The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
27 papers labelled “volumetric”, newest first.
2026
This review found that volumetric microsampling devices, such as Mitra, HemaPEN, HemaXis DB10, and Tasso-M20, overcome haematocrit bias, whilst Telimmune plasma separation cards enable direct plasma collection without centrifugation. These technologies support patient-centric, decentralised sampling, though the authors note that clinical validation remains limited across different drugs and patient populations.
A Review of Blood-Based Microsampling Devices for Patient-Centered Application in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Huhn & Scherf-Clavel, Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- vams
- volumetric
- acceptability
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2026
Volumetric absorptive microsampling showed better precision than dried blood spots and a metabolic profile closer to whole blood, with stable signalling lipids for 24 hours at room temperature but significant changes after one week unless stabilised, indicating feasibility for decentralised sampling with the need for storage strategies.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling for profiling of signaling lipids: a comparative analysis with whole blood and dried blood spots — Thangavelu et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
- vams
- volumetric
- blood
- dbs
- metabolome
- dried
- validation
- biomarkers
2026
This method validation for 15 cardiovascular drugs found that VAMS and Capitainer-B provided interchangeable patient results, although Capitainer-B showed higher matrix effects while VAMS exhibited stability losses for specific analytes after two weeks. The work confirms the suitability of these microsampling workflows for decentralised adherence monitoring but highlights the need for analyte-specific stability testing.
Capillary blood microsampling and LC-Orbitrap analysis for adherence monitoring of cardiovascular drugs: method development, cross-validation, and patient proof-of-concept using VAMS and Capitainer-B — Kretschmer et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- vams
- volumetric
- blood
- tdm
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2026
This study found that measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone via dried blood spots and a volumetric device showed high agreement with serum results, with classification accuracy exceeding 96 per cent. The volumetric approach demonstrated improved reproducibility and stability, supporting its use for decentralised thyroid function monitoring.
Adaptation of a routine immunoassay analyser for TSH measurement in dried blood spot and volumetric microsampling (Capitainer B50): evaluation for thyroid function testing in adults — Bornikowska et al., Practical laboratory medicine
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- venous-agreement
- hormones
2026
Volumetric microsampling can enable patient-centred therapeutic drug monitoring with high patient preference and acceptable method validation for many drugs, but conversion from capillary to plasma and agreement with venous sampling varies by analyte and requires careful validation.
Volumetric Microsampling for Patient-Centric Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Clinical Pharmacology: A Scoping Review — Tummala et al., Journal of clinical pharmacology (paywalled)
- volumetric
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2025
The HematoCARD cartridge autonomously collects duplicate 10 microlitre dried blood spot samples from a single finger prick and shows good analytical performance for monitoring adalimumab, with accuracy between 91 and 111 per cent, linearity R squared 0.99 and coefficient of variation at or above 0.94 compared with serum reference and commercial DBS microsampling methods.
HematoCARD: A Volumetric Duplicate Dried Blood Spot Collection Cartridge Validated for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Van Hileghem et al., Analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- volumetric
- biologics
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2025
The study compared quantitative dried blood spot (qDBS) and volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) devices for measuring ganciclovir levels in capillary blood from pediatric renal transplant recipients. This comparison provides evidence for choosing between microsampling devices in therapeutic drug monitoring, supporting decentralised sampling approaches that reduce patient burden while maintaining analytical accuracy.
The comparison of two volumetric microsampling devices (qDBS and VAMS) for determining ganciclovir levels in capillary blood using the LC-MS/MS technique in pediatric renal transplant recipients — Kocur et al., European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences (paywalled)
- vams
- volumetric
- blood
- qdbs
- tdm
- dried
- antimicrobials
- capillary
- pediatric
- validation
2025
The paper summarises that volumetric finger-prick self-sampling is suitable for monitoring immunosuppressants and biomarkers after kidney transplantation, but successful implementation requires careful design of the entire workflow, including patient training and method validation. This matters because it provides a real-world framework for moving critical monitoring from the clinic to the patient's home.
Implementation of Volumetric Finger-Prick Self-Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressants After Kidney Transplantation: Lessons Learned From the Practice — Vethe et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- vams
- volumetric
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- immunosuppressants
- validation
- biomarkers
2025
A dried blood spot LC-MS/MS method for voclosporin was analytically validated using volumetric sampling devices, demonstrating strong agreement with whole blood analysis across a 10-600 µg/L range. The method meets ICH M10 guidelines and allows remote therapeutic drug monitoring in kidney transplant recipients.
Dried blood spot LC-MS/MS quantification of voclosporin in renal transplant recipients using volumetric dried blood spot sampling — Metscher et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2025
Volumetric dried blood spot microsampling enables retinol analysis with over 90% extraction efficiency from only 10 µL of blood, though α-tocopherol recovery ranges from 53 to 75% depending on filter paper. The method improves sample stability to 30 days at -80°C and reduces shipping volume more than a thousandfold, making micronutrient monitoring practical for decentralised settings.
Volumetric dried blood spot microsampling: A sustainable, patient-friendly, and practical approach for retinol and α-tocopherol analysis in a clinical setting — Suwanvecho et al., Methods (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- biomarkers
2024
At-home capillary microsampling carried pharmacokinetic sampling across the Paxlovid phase II/III programme, with fewer than 3% of more than 800 samples unusable, and the resulting data supported the Emergency Use Authorization and subsequent FDA approval: remotely collected samples accepted in a registrational filing.
Patient Centric Microsampling to Support Paxlovid Clinical Development: Bridging and Implementation — Wan et al., Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (paywalled)
- dct
- volumetric
- venous-agreement
- blood
- self-collection
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2024
Confirms urine is the second-most-applied VAMS matrix in forensics, collecting a consistent volume regardless of viscosity and enabling room-temperature storage and shipping.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling in Toxicology — Review, Toxics
- vams
- volumetric
- blood
- dried
- toxicology
- urine
- validation
- saliva
2024
In 102 patients, Mitra and Capitainer microsamples gave urine albumin-to-creatinine ratios at 102% and 95% of the clinical analyser's, and both stayed within 98% to 103% after three weeks at room temperature, which supports either device for decentralised urine collection.
Patient-Centric Quantitative Microsampling for Accurate Determination of Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (UACR) in a Clinical Setting — Löfgren et al., The journal of applied laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- dct
- volumetric
- neoteryx-mitra
- urine
- validation
- biomarkers
2023
A study of 37 kidney transplant recipients found Capitainer and Mitra microsampling feasible for decentralised monitoring. Capitainer showed consistent sampling success, 92%-96%, and higher analytical accuracy than Mitra, 52%-88% success. Proportions within ±15% of venous reference for creatinine and haemoglobin were 92%-100% and 93%-100% for Capitainer, versus 79%-96% and 67%-92% for Mitra, despite small cohorts.
Clinical performance of volumetric finger-prick sampling for the monitoring of tacrolimus, creatinine and haemoglobin in kidney transplant recipients — Vethe et al., British journal of clinical pharmacology (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- qdbs
- volumetric
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2023
This review surveys published LC-MS/MS methods that use dried blood microsampling for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants in transplantation, chemotherapy and autoimmune disease, finding that volumetric dried blood samples can replace conventional venous draws for home sampling and improve patient quality of life. The authors discuss pre-analytical considerations, clinical applicability, cost-effectiveness, harmonisation gaps and patient perception, concluding that obstacles to routine clinical implementation remain despite growing methodological maturity.
Dried blood microsampling-assisted therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants: An overview — Deprez & Stove, Journal of chromatography. A (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- acceptability
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- economics
2023
A method for tacrolimus quantification from volumetric dried blood spots collected with a hemaPEN device was validated using automated LC-MS/MS extraction. The assay was linear from 1 to 100 µg/L and met all analytical and clinical validation criteria, enabling decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants through home-based capillary blood sampling.
New perspectives for the therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus: Quantification in volumetric DBS based on an automated extraction and LC-MS/MS analysis — Rosé et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2023
Volumetric dried blood spots from finger-prick correlated strongly with venous serum lithium concentrations (Pearson’s R=0.95, ratio 0.78) in thirty-nine patients. This patient-centric microsampling method could enable home-based therapeutic drug monitoring for bipolar disorder, improving compliance and safety where venous sampling is impractical.
Determination of lithium concentration in capillary blood using volumetric dried blood spots — Wikström et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- volumetric
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2023
Deprez et al. validated LC‑MS/MS methods for four immunosuppressants and creatinine from a single 10 μL quantitative dried blood spot. With biases under 10 % and CVs below 8 %, the approach enables accurate patient‑centric therapeutic drug monitoring from capillary blood at home, mitigating the haematocrit effect through volumetric collection.
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants and creatinine from a single dried blood spot using the Capitainer® qDBS device — Deprez et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- qdbs
- volumetric
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2022
An LC-MS/MS method for dried blood spots simultaneously quantifies four therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and estimates haematocrit from haemoglobin peptides with >0.9 correlation to laboratory values, enabling accurate therapeutic drug monitoring from self-collected samples for decentralised care.
Development of an LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify therapeutic mAbs and estimate hematocrit values in dried blood spot samples — Chiu et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- tdm
- biologics
- haematocrit
2021
Delahaye et al reviewed dried-blood microsampling devices for home therapeutic drug monitoring, concluding that while patient willingness and feasibility have been demonstrated, clinical adoption remains limited. They emphasised that more extensive analytical and clinical evaluation is essential to prove real-world utility and enable routine integration.
Alternative Sampling Devices to Collect Dried Blood Microsamples: State-of-the-Art — Delahaye et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- volumetric
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- economics
- haematocrit
2021
This review finds that sensitive assays and novel microsampling designs have largely overcome traditional dried blood spot limitations, establishing feasibility for routine therapeutic drug monitoring. Patient self-sampling remains uncommon but feedback is largely positive, indicating microsampling will become increasingly important in decentralised care.
Microsampling Devices for Routine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring-Are We There Yet? — Morgan, Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- acceptability
- tdm
2020
A direct DUS-versus-VAMS comparison for 13 steroids on the same urine: VAMS gave better precision and recovery and superior one-year room-temperature stability.
Dried urine microsampling coupled to LC-MS/MS for the analysis of unconjugated anabolic-androgenic steroids — Protti et al., Molecules
- vams
- volumetric
- doping
- dried
- steroids
- toxicology
- hormones
- urine
- validation
2020
The hemaPEN device demonstrated acceptable volumetric accuracy and precision for collecting dried blood spots in vitro, with performance unaffected by user training, while observed haematocrit-dependent bias was attributed to the extraction process rather than the device itself.
<i>In vitro</i> testing of the hemaPEN microsampling device for the quantification of acetaminophen in human blood — Sen et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- haematocrit
2020
Capillary volumetric dried blood microsampling with hemaPEN provides a patient friendly way to obtain multiple identical samples for LC-MS/MS analysis of CNS drugs and metabolites, with satisfactory validation metrics and practical advantages for storage and extraction, enabling decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring.
Assessment of capillary volumetric blood microsampling for the analysis of central nervous system drugs and metabolites — Protti et al., The Analyst (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- volumetric
- tdm
2020
The Mitra microsampling device showed high clinical concordance with venous blood for tacrolimus (89%) and cyclosporin A (98%) monitoring, with inter- and intra-precision within 11.5% CV and samples stable for up to 7 days at room temperature. Transplant patients preferred collecting capillary samples at home for their immunosuppressant monitoring, supporting decentralised TDM.
Volumetric Microsampling of Capillary Blood Spot vs Whole Blood Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporin A: Accuracy and Patient Satisfaction — Mbughuni et al., The journal of applied laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- vams
- volumetric
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2018
Volumetric dried blood spot sampling showed good agreement with conventional venous sampling for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid concentrations in renal transplant recipients, with most concentrations and abbreviated AUCs falling within ±20% of conventional measures. Dosing recommendations differed on some occasions but the clinical impact was modest, suggesting home-based microsampling could support decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring with appropriate patient training.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in outpatient renal transplant recipients using a volumetric dried blood spot sampling device — Zwart et al., British journal of clinical pharmacology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2015
The foundational quantitative-DBS work: a microfluidic layer meters a controlled 5–10 µL onto a standard card in seconds, targeting the haematocrit problem at source.
New microfluidic-based sampling procedure for overcoming the hematocrit problem associated with dried blood spot analysis — Leuthold et al., Analytical Chemistry (paywalled)
- volumetric
- blood
- qdbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
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