcarbazepine metabolite DHCB. In 80 paired patient samples, microsampling concentrations showed promising correlation with plasma, supporting decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic treatment.
Development and application of an LC-MS/MS method for 8 antiepileptic drugs and 2 metabolites using microsampling techniques (DBS and VAMS) — Cobo-Golpe et al., Journal of analytical toxicology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- haematocrit
2026
The study developed and validated a rapid LC-MS/MS method for quantifying cefazolin in capillary whole blood collected via VAMS, plasma, and plasma ultrafiltrate, showing robust performance across matrices and successful application in a pediatric pilot cohort for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Rapid, robust LC-MS/MS quantification of cefazolin in whole blood microsamples, plasma, and plasma ultrafiltrate: Analytical method validation and preliminary clinical application in pediatric population — Kocur et al., Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2026
This study demonstrates that a commercial conductive vial electromembrane extraction device can reliably isolate basic pharmaceuticals from whole blood collected on volumetric absorptive microsampling tips, showing superior reproducibility and reduced matrix effects compared to conventional treatment.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling and conductive vial electromembrane extraction for the analysis of pharmaceuticals in whole blood — Reguli et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2026
In matched clinical samples from rheumatoid arthritis, VAMS and DBS showed strong agreement for methotrexate polyglutamates (slopes 0.95-1.07; bias within -4.21% to 0.36%; SRCC ≥ 0.969), with up to 100% of total MTXPG results within ±20% limits; capillary microsampling agreed closely with whole blood but differed from red blood cells, indicating matrix-specific differences that must be accounted for when interpreting against RBC-based reference values.
Multi-Matrix LC-MS/MS Validation of Methotrexate Polyglutamates: Comparison of VAMS, DBS, and Conventional Blood Sampling in Rheumatoid Arthritis — Kocur et al., International journal of molecular sciences
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2026
A UPLC-MS/MS method for linezolid and metabolites in oral fluid and VAMS capillary blood satisfied ICH M10 validation requirements. Linezolid concentrations correlated strongly with venous plasma in both matrices, offering a non‑invasive option for therapeutic drug monitoring, whereas metabolites were systematically underestimated in VAMS and seldom detectable in oral fluid, restricting metabolite measurement.
Simultaneous quantification of linezolid and its metabolites (PNU-142300 and PNU-142586) in oral fluid and capillary blood by UPLC-MS/MS: method validation and clinical application using non-invasive sampling techniques — González-Berdullas et al., Journal of translational medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- saliva
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2025
A phase 1 trial designed around participant self-collection of pharmacokinetic samples at home, with video training and pre-assembled kits: evidence that the model is a training and logistics package, not only a device.
At-Home Self-Collection of Pharmacokinetic Data: Design and Results From a Phase 1 Open-Label Feasibility Trial — Raoufinia et al., Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development
- dct
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
2025
A systematic review found mixed economic evidence for microsampling in therapeutic drug monitoring; one study reported no cost reduction with DBS home-sampling, €688 versus €676, whilst another predicted savings up to 61%. The authors caution that more work is required to assess costs alongside clinical outcomes and optimise logistics for decentralised implementation.
The economic evidence for microsampling to support therapeutic drug monitoring: A systematic review — Carland et al., British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (paywalled)
- vams
- blood
- economics
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
- antimicrobials
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2025
A review of 39 studies found that dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling show promising results for therapeutic drug monitoring of oral targeted anticancer drugs. The authors state that external validation remains crucial to confirm reliability, citing haematocrit effects and sample stability as key challenges.
Advancing Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Oral Targeted Anticancer Drugs: From Hospital-Based Towards Home-Sampling — Meertens et al., Biomedical Chromatography
- vams
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- oncology
- validation
2025
Dried saliva collected with the Mitra device correlated strongly with wet saliva but poorly with plasma unbound and total concentrations, indicating it is not a reliable substitute for plasma in routine therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolite. Capillary blood collected via VAMS remains a promising alternative for long term monitoring in paediatric patients.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling of Saliva for Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Mycophenolic Acid and Its Glucuronide Metabolite in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients: Bioanalytical Method Validation and Clinical Feasibility Evaluation — Kocur et al., Pharmaceuticals
- blood
- saliva
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2025
The study found a dried blood spot method for ustekinumab was linear from 3 to 12 mg/L with inter-day accuracy of 90.1 to 106%, enabling reliable capillary blood measurement for remote monitoring; the authors note the single-centre design.
Development, Validation and Application of the Dried Blood Spot Analysis Method for the Determination of Ustekinumab in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease — Mingas et al., Pharmaceuticals
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- biologics
2025
The study validated a method for measuring cystic fibrosis drugs in dried blood spots, showing statistical equivalence to plasma concentrations, which supports their use as a less invasive alternative for therapeutic drug monitoring. It also found higher drug levels in nasal swabs, indicating localised accumulation at the disease site, which could inform more personalised treatment.
Development and application of a multimatrix LC-MS/MS method for quantifying elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor: Expanding therapeutic drug monitoring in cystic fibrosis from systemic circulation to airways and sweat — Mucci et al., Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- sweat
- blood
- dbs
- qdbs
- tdm
- dried
- pediatric
- validation
2025
The HematoCARD cartridge autonomously collects duplicate 10 microlitre dried blood spot samples from a single finger prick and shows good analytical performance for monitoring adalimumab, with accuracy between 91 and 111 per cent, linearity R squared 0.99 and coefficient of variation at or above 0.94 compared with serum reference and commercial DBS microsampling methods.
HematoCARD: A Volumetric Duplicate Dried Blood Spot Collection Cartridge Validated for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Van Hileghem et al., Analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- volumetric
- biologics
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2025
A quantitative dried blood spot method using only 10 µL of blood successfully quantified six azole antimycotics and showed samples were stable under conditions simulating postal mailing. A formula to convert dried spot results to plasma values was derived, though the authors note this is an in vitro validation and clinical studies are required for translation to patient care.
Simultaneous Quantification of Azole Antimycotics in Quantitative Dried Blood Spots: A Step Toward Home Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Li et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- qdbs
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2025
The study determined that using self-collected dried blood spots alongside online surveys was a feasible and acceptable method for remote pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence monitoring, with 64% of participants returning at least one blood specimen.
Remote pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence monitoring among young, Black men who have sex with men: a feasibility and acceptability pilot study — Jones et al., Current psychology (paywalled)
- dct
- acceptability
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
2025
This study validated a method for quantifying fluconazole using the Mitra device, demonstrating sufficient accuracy and precision for therapeutic drug monitoring in paediatric patients.
Determination of Fluconazole in Children in Small Blood Volumes Using Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) and Isocratic High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) Detection — Zimbelmann et al., Pharmaceutics
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2025
The study found volumetric absorptive microsampling showed high agreement between capillary and venous concentrations, with 94% of dasatinib and 95% of imatinib samples meeting the 20% acceptance criterion. VAMS is viable for imatinib monitoring and may allow longitudinal follow-up for dasatinib; however, VAMS results for imatinib, but not dasatinib, could be converted to plasma concentrations using prior ratios.
Toward Clinical Implementation of a Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling-Based Method for Dasatinib and Imatinib Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Verougstraete et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- oncology
2025
The study compared quantitative dried blood spot (qDBS) and volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) devices for measuring ganciclovir levels in capillary blood from pediatric renal transplant recipients. This comparison provides evidence for choosing between microsampling devices in therapeutic drug monitoring, supporting decentralised sampling approaches that reduce patient burden while maintaining analytical accuracy.
The comparison of two volumetric microsampling devices (qDBS and VAMS) for determining ganciclovir levels in capillary blood using the LC-MS/MS technique in pediatric renal transplant recipients — Kocur et al., European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences (paywalled)
- vams
- volumetric
- blood
- qdbs
- tdm
- dried
- antimicrobials
- capillary
- pediatric
- validation
2025
The paper summarises that volumetric finger-prick self-sampling is suitable for monitoring immunosuppressants and biomarkers after kidney transplantation, but successful implementation requires careful design of the entire workflow, including patient training and method validation. This matters because it provides a real-world framework for moving critical monitoring from the clinic to the patient's home.
Implementation of Volumetric Finger-Prick Self-Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressants After Kidney Transplantation: Lessons Learned From the Practice — Vethe et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- vams
- volumetric
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- immunosuppressants
- validation
- biomarkers
2025
A UHPLC-MS/MS assay using the Capitainer-qDBS device successfully quantified five antiseizure medications, showing robust 30-day stability at room temperature and no haematocrit effect between 20-70%. Although the clinical cohort was small, comparison with plasma in 30 patients showed good correlation, supporting the potential of this patient-centric microsampling method for decentralised home monitoring.
Quantitative dried blood spot microsampling for therapeutic drug monitoring of -antiseizure medications by design of experiment and UHPLC-MS/MS — Cancellerini et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- blood
- qdbs
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2025
A study of 12 kidney transplant recipients providing 69 paired samples found that a VAMS-based assay for mycophenolic acid and its metabolite had 90% to 106% accuracy. Converting microsampling results to plasma concentrations met agreement criteria, supporting decentralised monitoring, though the study was small and limited to a single centre.
Development and Clinical Validation of a Volumetric Absorptive Capillary Microsampling Method for Quantification of Mycophenolic Acid and Mycophenolic Acid Glucuronide in Kidney Transplant Recipients — Drevland et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- tdm
- dried
- capillary
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2025
A validated LC-MS/MS method for everolimus using Mitra and Capitainer devices found excellent agreement between capillary microsamples and venous whole blood in 33 adult transplant recipients. The results showed high accuracy and negligible haematocrit effects, supporting the use of microsampling for decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Everolimus Using Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling and Quantitative Dried Blood Spot Methods with LC-MS/MS in Adult Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: An Analytical and Clinical Comparative Study — Kocur et al., Molecules
- vams
- venous-agreement
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- qdbs
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2025
In children with SLE, VAMS finger-prick capillary blood gave haematocrit-adjusted MPA and MPAG concentrations indistinguishable from plasma, and the AUC from VAMS derived plasma-equivalent concentrations matched plasma AUC with R2 0.97. This supports accurate pharmacokinetically guided dosing of MMF using only three timed capillary microsamples.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Combined with Mass Spectrometry to Support Pharmacokinetically-Guided Precision Dosing of Mycophenolate Mofetil in Pediatric Lupus Nephritis Patients — Zhao et al., The journal of applied laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2025
A validated offline SPE-LC-MS/MS method using the Mitra microsampling device successfully quantified tacrolimus, cyclosporine A, tryptophan, kynurenine, and creatinine simultaneously. The method met EMA and FDA criteria, showing agreement between capillary and venous sampling, which could facilitate decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring and transplant follow-up through patient self-collection.
An Offline SPE-LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Tacrolimus, Cyclosporine A, Kynurenine, Tryptophan, and Creatinine Using Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Device Mitra — Nierychlewski et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- biomarkers
2025
This study established conversion methods for estimating plasma concentrations from whole blood VAMS samples for seven out of ten oral anticancer drugs, finding good agreement between capillary and venous samples. Patients reported a positive experience with home sampling using this microsampling technique.
Clinical Application of Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Oral Targeted Anticancer Drugs — Meertens et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- oncology
- capillary
- validation
2025
Microsampling, particularly VAMS and quantitative DBS, can enable patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants after transplantation, allowing home self-sampling and long-term monitoring when patients live far from transplant centres. These volumetric dried formats have largely overcome the haematocrit effect and sample heterogeneity that limit conventional dried blood spots.
Microsampling techniques and patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants — Kocur & Pawiński, Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- qdbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- immunosuppressants
2025
This study validated a method combining quantitative dried blood spots with DNA methylation analysis to monitor B-cell counts remotely, achieving 100% sensitivity and specificity for a specific clinical threshold. This decentralised approach facilitates patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring for anti-CD20 therapies by overcoming the logistical barriers of regular venous sampling.
Home-sampling of B cells using quantitative dried blood spots to enable tailored therapeutic re-dosing of anti-CD20 therapies — Tallantyre et al., Multiple sclerosis (paywalled)
- biologics
- multimodal
- blood
- rpm
- qdbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
- validation
2025
The True Dose kit achieved a high System Usability Scale score of 82.7 and enabled 92% of participants to collect the required capillary blood volume, with a median sampling time of 10.42 minutes, indicating good usability but highlighting the need for clearer instructions and stress management to support reliable decentralised sampling.
Capillary Blood Self-Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Mixed-Methods Usability Study of the True Dose<sup>®</sup> Kit — Crafoord et al., BioMed research international
- blood
- capillary
- self-collection
- acceptability
- tdm
2025
The method accurately measures therapeutic antibodies in Vams samples, correlating with plasma levels, enabling reliable therapeutic drug monitoring from home-collected samples to optimise cancer treatment dosing
A novel approach for quantifying therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in blood through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry — Chi et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- vams
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- biologics
- oncology
2025
Capillary dried blood spot concentrations of levetiracetam agreed closely with plasma, with 92.1% within 20% of the mean and no proportional bias, and capillary matched venous dried blood spot with acceptable deviations; samples remained stable during postal transit, enabling at‑home self‑sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of levetiracetam - Is dried blood spot sampling suitable? — Linder et al., Clinical biochemistry (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2025
Transgender women in Uganda valued integrated PrEP and STI services that used urine self-collection for therapeutic drug monitoring and infection detection. The convenience of this approach motivated adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis, while same-day initiation and drug-level feedback supported engagement with care, demonstrating that decentralised, patient-centric models can improve prevention uptake in vulnerable populations.
Integrated PrEP and STI Services for Transgender Women in Uganda: Qualitative Findings from a Randomized Trial — Mujugira et al., AIDS and behavior (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- tdm
- sti
2025
The study found that dried blood spot sampling showed good agreement with plasma concentrations for vancomycin and creatinine, with most differences within 20%, and patients preferred the finger prick method over venepuncture, supporting its use for decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring.
Clinical validation of an innovative dried whole-blood spot method to quantify simultaneously vancomycin and creatinine in adult patients — Hassanzai et al., The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2025
A fully validated LC-MS method quantifies four direct oral anticoagulants and phenprocoumon from 10 µL capillary blood collected with Neoteryx Mitra VAMS devices. Samples remained stable for seven days at room temperature, showed no significant haematocrit effect, and offers a reliable approach for ambulatory therapeutic drug monitoring.
Development and validation of a quantification method for direct oral anticoagulants from capillary blood using volumetric absorptive microsampling and online SPE-LC-MS — Opitz et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2025
VAMS finger-prick sampling showed moderate agreement with conventional venous sampling for clofazimine, with a systematic 13% lower concentration that can be corrected, and was more cost-effective by about 4.45 USD per sample, supporting its use for routine therapeutic drug monitoring in MDR-TB.
Analytical and clinical validation of a volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) - Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of Clofazimine in whole blood — Nugraha et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- economics
2025
A dried blood spot LC-MS/MS method for voclosporin was analytically validated using volumetric sampling devices, demonstrating strong agreement with whole blood analysis across a 10-600 µg/L range. The method meets ICH M10 guidelines and allows remote therapeutic drug monitoring in kidney transplant recipients.
Dried blood spot LC-MS/MS quantification of voclosporin in renal transplant recipients using volumetric dried blood spot sampling — Metscher et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2025
The method quantified elexacaftor, tezacaftor and ivacaftor across plasma, dried plasma spots and VAMS with good linearity, accuracy and no matrix effect. Plasma and dried plasma spot results were interchangeable, while VAMS gave lower concentrations due to high protein binding and were corrected using the haematocrit to estimate equivalent plasma levels.
A Novel LC-MS/MS Method for the Measurement of Elexacaftor, Tezacaftor and Ivacaftor in Plasma, Dried Plasma Spot (DPS) and Whole Blood in Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) Devices — Pigliasco et al., Pharmaceutics
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2025
Capillary volumetric absorptive microsampling showed significant differences in absolute antibiotic concentrations compared to venous plasma, yet it reliably tracked the pharmacokinetic profiles of amoxicillin, metronidazole, and azithromycin over time. The approach was well accepted by both participants and clinicians, indicating its feasibility for less invasive therapeutic drug monitoring in periodontal clinical trials.
A comparison between venous blood sampling and capillary volumetric absorptive microsampling for antibiotics levels monitoring in individuals with and without periodontal disease — Lazaridi et al., Clinical oral investigations
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2024
Head-to-head clinical validation of two VAMS devices for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid, with roughly 86–88% of samples within ±20% of venous.
Clinical validation of two volumetric absorptive microsampling devices to support home-based therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppression — Leino et al., British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2024
A study of 301 adults with epilepsy providing 464 measurements found that patient-centric capillary VAMS microsampling showed good agreement with plasma for seven of 13 antiseizure medicines, such as carbamazepine and levetiracetam. However, systematic differences remained for valproate, primidone, topiramate, and zonisamide, meaning decentralised monitoring is feasible for most but some drugs need further evaluation.
Fingerprick volumetric absorptive microsampling for therapeutic drug monitoring of antiseizure medications: Reliability and real-life feasibility in epilepsy patients — Cancellerini et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
- capillary
2024
A review of 18 studies found that microsampling techniques, including dried blood spot sampling and volumetric absorptive microsampling, are validated for antipsychotic monitoring. Although most studies have shortcomings limiting generalisability, microsampling is recommended for clozapine and is a promising, virtually painless option to support decentralised, patient-centric care.
Microsampling Techniques Suitable for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antipsychotics — Geers et al., Journal of clinical psychopharmacology (paywalled)
- vams
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- dried
- validation
2024
The study validated a VAMS-based LC-MS/MS method for measuring sirolimus levels, showing it was clinically equivalent to the standard whole blood method and suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring in paediatric transplant patients, supporting the use of decentralised microsampling for this purpose.
Personalization of pharmacotherapy with sirolimus based on volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) in pediatric renal transplant recipients-from LC-MS/MS method validation to clinical application — Kocur et al., Pharmacological reports : PR
- vams
- venous-agreement
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2024
The study developed and validated LC-MS/MS methods for ciclosporin in whole blood and volumetric absorptive microsampling across 1-2000 ng/mL, meeting international bioanalytical criteria, and confirmed interchangeability with clinical samples and external proficiency testing, supporting decentralised microsampling for therapeutic drug monitoring in children.
A novel approach to therapeutic drug monitoring of Ciclosporin in pediatric renal transplant recipients using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) - Teaching old dog new tricks — Kocur et al., Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry (paywalled)
- vams
- blood
- tdm
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2024
Capillary serum collected with Tasso-SST and Tasso+ devices correlated with venous plasma at r = 0.98 for abrocitinib and its three metabolites, and exposure met bioequivalence criteria; the authors present this as the basis for using Tasso devices in future paediatric studies of abrocitinib.
Patient-centric microsampling for abrocitinib pharmacokinetics: multiple-analytes assay bridging using Tasso device — Tripathy et al., Bioanalysis
- blood
- capillary
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
2024
Capillary finger prick sampling at home showed close agreement with venous sampling for measuring infliximab, vedolizumab and CRP, with no systematic bias and high patient tolerability and practicality, supporting decentralised monitoring of biologic therapy in IBD.
Clinical Validation of a Capillary Blood Home-Based Self-Sampling Technique for Monitoring of Infliximab, Vedolizumab, and C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease — Otten et al., Inflammatory bowel diseases
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- biologics
2024
Transgender women in Uganda initially anxious about point-of-care urine tenofovir testing for PrEP adherence monitoring found it acceptable after counselling, though test interpretation caused confusion as two lines indicated non-adherence rather than positivity as with HIV self-tests. Some participants avoided clinic visits to prevent detection of non-adherence, a behaviour termed 'white coat dosing', highlighting the need for tailored adherence strategies in this population.
Urine tenofovir testing for real-time PrEP adherence feedback: a qualitative study involving transgender women in Uganda — Mujugira et al., Journal of the International AIDS Society
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- tdm
2024
This randomised trial found that peer-delivered HIV self-testing and sexually transmitted infection self-sampling did not improve oral pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence among transgender women in Uganda compared to standard care. Adherence was monitored using dried blood spots and urine, which showed a strong correlation in tenofovir detection.
Peer-Delivered HIV Self-Testing, Sexually Transmitted Infection Self-Sampling, and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for Transgender Women in Uganda: A Randomized Trial — Mujugira et al., Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes
- blood
- saliva
- urine
- dbs
- self-collection
- tdm
- dct
- sti
2024
The paper found that two laboratory assays for the anticoagulants apixaban and rivaroxaban gave markedly different plasma concentrations, and that dried blood volumetric absorptive microsamples taken by patients at home did not agree with plasma results. For decentralised diagnostics this means clinical laboratories must validate their chosen method and always measure haematocrit when using microsamples to ensure accurate anticoagulant monitoring.
Assays for Monitoring Apixaban and Rivaroxaban in Emergency Settings, State-of-the-Art Routine Analysis, and Volumetric Absorptive Microsamples Deliver Discordant Results — Fehér et al., Diagnostics
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2024
The study developed and validated a LC-MS/MS method for quantifying Lurasidone using volumetric absorptive microsampling, comparing dried blood and plasma matrices; the method appears precise, accurate and robust, enabling reliable decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring with small-volume dried blood samples.
Development of LC-MS/MS method for quantification of Lurasidone using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS); a comparative study between dried blood and plasma samples — Rajadhyaksha & Londhe, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
2024
This systematic review of 67 studies involving 34,739 kidney disease patients found dried blood microsampling was mainly used for immunosuppressant therapeutic drug monitoring and kidney function assessment. The approach offered cost savings, was preferred by patients for home self-collection, and provides a patient-centric opportunity to upscale longitudinal sampling and reduce participation bias in decentralised kidney disease research.
A Systematic Literature Review on the Use of Dried Biofluid Microsampling in Patients With Kidney Disease — Lamond et al., Journal of clinical laboratory analysis
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- economics
2024
Postpartum women with HIV who had low ART drug concentrations reported more challenges with HIV status disclosure, social support, health system interactions and health beliefs compared with those who had continuously high concentrations; integrating objective adherence biomarkers with patient narratives could enable real time interventions to improve ART adherence and maternal infant outcomes.
Antiretroviral therapy adherence among peripartum women with HIV in Kenya: an explanatory mixed methods study using dry blood spot measures and narrative interviews — Hampanda et al., AIDS care (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- acceptability
- tdm
2024
Microsampling with Mitra® devices correlated strongly with venous plasma for capecitabine therapeutic drug monitoring (r=0.97), but yielded consistently lower concentrations. Patients preferred this method and reported minimal pain, suggesting it is suitable for patient-centric oncology drug monitoring in decentralised settings.
Comparison of capecitabine concentrations determined by microsampling versus plasma concentrations for therapeutic drug monitoring: a pilot study — Shafiei et al., The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- oncology
2024
The authors validated a VAMS method for ivermectin therapeutic drug monitoring in whole blood, achieving a lower limit of quantification of 1 ng/mL and a linear range of 1–150 ng/mL. By eliminating haematocrit effects that limit dried blood spots, the method supports accurate decentralised sampling for antiparasitic therapy.
Development and validation of ivermectin quantification method in volumetric absorptive microsampling using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry — Harahap et al., Heliyon
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2024
An LC-MS/MS method for warfarin in VAMS samples was validated to FDA 2022 standards, showing linearity from 5–500 ng/mL. Analysis of 25 patients on warfarin therapy yielded concentrations of 6.05–431.39 ng/mL, confirming that self-collected VAMS can reliably support anticoagulation monitoring in decentralised settings.
Determination of warfarin in volumetric absorptive microsampling by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry — Harahap et al., Heliyon
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2024
The LC-MS/MS method using VAMS quantified doxorubicin and its metabolite doxorubicinol with linear ranges 8-200 and 3-100 ng/mL and LLOQs of 8 and 3 ng/mL; patient levels ranged 9.47-87.84 ng/mL for doxorubicin and 4.24-54.02 ng/mL for doxorubicinol, enabling TDM with cumulative doses 47.93-346.09 mg/m2 and an estimated cardiomyopathy risk under 4%.
Doxorubicin, doxorubicinol, cardiotoxicity, breast cancer, volumetric absorptive microsampling, LC-MS/MS — Chairunnisa et al., Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- tdm
- oncology
2024
The authors validated a UPLC-PDA assay for ceftazidime in 10 microlitre dried blood spots collected with the Capitainer device from neonatal patients, achieving accuracy of 90.1 to 104.8 per cent and precision within 11.7 per cent coefficient of variation across a quantification range of 0.5 to 200 micrograms per millilitre, and confirmed the method worked on clinical neonatal samples. This supports microsampling-based therapeutic drug monitoring of an antimicrobial in a vulnerable population where conventional venous blood draws are difficult.
Development and validation of a UPLC-PDA method for quantifying ceftazidime in dried blood spots — Lv et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2024
When patiromer is taken three hours after tacrolimus, it does not alter tacrolimus exposure in kidney transplant recipients. The study also shows that self-collected capillary blood samples using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) can reliably measure tacrolimus concentrations, which simplifies pharmacokinetic studies and enables decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring.
Patiromer Does Not Alter Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics in Kidney Transplant Recipients When Administered Three Hours Post-Tacrolimus — Drevland et al., Transplantation direct
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- dct
2024
LiFT, a low-cost yarn-based sensor, measured lithium in saliva and urine with FDA-required accuracy, achieving a detection limit of 0.97 µM and a sodium-corrected linear range to 0.5 mM. By transmitting results to patients' smartphones for sharing with clinicians, the device supports at-home therapeutic drug monitoring to minimise lithium toxicity in bipolar disorder.
LiFT (a Lithium Fiber-Based Test): An At-Home Companion Diagnostics for a Safer Lithium Therapy in Bipolar Disorder — Amirghasemi et al., Advanced healthcare materials (paywalled)
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- tdm
2024
The study developed and validated LC-MS/MS methods for ganciclovir in serum, dried serum spots, and VAMS-Mitra devices. In 80 pediatric renal transplant recipients, VAMS showed interchangeability with serum samples while extending stability to at least 49 days at room temperature, making decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring more feasible for transplant patients.
Assessment of Dried Serum Spots (DSS) and Volumetric-Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) Techniques in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of (Val)Ganciclovir-Comparative Study in Analytical and Clinical Practice — Kocur et al., International journal of molecular sciences
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2024
Capillary blood collection using liquid and dried microsampling devices yielded pharmacokinetic profiles comparable to venous sampling for two monoclonal antibodies and a small molecule, whereas haematocrit correction was necessary for dried formats and bridging was ineffective for hydroxychloroquine. The findings demonstrate the bioanalytical feasibility and patient acceptability of remote microsampling tools for pharmacokinetic evaluations in decentralised clinical trials.
Evaluation of Patient-Centric Sample Collection Technologies for Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Large and Small Molecules — Mandlekar et al., Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- dried
- capillary
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- biologics
- dct
- haematocrit
2024
A validated LC-MS method quantified multiple antibiotics from a single volumetric absorptive microsample, with stability up to 90 days for most analytes and minimal haematocrit effect except vancomycin, enabling pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in decentralised settings.
Bioanalysis of six antibiotics from volumetric microsamples: a new tool for precision dosing in critically ill children — Takyi-Williams et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2024
The study validated an LC-HRMS method for measuring breast cancer drugs in plasma, urine, VAMS and oral fluid, showing that all matrices except oral fluid for certain drugs can support decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring. VAMS and oral fluid faced practical challenges in collection due to patient conditions, but the method enables patient-centric monitoring with dried blood and other self-collected samples.
Towards clinical adherence monitoring of oral endocrine breast cancer therapies by LC-HRMS-method development, validation, comparison of four sample matrices, and proof of concept — Jacobs et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
- blood
- saliva
- urine
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2024
An on-line SPE-LC-MS method using 10 microlitre capillary blood samples collected on VAMS tips achieved lower limits of quantitation of 0.03 micromolar for methotrexate and 7-OH-MTX and 0.05 micromolar for DAMPA, with acceptable accuracy and precision. A plasma-to-whole-blood correlation factor of 0.46 was observed, supporting low-volume pediatric drug monitoring.
Development and validation of a bioanalytical method for the quantification of methotrexate from serum and capillary blood using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) and on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) LC-MS — Opitz et al., Journal of chromatography. A (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- oncology
2024
The study validated a VAMS-based method for measuring cenobamate in capillary blood, showing high precision accuracy and stability at room temperature for up to 15 days. Cenobamate levels in VAMS samples agreed with those in venous plasma, supporting its use in decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring for epilepsy patients.
A VAMS-based LC-MS/MS method for precise cenobamate quantification in epilepsy (patients) — Pigliasco et al., Epilepsia open
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2024
An LC-MS/MS method for seven antiepileptic drugs was validated using dried blood and dried plasma spots, showing acceptable precision and accuracy. Samples remained stable for seven days at ambient temperature and 40°C, with good correlation to wet plasma concentrations, supporting decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring with self-collection and room-temperature transport.
Simultaneous monitoring of seven antiepileptic drugs by dried blood spot and dried plasma spot sampling: method validation and clinical application of a LC-MS/MS-based technique — Cao et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2024
A validated high-throughput LC-MS/MS assay for piperaquine from dried blood spots achieved 54-72% recovery with <9% relative standard deviation and a quantification limit of 3 ng/mL, enabling detection for 4-8 weeks post-dose. The method showed minimal haematocrit interference and is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of antimalarial treatment in resource-limited settings and pediatric populations.
A high-throughput LC-MS/MS assay for piperaquine from dried blood spots: Improving malaria treatment in resource-limited settings — Blessborn et al., Journal of mass spectrometry and advances in the clinical lab
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2024
This review of 2022 to 2023 work surveys dried blood microsampling for targeted and untargeted metabolomic and lipidomic profiling, finding the approach viable across paediatric research, therapeutic drug monitoring, metabolite screening, biomarker discovery, sports supervision, clinical disorder studies and forensic toxicology. The authors note that dried blood spots and VAMS dominate the published literature over other volumetric formats, and argue that harmonising analytical methods would accelerate wider clinical adoption of microsampling as an alternative to conventional plasma or serum profiling.
Targeted and untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics in dried blood microsampling: Recent applications and perspectives — Couacault et al., Analytical science advances
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- toxicology
- metabolome
- biomarkers
2024
The study found that higher cumulative doses and more treatment cycles of nab-paclitaxel, along with older age, are linked to increased frequency and severity of peripheral neuropathy in pancreatic cancer patients. VAMS was shown to be a feasible, minimally invasive alternative to venous sampling for monitoring drug levels, supporting its use in patient-centric, decentralised care.
Factors affecting peripheral neuropathy induced by nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel in patients with pancreatic cancer — Kang et al., British journal of clinical pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- tdm
- oncology
2024
The authors validated a dried blood spot method for simultaneous measurement of vancomycin and creatinine with a 5.2-minute run time, demonstrating linear ranges suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring. This supports home-based sampling to reduce the burden of clinic visits for patients requiring vancomycin monitoring.
Dried blood spot analysis for the quantification of vancomycin and creatinine using liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry: Method development and validation — Bahmany et al., Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2024
This study validated a method for measuring six oral anticancer drugs and their metabolites in 10 μL dried whole blood collected by VAMS. The method remained stable for 14 days at room temperature during shipping and up to nine months when frozen, supporting its use for decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring and reducing the need for clinic visits.
Analytical Validation of a Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Method for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of the Oral Targeted Anticancer Agents, Abiraterone, Alectinib, Cabozantinib, Imatinib, Olaparib, and Sunitinib, and Metabolites — Meertens et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2023
A study of 50 paediatric renal transplant recipients found that a validated VAMS LC-MS/MS method for tacrolimus showed high correlation with the reference method over 0.5–60 ng/mL, with minimal haematocrit effect.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus Based on VAMS in Renal Transplant Pediatric Recipients — LC-MS/MS Method, Hematocrit Effect, and Clinical Application — Kocur et al., Pharmaceutics
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2023
VAMS microsampling found no significant difference from venous blood for tacrolimus in paediatric patients; samples were stable for 14 days, with average difference between paired at-home samples of 0.12 ± 0.94 ng/mL.
VAMS and parallel-reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry for tacrolimus trough measurements at home in paediatric heart-transplant patients — Zhao et al., J. Mass Spectrometry and Advances in the Clinical Lab
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2023
A structured review: many VAMS assays are analytically validated and can substitute for venous sampling for well-characterised analytes, though clinical-validation depth varies.
Analytical and Clinical Validation of Assays for VAMS of Drugs in Different Blood Matrices: A Literature Review — Nugraha et al., Molecules
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- tdm
- dried
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2023
VAMS matched serum for the kinase inhibitors nilotinib, cabozantinib, dabrafenib and ruxolitinib, r 0.94–0.97, with serum reliably predictable for the first three, and 93% of at-home samples were collected correctly: at-home VAMS shown feasible for routine cancer-drug monitoring.
Clinical validation and feasibility of VAMS for monitoring of nilotinib, cabozantinib, dabrafenib, trametinib and ruxolitinib — Zimmermann et al., J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- oncology
- capillary
- validation
2023
In children, VAMS and dried plasma spot voriconazole, posaconazole and isavuconazole correlated with fresh plasma, Spearman 0.82–0.94, and stayed stable at room temperature for at least 14 days: refrigeration-free antifungal TDM in paediatrics.
VAMS and dried plasma spot for antifungal triazole agents (voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole) in pediatric patients by LC-MS/MS — Simeoli et al., J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (paywalled)
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- dried
- antimicrobials
- pediatric
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