The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 701–733 of 733 labelled “blood”, newest first.
2016
Molecular analysis of dried blood spots from patients across Myanmar shows that a third of Plasmodium falciparum isolates carry kelch13 propeller mutations associated with artemisinin resistance, while multiple pfmdr1 copies are uncommon, indicating that artemisinin based combination therapy should remain effective but requires ongoing efficacy monitoring.
K13 mutations and pfmdr1 copy number variation in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Myanmar — Win et al., Malaria journal
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- serology
2016
The validation of a dried blood spot assay for ceftriaxone achieved a limit of quantification of 0.14 mg/L with strong correlation between DBS-predicted and measured plasma concentrations (r=0.95). The method showed acceptable thermal stability, retaining over 95% of initial concentrations for periods ranging from 14 hours to 11 months. This supports the use of self-collected DBS samples for therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobials in remote and resource-poor settings.
Validation and Application of a Dried Blood Spot Ceftriaxone Assay — Page-Sharp et al., Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2016
A book-type dried plasma spot card that filters red cells on-card was validated for nine drugs of abuse, showing good linearity and recovery while tolerating a wide haematocrit range of 30–60%. This approach circumvents the haematocrit bias that limits dried blood spots and yields more plasma for automated analysis, making it suitable for patient-collected samples in decentralised drug screening.
A Book-Type Dried Plasma Spot Card for Automated Flow-Through Elution Coupled with Online SPE-LC-MS/MS Bioanalysis of Opioids and Stimulants in blood — Ryona & Henion, Analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- validation
- haematocrit
- toxicology
2016
An LC-MS/MS method accurately quantified hydroxyurea from small volumes of dried blood collected on DMPK-C cards and VAMS devices across a linear range of 0.5 to 60 μg/mL with comparable performance. This enables therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic assessment in pediatric sickle cell anemia patients using capillary heel- or finger-prick sampling.
Stable-Isotope Dilution HPLC-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Quantifying Hydroxyurea in Dried Blood Samples — Marahatta et al., Clinical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
2015
VAMS eliminated the variable haematocrit bias seen with DBS, but a residual haematocrit-dependent recovery effect persisted at high haematocrit: the nuance that assays still need per-analyte validation.
Does volumetric absorptive microsampling eliminate the hematocrit bias for caffeine and paraxanthine in dried blood samples? A comparative study — De Kesel, Lambert & Stove, Analytica Chimica Acta (paywalled)
- vams
- blood
- dbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- toxicology
- validation
2015
The foundational quantitative-DBS work: a microfluidic layer meters a controlled 5–10 µL onto a standard card in seconds, targeting the haematocrit problem at source.
New microfluidic-based sampling procedure for overcoming the hematocrit problem associated with dried blood spot analysis — Leuthold et al., Analytical Chemistry (paywalled)
- volumetric
- blood
- qdbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2015
Capillary dried blood spots collected at home by pediatric transplant patients and mailed to the laboratory gave tacrolimus and sirolimus results that were clinically comparable to venous whole blood, with small negative biases within acceptable limits, enabling remote therapeutic drug monitoring.
Tacrolimus and sirolimus in capillary dried blood spots allows for remote monitoring — Dickerson et al., Pediatric transplantation (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2015
Dried capillary blood spots taken by heel prick are the established standard for neonatal congenital hypothyroidism screening, with abnormal results requiring immediate confirmatory venous testing. Prompt levothyroxine treatment based on early microsampling prevents mental retardation, as IQ correlates inversely with age at diagnosis.
Congenital hypothyroidism — Agrawal et al., Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- pediatric
2015
Frequent antiretroviral resistance was detected among HIV-infected orphaned children in rural Tanzania, with dried blood spots enabling resistance genotyping alongside plasma in this decentralised paediatric clinic. The high prevalence of resistance limited virological response to therapy, demonstrating the clinical value of microsampling for screening in resource-limited settings.
Frequent detection of antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1-infected orphaned children followed at a donor-funded rural pediatric clinic in Dodoma, Tanzania — Meini et al., AIDS research and human retroviruses (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- serology
2015
Capillary thyroid stimulating hormone values in the 4-6 mU/L range in children with Down syndrome rarely indicate true hypothyroidism, as venous free thyroxine was normal in almost all cases. The authors propose a decentralised screening algorithm that uses repeat finger-prick testing after six months rather than venepuncture for school-aged children with borderline elevations, which could reduce patient burden and support patient-centric care.
Screening for hypothyroidism in Down syndrome using the capillary thyroid stimulating hormone method — McGowan et al., The Journal of pediatrics (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- hormones
2015
MiniCollect 3.2% citrate small-volume tubes give PT/INR results equivalent to standard venipuncture and are suitable when a small blood volume is preferred; EDTA tubes do not agree with standard sampling.
Evaluation of small-volume tubes for venous and capillary PT (INR) samples — Onelöv et al., International journal of laboratory hematology (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
2015
Retinol measured in dried blood spots showed high agreement with venous plasma (r=0.9724) and remained stable at room temperature for up to 10 weeks when extracted under acidic conditions, enabling simple and reliable assessment of vitamin A status for population studies and large clinical trials.
Robust measurement of vitamin A status in plasma and blood dried on paper — Huang et al., Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- biomarkers
2015
The cross-sectional survey of 1541 HIV-positive men found high rates of genital mycoplasma co-infection, Ureaplasma urealyticum in 26.7 per cent and Mycoplasma hominis in 25.3 per cent, using first-void urine. This demonstrates the clinical value of urine-based screening for STI co-infection surveillance in HIV cohorts within decentralised diagnostic workflows.
Epidemiology of Mycoplasma acquisition in male HIV-1 infected patients: a multistage cross-sectional survey in Jiangsu, China — Chen et al., Epidemiology and infection (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
2015
The study validated a commercial ELISA for measuring measles-specific IgG in capillary dried blood spots from children, finding 100% sensitivity and 96.8% specificity against matched venous serum with 92% overall agreement, then applied the method to 1,588 field-collected samples in Mexico and Nicaragua. The procedure was acceptable to surveyors and participants, showing that dried blood spots are a feasible and accurate means of assessing population immunity to measles in low-resource settings.
Use of a commercial ELISA for the detection of measles-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in dried blood spots collected from children living in low-resource settings — Colson et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- pediatric
- serology
2015
Dried capillary blood spot screening correctly identified 95.5% of relatives with multiple islet autoantibodies and 98.6% of those without, and 60% of participants favoured initial home fingerstick screening with clinic visits only if autoantibodies were found.
Use of Dried Capillary Blood Sampling for Islet Autoantibody Screening in Relatives: A Feasibility Study — Bingley et al., Diabetes technology & therapeutics (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
2015
Combining volumetric absorptive microsampling with phospholipid removal plates reduces matrix effects and delivers high sensitivity for dried blood hepcidin quantification. This method establishes a reliable microsampling protocol to quantify this peptide hormone while mitigating haematocrit bias.
Hepcidin determination in dried blood by microfluidic LC-MS/MS: comparison of DBS and volumetric absorptive microsampling for matrix effect and recovery — Houbart et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- hormones
- haematocrit
2015
Self-collected dried blood spots gave HbA1c measurements that agreed closely with venous blood when samples were stored at room temperature for up to seven days, showing low intra-assay variation and clinically acceptable prediction intervals. The method offers a viable alternative for diabetes monitoring in remote or home-bound populations where traditional venepuncture is unavailable.
The use of dried blood spot sampling for the measurement of HbA1c: a cross-sectional study — Mastronardi et al., BMC clinical pathology
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
2015
The authors validated an LC-MS/MS method for quantifying emixustat in whole blood collected by VAMS. The assay performed reliably across the normal adult haematocrit range and the analyte remained stable on the device under ambient, refrigerated, and frozen storage, enabling decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring without plasma separation or cold chain.
Bioanalysis of emixustat (ACU-4429) in whole blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling by LC-MS/MS — Miao et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2015
Dried blood spots from finger-pricks, collected either in clinic or by families at home, showed wide fluctuations in methotrexate levels in 17 of 48 children with juvenile arthritis or dermatomyositis, indicating nonadherence. Younger age and oral administration predicted poorer adherence, while subcutaneous dosing gave higher drug concentrations, proving that decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring is feasible in paediatric patients.
Methotrexate polyglutamates as a potential marker of adherence to long-term therapy in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and juvenile dermatomyositis: an observational, cross-sectional study — Hawwa et al., Arthritis research & therapy
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- pediatric
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2014
The foundational VAMS paper: a fixed ~10 µL is absorbed with under 5% volume variation across a 20–70% haematocrit range, overcoming the area bias and homogeneity problems of the dried blood spot.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling: A Dried Sample Collection Technique for Quantitative Bioanalysis — Denniff & Spooner, Analytical Chemistry (paywalled)
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2014
A US survey of 3,400 adults aged 62 to 90 collected up to 15 biomeasures at home, including saliva, dried blood spots and urine, with Salivette and Oragene among the devices used, which shows that several patient-centric sampling methods can run together in home-based research.
Continuity and innovation in the data collection protocols of the second Wave of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project — Jaszczak et al., The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences (paywalled)
- actigraphy
- multimodal
- blood
- dbs
- cortisol
- dna-genotek-oragene
- self-collection
- dried
- bd-microtainer
- hormones
- liquid
- urine
- saliva
- biomarkers
- genotyping
2014
European sex- and age-specific reference values for blood lipids in 13,579 children aged 2-11 were established using capillary sampling and a point-of-care analyser. These data support decentralised cardiovascular screening programmes in paediatric populations, showing boys have higher HDL-C but lower total cholesterol and triglycerides than girls.
Blood lipids among young children in Europe: results from the European IDEFICS study — De Henauw et al., International journal of obesity (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- pediatric
- biomarkers
2014
Dried blood spot microsampling provides a patient-centric alternative to venous sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring, with advantages of home self-collection, small sample volumes suitable for children, and analyte stability, though accuracy is affected by haematocrit and requires patient correlation studies to validate clinical equivalence.
Therapeutic drug monitoring by dried blood spot: progress to date and future directions — Wilhelm et al., Clinical pharmacokinetics
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- haematocrit
2014
Capillary earlobe blood (20 µl) from adults yielded RNA expression results comparable to venous blood for four mRNAs and microRNA‑126. This microsampling approach may enable gene expression profiling in newborns, children and patients requiring repeated sampling or with bleeding disorders.
Capillary earlobe blood may be used for RNA isolation, gene expression assays and microRNA quantification — Wehmeier & Hilberg, Molecular medicine reports (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
2014
The validated LC-MS method for valproic acid in dried blood spots showed imprecision below 9% CV and accuracy within ±14% across the clinically relevant range of 10 to 1200 μmol/L, with haematocrit effects manageable between 30 and 60%, supporting its potential for home-based therapeutic drug monitoring of this antiepileptic medication.
Quantification of valproic acid in dried blood spots — Pohanka et al., Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2014
Finger‑prick dried blood spots gave almost identical nandrolone and testosterone concentrations to venous samples. Home self‑collection for 21 days was well tolerated, showing that microsampling supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring without clinic visits, venesection or frozen storage.
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of subcutaneous injection of depot nandrolone decanoate using dried blood spots sampling coupled with ultrapressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assays — Singh et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- hormones
- tdm
2014
Parsons et al. validated a quantitative dried blood spot assay for rifapentine that remained stable for 11 weeks at ambient temperature and showed good agreement with plasma concentrations after haematocrit correction, offering a low-volume sampling approach suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring in international and paediatric tuberculosis trials.
Quantification of rifapentine, a potent antituberculosis drug, from dried blood spot samples using liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis — Parsons et al., Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2014
Adherence to the artemether-lumefantrine regimen was low, with only 14.9% of patients definitely adherent; measurable lumefantrine concentrations were found in 14.4% of venous samples, indicating poor compliance and the need for ongoing adherence monitoring.
Adherence to artemether-lumefantrine drug combination: a rural community experience six years after change of malaria treatment policy in Tanzania — Minzi et al., Malaria journal
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- tdm
2014
Both the Sebia CAPILLARYS 2 Flex Piercing and the Tosoh G8 performed excellently for HbA1c determination with low imprecision and minimal bias. Capillary blood analysed on the Cap 2FP showed good agreement with venous blood and was stable at room temperature, making it an acceptable alternative for point of care testing and enabling home collection with central analysis to reduce healthcare costs without compromising quality.
Evaluation of the Sebia CAPILLARYS 2 flex piercing for the measurement of HbA(1c) on venous and capillary blood samples — Heylen et al., American journal of clinical pathology (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
2014
A patient-use blood glucose monitoring system achieved accuracy comparable to six professional-use point-of-care systems when capillary samples from 100 subjects were measured by trained staff under standardised conditions, with all seven systems showing 99.5 to 100 per cent of results within ISO 15197:2003 limits. This supports the case that decentralised, patient-centric capillary blood glucose measurement can match professional laboratory-aligned performance when sampling is standardised.
System accuracy evaluation of systems for point-of-care testing of blood glucose: a comparison of a patient-use system with six professional-use systems — Freckmann et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
2014
The authors developed and validated a sensitive LCMS assay for methotrexate polyglutamates in dried blood spots from finger-prick samples, demonstrating agreement with conventional HPLC-UV analysis of matched red-cell samples in 47 paediatric patients. This enables minimally invasive, parent-collected sampling at home for therapeutic drug monitoring, supporting decentralised clinical studies and care in paediatric rheumatology.
A novel dried blood spot-LCMS method for the quantification of methotrexate polyglutamates as a potential marker for methotrexate use in children — Hawwa et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2013
The canonical review of the haematocrit effect, decomposing it into recovery bias, matrix effects, spot-size/homogeneity variation and analyte-distribution bias.
Hemato-critical issues in quantitative analysis of dried blood spots: challenges and solutions — De Kesel et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2012
Oragene-stabilised saliva DNA agreed with blood at 98.7% of called markers on a pharmacogenetic array; saliva's lower overall call rate tracked its variable human-DNA content.
Genotyping Performance between Saliva and Blood-Derived Genomic DNAs on the DMET Array: A Comparison — Hu et al., PLoS ONE
- dna
- stabilised
- blood
- dna-genotek-oragene
- validation
- saliva
- genotyping
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