The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 1001–1100 of 1530, newest first.
2021
A pilot study in 10 child-parent dyads showed that collecting saliva at clinic and home is feasible, with parent attachment avoidance linked to higher parent cortisol in clinic and higher child cortisol at home, and parent-child cortisol levels correlated in clinic but not at home.
Relationship Between Parental Attachment and Stress Elevation and Synchrony in Pediatric Occupational Therapy Patient-Parent Dyads — Scott et al., The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- cortisol
2021
A laboratory-developed RT-PCR test using self-collected saliva specimens achieved 75% sensitivity and 98% specificity compared with nasopharyngeal swab methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Saliva samples showed cycle threshold values 4.7 cycles higher than nasopharyngeal specimens, confirming that viral loads are detectable albeit lower, which supports saliva as a viable alternative sample type for decentralised diagnostics.
Performance Accuracy of a Laboratory-Developed Real-Time RT-PCR Method for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Self-Collected Saliva Specimens — Hata et al., Annals of clinical and laboratory science (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2021
Children with higher temperamental surgency had greater total diurnal cortisol output, but care setting did not moderate this relationship. The study shows saliva cortisol collection is feasible from toddlers in both home and centre-based environments, supporting decentralised pediatric research designs.
Child Temperament and Total Diurnal Cortisol in Out-of-Home Center-Based Child Care and in At-Home Parental Care — Tervahartiala et al., Child development
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
A capillary blood glucose threshold of 2.6 mmol/L measured before the second feed predicted neonatal hypoglycaemia within 24 hours with an area under the ROC curve of 0.96. This could allow 60 per cent of babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes to avoid extended inpatient monitoring, enabling earlier discharge and home-based care.
Safe threshold of capillary blood glucose for predicting early future neonatal hypoglycaemia in babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus, an observational, retrospective cohort study — Park et al., BMC pregnancy and childbirth
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- pediatric
2021
Remote SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing using self-collected dried blood spots proved feasible in decentralised trials, with 56% of consenting participants returning usable samples and 95% successfully completing self-collection despite pandemic logistical challenges. The agglutination-PCR method showed 83% concordance with ELISA, but mail delays and sample degradation complicated analysis and reduced data quality.
Feasibility of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Testing in Remote Outpatient Trials — Lofgren et al., Open forum infectious diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- dct
- serology
2021
In women with ASC-US, first-void urine hrHPV testing showed substantial overall concordance with cervical testing (simple concordance 90.8%, Kappa 0.765) and almost perfect concordance for HPV16/18 (98.8%, Kappa 0.840), supporting its use as a decentralised alternative to cervical sampling.
Comparison between Urine and Cervical High-Risk HPV Tests for Japanese Women with ASC-US — Yamazaki et al., Diagnostics
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
2021
First-void urine and anatomical-site swabs identified multiple STI coinfections in an HIV-positive homosexual man, with rectal swabs detecting all four pathogens. The case supports decentralised screening of high-risk groups for concurrent sexually transmitted infections.
Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma spp. Coinfection in an HIV-Positive Homosexual Man — Khullar et al., Journal of laboratory physicians
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2021
Microsampling enables remote, contactless self-collection for Covid-19 serology and therapeutic drug monitoring, reducing infection risk and clinical staff burden while maintaining accuracy through validated assays. This supports decentralised clinical trials and population-level surveillance during a pandemic.
Microsampling: A role to play in Covid-19 diagnosis, surveillance, treatment and clinical trials — Rajadhyaksha & Londhe, Drug testing and analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- dct
- serology
2021
In paediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients, infliximab levels measured from dried capillary blood spots strongly correlated with venous serum concentrations, with a mean difference of -0.14 μg/mL and excellent interclass correlation coefficient of 0.998. This demonstrates that finger-prick microsampling is a patient-friendly alternative to venepuncture for therapeutic drug monitoring of biologics in children.
Infliximab Level Between Venous and Capillary Blood Using Novel Device Strongly Correlate in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients — Zijlstra et al., Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- neoteryx-mitra
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- biologics
2021
Self-collected saliva sampling in military technicians produced stable post-awakening cortisol parameters across two days, showing the expected rise thirty minutes after waking followed by recovery. Using actigraphy to verify compliance confirms that unsupervised saliva collection in free-living settings delivers reliable data for operational health surveillance of chronically stressed personnel.
Post-awakening Cortisol in Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technicians: A Replication Study in a Novel Population — Hernández et al., Military medicine (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- actigraphy
- multimodal
2021
The study found that first-void urine PCR detected urogenital mycoplasmas DNA in 28.2% of men with genitourinary diseases versus 14% in healthy controls (p=0.05). This demonstrates the clinical utility of first-void urine sampling for identifying STI-associated pathogens in patients with genitourinary conditions, supporting its use in decentralised diagnostic workflows.
Occurrence of urogenital mycoplasmas in men with the common genitourinary diseases — Smolec et al., Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2021
The authors validated a VAMS method for hydroxychloroquine that meets FDA bioanalytical standards, achieving a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/mL. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring for patients on long-term therapy, enabling microsampling at home rather than venous draws in clinics.
Development and Validation of the Quantification Method for Hydroxychloroquine in Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array — Harahap et al., Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
2021
The study validated UPLC-MS/MS methods for both dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling to quantify tamoxifen and three metabolites in breast cancer patients, finding that VAMS extraction recovery was slightly higher than DBS while both showed satisfactory recovery with low variability, samples were stable for two months, and mean patient concentrations did not differ significantly between the two methods. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring of tamoxifen using either microsampling format.
Analysis of tamoxifen and its metabolites in dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling: comparison and clinical application — Maggadani et al., Heliyon
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2021
The Fertility Indicator Equation produced a clear signature of consecutive positive values when applied to daily serum progesterone or urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide levels, reliably signalling the transition from ovulatory to luteal phase. This approach could enable home-based fertility monitoring through self-collected urine samples.
The Fertility Indicator Equation Using Serum Progesterone and Urinary Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide for Assessment of Ovulatory to Luteal Phase Transition — Usala et al., Medicina
- blood
- urine
- fertility
- hormones
2021
The authors implemented a fully remote outpatient trial of hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis in 54 household COVID-19 contacts using self-collected saliva for SARS-CoV-2 RNA PCR testing and a smartphone-based six-lead ECG system for remote cardiac monitoring, with 42 participants completing the study and no serious treatment-related adverse events. The trial numbers were too small to assess prophylactic efficacy, but the experience demonstrates that decentralised enrolment, home diagnostic sampling and remote monitoring can be rapidly deployed in a community health system, while noting that lack of internet access excluded some potential participants.
The future is now: our experience starting a remote clinical trial during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic — Liu et al., Trials
- saliva
- self-collection
- dct
- serology
- rpm
- multimodal
2021
Salivary cortisol was measured over two days in children at 3.5 years; afternoon cortisol was higher on childcare days than home days in the out-of-home group, suggesting afternoons in out-of-home childcare may activate the stress response in young children.
Children's diurnal cortisol output and temperament in two different childcare settings at 2 and 3.5 years of age — Tervahartiala et al., Developmental psychobiology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- cortisol
2021
A microfluidic DBS device using hydrophobic burst valves meters 5-15 μL blood accurately across 25-70% haematocrit and, in a therapeutic drug monitoring validation with adalimumab-spiked samples, achieves higher recovery than traditional DBS (86% versus 62%), supporting precise home or low-resource sampling.
Precise sample metering method by coordinated burst action of hydrophobic burst valves applied to dried blood spot collection — Vloemans et al., Lab on a chip (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- biologics
- haematocrit
2021
Handelsman et al. validated a direct LCMS assay for pregnanediol glucuronide in dried urine spots without deconjugation. In ten women monitored across one menstrual cycle, using two or three consecutive first-void samples reduced false-negative ovulation detection from eight per cent to 2.6 per cent and 1.9 per cent respectively, enabling accurate home-based fertility assessment.
Direct measurement of pregnanediol 3-glucuronide (PDG) in dried urine spots by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect ovulation — Handelsman et al., The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
- steroids
2021
A hybrid trial in 99 toddlers achieved 97% adherence to electronic symptom diaries and obtained valid home-collected nasal swabs in 81% of acute respiratory infection episodes, demonstrating that decentralised procedures with parental self-sampling can reliably support respiratory virus diagnosis in paediatric vaccine trials.
Feasibility of a hybrid clinical trial for respiratory virus detection in toddlers during the influenza season — Muñoz-Ramírez et al., BMC medical research methodology
- self-collection
- pediatric
- dct
2021
Self-sampled vaginal swabs and urine can identify women with recurrent CIN2+ after treatment for high-grade CIN, with vaginal self-sampling showing high sensitivity and substantial agreement with clinician sampling, while urine shows moderate agreement; this supports home-based follow-up to maximise participation.
Self-sampling for high-risk human papillomavirus as a follow-up alternative after treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia — Östensson et al., Oncology letters
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2021
A non-invasive opto-mechanical system using photoplethysmography in finger and toe cuffs can measure capillary blood pressure and distinguish between healthy subjects and those with peripheral arterial disease, varicose veins or heart failure. This could enable early detection of venous congestion before overt oedema develops, supporting point-of-care management of cardiovascular conditions.
Non-Invasive Capillary Blood Pressure Measurement Enabling Early Detection and Classification of Venous Congestion — Liu et al., IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics (paywalled)
- wearable
- digital-biomarker
2021
Dried blood spot specimens collected at home without medically trained personnel showed agreement with conventional venous blood when analysed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, with stable antibody readouts over more than 200 days of dry dark storage and consistent results in individuals tested twice within 10 months post-infection.
Detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in dried blood spots utilizing manual or automated spot extraction and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) — Knoop et al., Analytical science advances
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2021
Salivary indoxyl sulfate and proteinuria were independent predictors of graft deterioration with an area under the ROC curve of 0.71, supporting their use as non-invasive screening tools in decentralised settings.
Evaluation of Salivary Indoxyl Sulfate with Proteinuria for Predicting Graft Deterioration in Kidney Transplant Recipients — Korytowska et al., Toxins
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- biomarkers
2021
In a longitudinal case analysis of repeat sexual trauma, self-collected saliva samples revealed a dysregulated diurnal cortisol profile that tracked with immune suppression and mental health fluctuations. The study highlights the feasibility of incorporating remote self-sampling into sensitive biobehavioural monitoring over time.
The biobehavioral impacts of sexual violence: Findings from an acute repeat survivor of vaginal rape — Anderson et al., Women's health
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2021
The study found that disadvantaged children had higher cortisol levels and flatter diurnal rhythms, indicating poorer stress regulation, but higher attachment to childcare providers was linked to decreasing cortisol release over time. This supports the use of saliva microsampling in decentralised studies of stress biomarkers in vulnerable paediatric populations.
Attachment and stress regulation in socioeconomically disadvantaged children: Can public childcare compensate? — Eckstein-Madry et al., Infant mental health journal
- saliva
- pediatric
- cortisol
2021
Maternal choline intake was found to reduce the impact of adverse childhood experiences on maternal and infant cortisol responses, highlighting the role of nutrition in buffering stress biology. This supports decentralised diagnostics by demonstrating the feasibility and value of self-collected saliva samples for longitudinal, patient-centric monitoring of hormonal biomarkers in real-world settings.
The role of maternal nutrition during pregnancy in the intergenerational transmission of childhood adversity — Vaghef-Mehrabani et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Capillary dried blood spot samples analysed with the Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay on COBAS 6000 systems agreed with paired serum results in 98.9% of cases and remained accurate at 86.7% after 9 days, supporting their use for decentralised COVID-19 serosurveillance and large-scale screening.
Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from dried blood spot samples with the Roche Elecsys Immunochemistry method — Fontaine & Saez, Practical laboratory medicine
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2021
The study validated a VAMS-based LC-MS/MS method for measuring tamoxifen and its active metabolites in breast cancer patients, showing good accuracy, precision and stability at room temperature for 30 days. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology by enabling reliable, patient-collected sampling.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as a New Biosampling Tool for Monitoring of Tamoxifen, Endoxifen, 4-OH Tamoxifen and N-Desmethyltamoxifen in Breast Cancer Patients — Maggadani et al., Drug design, development and therapy
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2021
The study found that daclizumab and trastuzumab showed encouraging recovery from VAMS after short term storage at room temperature and long term storage at -80 degrees Celsius, supporting the use of VAMS for therapeutic drug monitoring of biologics in decentralised settings.
Whole blood stability evaluation of monoclonal antibody therapeutics using volumetric absorptive microsampling — Li et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- biologics
2021
In 17 nursing home residents, anterior nasal swabs detected SARS-CoV-2 most often in the first ten days after diagnosis, while saliva and oropharyngeal swabs remained PCR-positive longer (up to 48 days). Only nasal and oropharyngeal specimens yielded replication-competent virus, suggesting saliva's prolonged positivity represents residual RNA, which matters for decentralised testing because using saliva could lead to unnecessary isolation if PCR detection occurs after active viral shedding has ceased.
A Comparison of Less Invasive Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Diagnostic Specimens in Nursing Home Residents-Arkansas, June-August 2020 — Gable et al., Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
- saliva
- validation
- serology
2021
Low-income African American emerging adults showed asymmetrical cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase reactivity to stress that correlated with experiences of racism and interpersonal trauma. Self-collected saliva revealed atypical diurnal cortisol rhythms under daily stress, showing the feasibility of decentralised biomarker monitoring for stress-related health disparities.
Stress response asymmetries in African American emerging adults exposed to chronic social adversity — Wood et al., Stress (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2021
Self-collected saliva and anterior nasal swabs detected SARS-CoV-2 with sensitivities of 68% and 59% respectively compared with healthcare worker-collected nasopharyngeal swabs. When samples were taken 3-7 days after symptom onset, sensitivities rose to 85% for saliva and 80% for anterior nasal swabs, showing that timing and patient characteristics significantly influence diagnostic accuracy in decentralised testing.
Effects of Patient Characteristics on Diagnostic Performance of Self-Collected Samples for SARS-CoV-2 Testing — Smith-Jeffcoat et al., Emerging infectious diseases
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
2021
Salivary cortisol was lower when participants self-collected at home compared with samples taken in the laboratory, and levels fell after music listening in both environments. This demonstrates that home-based saliva collection can capture physiologically relevant changes in stress hormones, which is pertinent for decentralised diagnostic and trial applications.
Psychological and Physiological Signatures of Music Listening in Different Listening Environments-An Exploratory Study — Tervaniemi et al., Brain sciences
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
In a decentralised design, HAE patients collected dried blood spot samples at home during attacks and at clinic visits, with high acceptability and sufficient sample volumes for LC-IM-QToF MS metabolomics, supporting the feasibility of patient-centric microsampling to discover disease activity biomarkers.
HAE patient self-sampling for biomarker establishment — Förster et al., Orphanet journal of rare diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- dct
- biomarkers
2021
Dried blood spot citrulline measurements gave comparable results to plasma for identifying intestinal damage and monitoring mucosal recovery in coeliac disease. This enables remote monitoring of patients at a distance, supporting decentralised care.
Evaluation of the Utility of Amino Acid Citrulline as a Surrogate Metabolomic Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Celiac Disease — Lomash et al., Nutrition and metabolic insights
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- metabolome
- biomarkers
2021
Metabolic phenotyping of dried blood spots showed high analytical reproducibility and detected seasonal differences in household air pollution exposure among rural Chinese women. This demonstrates DBS microsampling is a viable approach for decentralised environmental health research in low-resource settings.
A feasibility study of metabolic phenotyping of dried blood spot specimens in rural Chinese women exposed to household air pollution — Loo et al., Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- metabolome
- biomarkers
2021
Residual pooled rectal/pharyngeal/first-void urine specimens and residual rectal swabs showed 89% and 88% concordance respectively with dedicated anal swabs for HPV DNA detection, with marginally higher positivity rates. This demonstrates that leftover STI test material can reliably be repurposed for HPV prevalence monitoring in men who have sex with men, enabling decentralised public health surveillance without additional patient burden.
Performance of human papillomavirus DNA detection in residual specimens taken for <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> nucleic acid amplification testing in men who have sex with men — Nugent et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2021
NAAT on first-void urine is essential for identifying the cause of urethritis; dysuria is the most common symptom and purulent discharge is typical of gonococcal infection whereas transparent discharge suggests non-gonococcal pathogens, guiding decentralised diagnostic pathways.
Clinical profile and co-infections of urethritis in males — Bellinato et al., Italian journal of dermatology and venereology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2021
The study validated a sensitive LC-MS/MS method to measure rosuvastatin in 10 µL of blood collected using VAMS, with acceptable accuracy and precision across multiple days. Rosuvastatin remained stable in VAMS samples for 10 days at room temperature without pH buffer, supporting its use in decentralised clinical trials and patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring.
Validation of LC-MS/MS method for determination of rosuvastatin concentration in human blood collected by volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) — Moon et al., Translational and clinical pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2021
Volumetric absorptive microsampling with Mitra devices permits minimally invasive, finger-prick blood collection for therapeutic drug monitoring of antiseizure medications without trained staff. The review concluded that stability, accuracy and precision are acceptable for specific drugs and haematocrit effects are minimised, but evidence is drug-specific and further validation is required for decentralised clinical use.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiseizure Medications Using Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling: Where Are We? — D'Urso et al., Pharmaceuticals
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
Intervention mapping identified stigma, privacy, and time constraints as key barriers to self-sampling for HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men. Developing tailored digital outreach, role-model narratives, and peer-to-peer test distribution addresses these barriers to support uptake of remote home self-collection programs.
Systematic Development of an Intervention to Promote Self-Sampling for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections for Men Who Have Sex With Men: An Intervention Mapping Approach — Leenen et al., Frontiers in reproductive health
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
This study found that higher pre-sleep physiological stress, measured via self-collected saliva, was linked to increased cortical arousal during sleep and more consolidated rapid eye movement sleep in adolescents. The results support the use of decentralised sampling and in-home monitoring to investigate physiological interactions in natural sleep environments.
Presleep physiological stress is associated with a higher cortical arousal in sleep and more consolidated REM sleep — Pesonen et al., Stress (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- actigraphy
- multimodal
2021
A portable microfluidic cartridge achieved direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 from self-collected saliva at 1000 copies/mL without RNA isolation, integrating sample heating, primer mixing and multiplex qPCR into an automated sample-to-result workflow. This removes the need for clinic-based collection and laboratory processing, enabling rapid decentralised testing during a pandemic.
A Sensitive, Portable Microfluidic Device for SARS-CoV-2 Detection from Self-Collected Saliva — Yang et al., Infectious disease reports
- saliva
- self-collection
- serology
2021
Home-based dried blood spot sampling from infants showed significant tracking of total cholesterol between 6 and 12 months of age. With 21% of children having elevated cholesterol, this demonstrates that decentralised microsampling can identify those needing early preventive measures.
Cholesterol at ages 6, 12 and 24 months: Tracking and associations with diet and maternal cholesterol in the Infant Cholesterol Study — Øyri et al., Atherosclerosis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- pediatric
- biomarkers
2021
The study identified differential expression of urine-circulating microRNAs in five Chlamydia trachomatis-positive women with recurrent spontaneous abortion versus controls, with miR-16 showing 4.3-fold upregulation. This supports first-void urine as a viable non-invasive specimen for molecular screening of infection-related reproductive complications in decentralised settings.
Differential expression of urine-circulating micro-RNAs in Chlamydia trachomatis-induced recurrent spontaneous aborters — Ray et al., Microbial pathogenesis (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- sti
- biomarkers
2021
First-void urine collected via Colli-Pee found no HPV DNA in ocular swabs and no genital-ocular association, refuting autoinoculation in pterygium. Tear VEGF was elevated in pterygium while IL-6, IL-18 and VEGF were raised in dry eye, demonstrating condition-specific cytokine patterns.
Lack of HPV in pterygium with no evidence of autoinoculation and the role of cytokines in pterygium with dry eye — Uthaithammarat et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- first-void
- hpv
2021
Dried capillary blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling provides linear agreement with serum for lamotrigine, lacosamide and levetiracetam, enabling conversion factors to estimate serum trough concentrations for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Lamotrigine, Lacosamide, and Levetiracetam in Dried Capillary Blood-Determination of Conversion Factors for Serum-Based Reference Ranges — Klimpel et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2021
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) achieved excellent correlation with conventional venous sampling for iohexol quantification and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) derivation in twenty children, showing minimal bias overall. Accuracy was lower for GFR values under 60 mL/min/1.73 m², but the method proved stable for 245 days and valid across a 20–60 % haematocrit range, offering a viable decentralised alternative for paediatric renal function assessment.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling as alternative sampling technique for renal function assessment in the paediatric population using iohexol — Dhondt et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- haematocrit
2021
Targeted metabolomics using one‑drop capillary blood microsampling with hemaPEN showed satisfactory stability, precision, trueness and accuracy across five time points around exercise, and detected expected changes in lactic acid, TCA cycle intermediates and several amino acids; samples were quicker and easier to store and process than classical plasma or serum from venepuncture, supporting decentralised fluxomics monitoring.
Blood Microsampling to Monitor Metabolic Profiles During Physical Exercise — Nix et al., Frontiers in molecular biosciences
- blood
- capillary
- validation
- metabolome
2021
In a Berlin homeless shelter, weekly self-collection of saliva or nasal/oral swabs for COVID-19 PCR achieved 89–94% retention over three weeks, but required 48 person-hours per round and repeated assistance. Residents found nasal/oral swabs easier than saliva, and language barriers were the main obstacle to participation. This shows that decentralised screening in vulnerable populations is feasible but demands flexible, supported protocols and resource planning.
Monitoring for COVID-19 by universal testing in a homeless shelter in Germany: a prospective feasibility cohort study — Lindner et al., BMC infectious diseases
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2021
Dried blood spot measurements of antimüllerian hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone helped to stage reproductive ageing in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors, though 29 per cent could not be classified by STRAW+10 criteria, particularly within two years of gonadotoxic treatment. The study suggests that bleeding pattern alone may misclassify survivors and that modified staging criteria are needed for this population.
Beyond Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: Staging Reproductive Aging in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors — Medica et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- fertility
- hormones
2021
This systematic review found that chlamydia screening may reduce pelvic inflammatory disease in young women, and that testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea is accurate using urine samples and self-collected vaginal specimens, with self-collected samples showing 90 to 100 percent sensitivity compared with clinician-collected samples.
Screening for Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: A Systematic Review Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force — Cantor et al., Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), Rockville
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2021
Self-collected saliva and urine samples from prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes revealed altered nocturnal cortisol metabolism, with lower urinary glucocorticoid metabolites and higher morning salivary cortisone levels compared with healthy controls. This demonstrates that decentralised home sampling can detect HPA axis hyperactivity in paediatric populations with endocrine disease.
Altered Cortisol Metabolism Increases Nocturnal Cortisol Bioavailability in Prepubertal Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus — Brossaud et al., Frontiers in endocrinology
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
A surrogate-analyte LC-MS/MS method for cortisol in whole blood was validated, showing linearity from 0.5 to 500 ng/mL with acceptable accuracy and precision per regulatory guidance. Evaluation of patient samples demonstrated comparable cortisol concentrations in whole blood and plasma, indicating that whole blood sampling could support patient-centric, at-home collection in decentralised trials and clinical diagnostics.
A validated surrogate analyte LC-MS/MS assay for quantification of endogenous cortisol in human whole blood — Agrawal et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
- dct
2021
Patient-collected midturbinate nasal swabs matched provider-collected nasopharyngeal swabs with 100% sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, while saliva showed 96.8% sensitivity; pretreating saliva with proteinase K eliminated invalid results. These findings validate self-collection for decentralised infectious disease screening.
Evaluation of Self-Collected Midturbinate Nasal Swabs and Saliva for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA — Boerger et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2021
A quantitative dried blood spot device (Capitainer qDBS) combined with the Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassay tracked anti-spike antibody development after two doses of the Pfizer vaccine, with the second dose producing a roughly hundredfold stimulation that peaked at two weeks and fell to 65 percent by three months. The bias between plasma and DBS was variable across both a 14-volunteer vaccination cohort and a 200-patient clinical cohort, yet DBS proved sufficiently sensitive for prolonged immune-status monitoring without venous draws.
Use of Quantitative Dried Blood Spots to Evaluate the Post-Vaccination Level of Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 — Marchand et al., Life
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- qdbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2021
The Xpert CT/NG test demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in first-void urine and cervical swab specimens against reference methods. The 90-minute point-of-care turnaround time could enable decentralised, patient-centric testing with prompt treatment for sexually transmitted infections.
Clinical Performance of the Xpert<sup>®</sup> CT/NG Test for Detection of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>: A Multicenter Evaluation in Chinese Urban Hospitals — Han et al., Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2021
Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis was low overall among pregnant women and their male partners in Dutch midwifery practices, but Chlamydia trachomatis was notably more common in women aged 20 years or younger. The findings suggest that targeted screening of young pregnant women may be warranted while routine screening of all pregnant women and partners may not be justified in this setting.
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections among pregnant women and male partners in Dutch midwifery practices: prevalence, risk factors, and perinatal outcomes — Op de Coul et al., Reproductive health
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2021
In Ugandan PLHIV, asymptomatic STIs were found in 3.9% overall and 5.7% in women, with risk higher under 25 years and with multiple partners. Self-sampling was highly acceptable, with over 95% finding it easy and comfortable and 83.8% believing the results, supporting decentralised STI screening using self-collected urine.
Prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> in a Ugandan population most at risk of HIV transmission — Mabonga et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
Saliva self-collection achieved 97 per cent agreement with nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 detection in 128 paired specimens using CDC qPCR chemistry. In asymptomatic populations, saliva screening of 466 community participants yielded a 1.07 per cent positivity rate, nearly identical to the 1.12 per cent rate from 8,461 nasopharyngeal swabs in preoperative patients, supporting saliva as a noninvasive alternative for decentralised diagnostic programmes.
Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 PCR-Based Detection Using Saliva or Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens in Asymptomatic Populations — Fan et al., Microbiology spectrum
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2021
Saliva self-collection with TRIzol extraction matched nasopharyngeal swab performance for SARS-CoV-2 detection while enabling room-temperature storage without specialised tubes, offering a lower-cost decentralised option suitable for large-scale screening programmes.
Development of an alternative saliva test for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 using TRIzol: Adapting to countries with lower incomes looking for a large-scale detection program — Miranda-Ortiz et al., PloS one
- saliva
- liquid
- self-collection
- validation
- economics
- serology
2021
Preanalytical variables significantly affect therapeutic drug monitoring accuracy, where traditional dried blood spots face challenges with haematocrit bias and filter paper fragility. Volumetric absorptive microsampling provides a fixed-volume alternative that overcomes haematocrit dependency and facilitates self-collection workflows.
Review of the Preanalytical Errors That Impact Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Peck Palmer & Dasgupta, Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
Capillary point-of-care haemoglobin measurement correlated strongly with venous automated complete blood count in adult dengue patients, though sensitivity for detecting haemoconcentration was only fair. Using capillary microsampling reduces venipuncture frequency, enabling more patient-centric decentralised monitoring of dengue.
Comparison between blood hemoglobin concentration determined by point-of-care device and complete blood count in adult patients with dengue — Wisanuvej et al., PLoS neglected tropical diseases
- blood
- capillary
- venous-agreement
- haematocrit
2021
Fathers who self-collected saliva at home showed that greater engagement in childcare, particularly cuddling, was associated with a more pronounced diurnal decline in testosterone and lower cortisol levels. This demonstrates saliva sampling can capture behaviourally relevant hormone changes, supporting its use for decentralised monitoring of stress and reproductive hormones.
Fathering behavior, attachment, and engagement in childcare predict testosterone and cortisol — Ahnert et al., Developmental psychobiology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Saliva RT-qPCR, RT-LAMP, spectroscopy and ELISA detect SARS-CoV-2 with high sensitivity in early infection and asymptomatic adults compared with nasopharyngeal swabs. Patient-centric self-collection guided by telemedicine reduces contagion risk for staff and enables decentralised screening, but the authors note that further clinical validation is still needed.
Evaluation of saliva as a complementary technique to the diagnosis of COVID-19: a systematic review — Sagredo-Olivares et al., Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2021
In asymptomatic adults, self-collected random oropharyngeal saliva detected SARS-CoV-2 more frequently than healthcare worker-collected nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs (92.3% versus 73.8%). This supports saliva as a patient-centric specimen for decentralised COVID-19 surveillance, reducing healthcare worker exposure while improving detection rates.
COVID-19 screening test by using random oropharyngeal saliva — Rao et al., Journal of medical virology
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2021
Parent-collected nasal swabs from children with respiratory infections showed 91% sensitivity and excellent agreement with nurse-collected samples for detecting viral and bacterial pathogens by PCR, whereas parent-collected saliva swabs were substantially less sensitive at 69% for viruses and 78% for bacteria. This supports decentralised paediatric diagnosis using nasal self-sampling, reducing healthcare burden while maintaining accuracy.
Prospective Study of the Performance of Parent-Collected Nasal and Saliva Swab Samples, Compared with Nurse-Collected Swab Samples, for the Molecular Detection of Respiratory Microorganisms — Woodall et al., Microbiology spectrum
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- pediatric
- serology
2021
The study validated a VAMS method for measuring ten antihypertensive drugs in finger prick blood, showing acceptable accuracy and precision for most analytes, though concentrations in VAMS samples cannot be used interchangeably with plasma and require specific reference ranges. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring using patient-centric microsampling.
Evaluation and analytical applicability of a novel volumetric absorptive microsampling strategy for adherence monitoring of antihypertensive drugs by means of LC-HRMS/MS — Jacobs et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2021
Nineteen healthy adults showed high compliance to a three-day home salivary sampling protocol, with 95% collecting the correct number of samples. Morning cortisol and cortisone profiles had moderate reproducibility, requiring three to four days of sampling to achieve high reliability, indicating that home-based protocols can support decentralised stress-hormone monitoring.
Feasibility of home-based sampling of salivary cortisol and cortisone in healthy adults — Sørensen et al., BMC research notes
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Remote dried blood spot testing for HbA1c was feasible for telemedicine, with just over half of ordered tests completed and results available within a week for most who completed the test.
Adapting to telemedicine in the COVID-19 era: Feasibility of dried blood spot testing for hemoglobin A1c — Roberts et al., Diabetes & metabolic syndrome (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
2021
The study developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method for moxidectin and showed that capillary Mitra® microsampling in Strongyloides-infected adults yielded pharmacokinetic profiles in close agreement with venous sampling, with identical time to maximal concentration of 4.0 hours and similar maximal concentrations of 83.9–88.5 ng/mL. This demonstrates the method and device are suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of anthelmintics in decentralised field settings.
Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of the anthelmintic drug moxidectin in a volumetric absorptive microsample, blood, and plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study of adults infected with Strongyloides stercoralis in Laos — Hofmann et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2021
VAMS coupled with LC-MS/MS showed good correlation with conventional serum sampling for monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys, but a subsequent clinical study revealed that EDTA anticoagulant in standard and quality control samples caused anomalous internal standard responses in patient fingerstick samples, compromising accuracy. The authors recommend specific best practices during method development and validation to detect such anticoagulant effects early before deploying VAMS in clinical studies.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS®) in therapeutic protein quantification by LC-MS/MS: Investigation of anticoagulant impact on assay performance and recommendations for best practices in method development — Gao et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- biologics
2021
The study compared VAMS capillary finger prick samples with venous liquid and venous VAMS samples from 50 healthy volunteers for thiamine diphosphate measurement, finding 94 to 100 per cent of results within 20 per cent of their mean across all comparisons with no significant bias. VAMS microsamples also remained stable when sent through regular post without affecting results, supporting their use for decentralised thiamine status assessment in both developed and remote settings.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) as a reliable tool to assess thiamine status in dried blood microsamples: a comparative study — Verstraete & Stove, The American journal of clinical nutrition (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- dct
- biomarkers
2021
Urine self-sampling for HPV detection showed good agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples (Kappa 0.72) under optimised conditions of 40 mM EDTA preservative, storage at 25°C, and processing within 72 hours. With a cost of USD 1.10 and high acceptability among women and healthcare workers, this method offers a practical decentralised screening approach for resource-limited settings.
Performance of an affordable urine self-sampling method for human papillomavirus detection in Mexican women — Hernández-López et al., PloS one
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- economics
- hpv
- sti
2021
Home-collected dried blood spots were feasible for longitudinal HIV viral load monitoring among US MSM, with high return rates and most participants maintaining undetectable viral load across time points. This supports use of self-collected DBS as a decentralised approach to sustain viral suppression.
Longitudinal Viral Load Monitoring Using Home-Collected Dried Blood Spot Specimens of MSM Living with HIV: Results from a Feasibility Pilot Study — Teran et al., AIDS and behavior
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2021
Protti and colleagues developed and validated a VAMS-based workflow for enantioselective analysis of clenbuterol in urine microsamples. The method achieved good linearity, a limit of quantification of 0.3 ng/mL, and 87% extraction yield, supporting its potential for decentralised doping control and toxicology screening.
VAMS and StAGE as innovative tools for the enantioselective determination of clenbuterol in urine by LC-MS/MS — Protti et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- urine
- vams
- validation
- doping
- toxicology
2021
A VAMS method for 24 mycotoxins was validated against FDA and European Commission guidelines, showing no haematocrit bias and acceptable stability for 21 days at room temperature. Comparison with liquid whole blood from 20 samples revealed no missed exposed cases and comparable levels of key mycotoxins, supporting VAMS as an alternative to venous sampling in resource-limited settings.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as an Alternative Tool for Biomonitoring of Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Resource-Limited Areas — Vidal et al., Toxins
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- haematocrit
- toxicology
2021
The authors validated an LC-MS/MS method for measuring thiamine diphosphate in dried blood collected by VAMS, achieving accuracy within 6.5% bias and imprecision below 13% CV. The method was unaffected by haematocrit variation and showed superior stability, with samples remaining stable for one week at 60°C or high humidity and for at least one month at room temperature, enabling thiamine screening without cold chain logistics.
Patient-Centric Assessment of Thiamine Status in Dried Blood Volumetric Absorptive Microsamples Using LC-MS/MS Analysis — Verstraete & Stove, Analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- haematocrit
- biomarkers
2021
Capillary blood collected by fingerstick with the Mitra volumetric absorptive microsampling device showed near identical sensitivity and specificity for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies compared with venous serum when analysed with the Roche Elecsys assay. This validation enables decentralised, patient-centric serology testing for remote or at-home use and large-scale community seroprevalence studies.
Remote Fingerstick Blood Collection for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibody Testing — Garcia-Beltran et al., Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2021
This proof-of-concept study compared VAMS and dried blood spot microsamples with fluid blood for untargeted lipidomic profiling using high-resolution LC-MS/MS, finding that VAMS is a viable option for untargeted lipidomics with the advantage of haematocrit independence over traditional dried blood spots.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling of Blood for Untargeted Lipidomics — Marasca et al., Molecules
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- haematocrit
- biomarkers
2021
People with mild learning disabilities found STI/BBV self-sampling packs challenging due to complex instructions and manual dexterity required for blood sampling, yet welcomed privacy and avoiding clinic visits. Providing easy-read formats and retaining face-to-face options are essential to avoid widening health inequalities in decentralised screening.
How can we make self-sampling packs for sexually transmitted infections and bloodborne viruses more inclusive? A qualitative study with people with mild learning disabilities and low health literacy — Middleton et al., Sexually transmitted infections
- blood
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
Smartphone photographs of atopic dermatitis lesions produced severity scores that correlated strongly with in-person clinical assessment (r=0.78) and were comparable to digital SLR camera images. The high inter-rater reliability among dermatologists supports remote photo-based scoring for decentralised trials and telehealth, reducing patient burden.
Remote Rating of Atopic Dermatitis Severity Using Photo-Based Assessments: Proof-of-Concept and Reliability Evaluation — Ali et al., JMIR formative research
- dct
- rpm
- digital-biomarker
2021
Thai transgender women showed high acceptability and satisfaction for self-collection of CT/NG testing, with 100% performance agreement in a small subset compared with provider collection, supporting wider implementation especially during physical distancing.
Acceptability and satisfaction towards self-collection for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing among transgender women in Tangerine Clinic, Thailand: shifting towards the new normal — Hiransuthikul et al., Journal of the International AIDS Society
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
Latent class analysis of 4,793 participants identified five distinct SARS-CoV-2 testing preference patterns; saliva was most preferred by noninvasive home testers, and simulation predicted that offering less invasive specimens, faster turnaround, and at-home testing would increase uptake from 81.6% to 98.1%. These results show that aligning test design with patient preferences can substantially improve screening participation in decentralised diagnostics.
Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Testing Preferences in a National Cohort in the United States: Latent Class Analysis of a Discrete Choice Experiment — Zimba et al., JMIR public health and surveillance
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
2021
Children aged 8 to 14 living in neighbourhoods with higher concentrated poverty showed higher diurnal cortisol output when measured in saliva samples. Otherwise, cortisol output showed little association with other aspects of social disadvantage, suggesting limited support for HPA axis dysregulation as a general mechanism linking socioeconomic inequality to health outcomes in childhood.
Weak and uneven associations of home, neighborhood, and school environments with stress hormone output across multiple timescales — Malanchini et al., Molecular psychiatry (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2021
Capillary blood collected by fingerstick showed near-perfect correlation with venous samples for HbA1c (R² = 0.993), with 96.7% of paired results differing by no more than 0.2%. Most participants found the kit easy to use at home, indicating potential for decentralised diabetes monitoring when in-person visits are impractical.
Comparison of central laboratory HbA1c measurements obtained from a capillary collection versus a standard venous whole blood collection in the GRADE and EDIC studies — Nathan et al., PloS one
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- dct
2021
The study found that HPV detection in first-void urine samples was feasible in a decentralised setting, with high rates of type-specific persistence from mid-pregnancy to delivery and clear associations with behavioural risk factors. This supports the use of urine-based microsampling for monitoring sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy in a patient-centric way.
Maternal human papillomavirus infections at mid-pregnancy and delivery in a Scandinavian mother-child cohort study — Værnesbranden et al., International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- hpv
- sti
2021
Dried urine microsampling with volumetric absorptive microsampling and dried urine spot improved the stability of peptide hormones and growth factors during drying, storage and transport, enabling reliable LC-MS/MS quantitation for anti-doping testing.
Enhanced urinary stability of peptide hormones and growth factors by dried urine microsampling — Protti et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- vams
- validation
- hormones
- doping
- toxicology
2021
A VAMS method for quantifying 13 antipsychotics in finger prick blood was validated across three haematocrit values, showing coherent results with matched plasma samples. Five antipsychotics degraded after one week at room temperature, indicating stability limits for decentralised adherence monitoring.
Development, validation, and application of a quantitative volumetric absorptive microsampling-based method in finger prick blood by means of LC-HRMS/MS applicable for adherence monitoring of antipsychotics — Jacobs et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
Saliva self-collection for SARS-CoV-2 detection showed 87.8% sensitivity and 97.1% specificity against nasopharyngeal swabs in 1220 patients, offering a patient-centric alternative with higher acceptability and virtually painless collection, though requiring sample fluidisation. Oral-self sampling swabs were preferred by most patients and also virtually painless, but the 61.1% sensitivity was too low for reliable decentralised diagnostics.
Performances, feasibility and acceptability of nasopharyngeal swab, saliva and oral-self sampling swab for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 — Plantamura et al., European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- serology
2021
This review finds that sensitive assays and novel microsampling designs have largely overcome traditional dried blood spot limitations, establishing feasibility for routine therapeutic drug monitoring. Patient self-sampling remains uncommon but feedback is largely positive, indicating microsampling will become increasingly important in decentralised care.
Microsampling Devices for Routine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring-Are We There Yet? — Morgan, Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- acceptability
- tdm
2021
Direct RT-qPCR on self-collected raw saliva detected SARS-CoV-2 with 95.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity; only 0.6% of 2709 samples were invalid, and the method processed up to 384 samples in under two hours, offering a rapid, scalable approach for community-wide screening.
Validation and implementation of a direct RT-qPCR method for rapid screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection by using non-invasive saliva samples — Brotons et al., International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases
- saliva
- liquid
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2021
Native saliva and gargle lavage demonstrated high diagnostic sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 at 92.8% and 89.1% respectively in self-collected samples from symptomatic adults. Nasal swabs achieved comparable results but proved difficult for 16.6% of participants, while tongue swabs and chewed cotton pads were significantly less sensitive, indicating saliva or gargle lavage are optimal for decentralised screening.
Self-Collected Samples to Detect SARS-CoV-2: Direct Comparison of Saliva, Tongue Swab, Nasal Swab, Chewed Cotton Pads and Gargle Lavage — Kohmer et al., Journal of clinical medicine
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2021
Seroprevalence among Milan schoolchildren rose from 2.8% in September 2020 to 12.5% in January 2021, with an overall seroconversion rate of 10% and no difference between those attending school in person and those switched to remote learning, suggesting schools reflected rather than amplified community transmission.
Does school reopening affect SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among school-age children in Milan? — Barcellini et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- pediatric
- serology
2021
Modified pooled sampling using gargle and first-void urine achieved sensitivities of 94.2% for Chlamydia trachomatis and 98.3% for Neisseria gonorrhoeae with near-perfect concordance to single-site testing, supporting its use as a decentralised screening approach in asymptomatic men who have sex with men.
Modified self-obtained pooled sampling to screen for <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> infections in men who have sex with men — Ando et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2021
Capillary blood collected with the Neoteryx Mitra device showed a high correlation with venous samples for tacrolimus monitoring in transplant recipients, but yielded concentrations that were on average 22.5% higher. This minimally invasive method offers a convenient alternative to venepuncture for therapeutic drug monitoring, provided the consistent positive bias is accounted for in clinical interpretation.
Validation of a Capillary Dry Blood Sample MITRA-Based Assay for the Quantitative Determination of Systemic Tacrolimus Concentrations in Transplant Recipients — Undre et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2021
The authors developed and fully validated LC-MS/MS methods for paracetamol and four metabolites in plasma, whole blood and 10 microlitre VAMS dried blood microsamples, including assessment of haematocrit effects on VAMS recovery. Successful analysis of patient samples collected from both venous and capillary blood confirmed the methods are fit for purpose and can support future pharmacokinetic studies using decentralised microsampling.
Determination of paracetamol and its metabolites via LC-MS/MS in dried blood volumetric absorptive microsamples: A tool for pharmacokinetic studies — Delahaye et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
This review evaluates saliva, tears and exhaled breath as alternatives to nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 diagnosis, recommending optical spectroscopy and electronic nose techniques for rapid detection of viral biomarkers in these more readily accessible body fluids.
A review on human body fluids for the diagnosis of viral infections: scope for rapid detection of COVID-19 — Adigal et al., Expert review of molecular diagnostics (paywalled)
- saliva
- validation
- serology
2021
Daily home-based saliva collection proved feasible for six to eight weeks in people with dementia and their caregivers, with a quarter showing decreases in both morning and evening cortisol, suggesting stress reduction. Caregivers displayed a significant flattening of the morning to evening cortisol slope and dyads showed correlated evening cortisol trends, demonstrating that self-sampling can objectively monitor stress in decentralised studies of vulnerable populations.
The use of saliva steroids (cortisol and DHEA-s) as biomarkers of changing stress levels in people with dementia and their caregivers: A pilot study — Theorell et al., Science progress
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- dct
2021
Instability of salivary biomarkers after collection and the absence of standardised handling methods are the principal barriers to home-based saliva diagnostics. The review collates preservation strategies for proteins, hormones, and nucleic acids that are essential for reliable decentralised testing.
Stabilization of Salivary Biomarkers — d'Amone et al., ACS biomaterials science & engineering (paywalled)
- saliva
- stabilised
- self-collection
- validation
- biomarkers
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