The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 501–541 of 541 labelled “dried”, newest first.
2017
In breast cancer patients, whole blood microsampling by dried matrix on paper discs and volumetric absorptive microsampling detected a similar number of metabolites with comparable reproducibility and group discrimination to the standard protein precipitation method, supporting their use as simpler alternatives in decentralised metabolomics workflows.
Comparative study on microsampling techniques in metabolic fingerprinting studies applying gas chromatography-MS analysis — Cala & Meesters, Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- metabolome
2017
A miniaturised stable isotope dilution assay using volumetric absorptive microsampling quantified whole blood 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid from only 10.8 μL with good precision and reproducibility. The dried samples remained stable for three weeks at -20°C, demonstrating VAMS enables accurate folate status screening with minimal blood volume, which is valuable for population and newborn screening programmes.
Assessing Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Coupled with Stable Isotope Dilution Assay and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry as Potential Diagnostic Tool for Whole Blood 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic Acid — Kopp & Rychlik, Frontiers in nutrition
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- biomarkers
2017
A UHPLC-MS/MS assay for risperidone, aripiprazole, pipamperone and their metabolites in dried blood spots was validated for therapeutic drug monitoring. The method proved accurate across haematocrit values of 30-45 percent, remained stable for ten days at room temperature, and was successfully applied to patient samples, enabling decentralised monitoring in children with autism spectrum disorders.
Dried Blood Spots Combined With Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Quantification of the Antipsychotics Risperidone, Aripiprazole, Pipamperone, and Their Major Metabolites — Tron et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- haematocrit
2017
VAMS devices collect accurate blood volumes regardless of haematocrit level, but conventional ultrasonication extraction showed reduced drug recovery at higher haematocrit. A new bead-based impact-assisted extraction eliminated this bias, achieving quantitative recovery of naproxen and ritonavir across all haematocrit levels tested.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling combined with impact-assisted extraction for hematocrit effect free assays — Youhnovski et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2017
DBS sampling by finger prick enables remote collection so patients need not attend a clinic, and assays often meet analytical criteria, but clinical validation and routine implementation are limited; ideally both medicines and clinical chemistry should be measured in the same sample.
Dried Blood Spot sampling in psychiatry: Perspectives for improving therapeutic drug monitoring — Martial et al., European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- tdm
2017
The study developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method for quantitating estetrol from 10–20 µL whole blood collected on volumetric absorptive microsampling devices, demonstrating selectivity, trueness, precision, accuracy and stability without derivatisation, and confirmed performance in murine pharmacokinetic studies; this enables reliable, low-volume microsampling for decentralised pharmacokinetic applications.
Whole blood microsampling for the quantitation of estetrol without derivatization by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry — Nys et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
2017
After 15 years of room-temperature storage, dried blood spots showed substantial degradation of polar metabolites with only one remaining statistically significant, whereas 36 lipids remained stable and correlated with matched serum samples. This indicates DBS may be viable for long-term lipid studies but unreliable for polar metabolite analysis in longitudinal decentralised research.
Comparing identified and statistically significant lipids and polar metabolites in 15-year old serum and dried blood spot samples for longitudinal studies — Kyle et al., Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- metabolome
- biomarkers
2016
A review of clinical DBS across TDM, metabolic monitoring and trials, arguing that analytical and clinical validation must be obligatory before clinical use.
Clinical feasibility of dried blood spots: analytics, validation, and applications — Enderle, Foerster & Burhenne, J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- standards
- dried
- validation
2016
Home DBS sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring in children cut total costs per draw by 43% for haemato-oncology patients and 61% for renal transplant patients from a societal perspective, with smaller savings from a healthcare-only viewpoint. The findings support decentralised diagnostics in paediatric care by quantifying the economic advantage of reducing hospital visits.
Cost Evaluation of Dried Blood Spot Home Sampling as Compared to Conventional Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Children — Martial et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- pediatric
- tdm
- economics
2016
Dried blood spot sampling of 919 school-aged children in a field setting identified low hepatitis A endemicity (20.7% seroprevalence overall) but very high susceptibility in children under five (94.7%). This shows DBS can enable decentralised infectious disease screening in paediatric populations without requiring venous blood draws.
Hepatitis A seroprevalence in public school children in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, prior to the introduction of the hepatitis A universal childhood vaccination — Kury et al., Cadernos de saude publica (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- serology
2016
A review of the Zambian National Dried Blood Spot Registry identified 17 HIV-positive infants among 459 tested by DBS DNA PCR across five facilities, yielding a transmission rate of 3.7 per cent. Programmatic risk factors for mother-to-child transmission included late antenatal care presentation, home delivery, maternal refusal of treatment and loss to follow-up, underscoring the role of DBS-based infant screening in exposing service gaps as Zambia scaled up lifelong combination ART for pregnant women.
Identifying Gaps in Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV: A Case Series of HIV-positive Infants in Zambia — Bonawitz et al., The Pediatric infectious disease journal (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- serology
2016
DNA from dried blood spots extracted with a home-made buffer yielded more DNA than a commercial kit at similar quality, and duplex allele-specific qPCR accurately identified all HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 alleles in 558 children, reducing genotyping costs by 60 per cent for population-wide celiac disease and type 1 diabetes screening.
A population-wide applicable HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 genotyping using DNA from dried blood spots and duplex allele-specific qPCR amplification — Aguayo-Patrón et al., Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- economics
- genotyping
2016
An in-home dried blood spot service run by nurses increased testing uptake among household contacts of hepatitis B-infected pregnant women compared with conventional primary-care follow-up, offering a decentralised approach that may improve coverage of testing and vaccination.
Assessing the impact of a nurse-delivered home dried blood spot service on uptake of testing for household contacts of hepatitis B-infected pregnant women across two London trusts — Keel et al., Epidemiology and infection (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- serology
2016
DBS sampling yielded drug concentrations that agreed with plasma at 79–94% for praziquantel enantiomers and 108–122% for its metabolite in nine opisthorchiasis patients. This validates DBS as a practical alternative to conventional venous sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring in resource-limited settings.
Pharmacokinetic Study of Praziquantel Enantiomers and Its Main Metabolite R-trans-4-OH-PZQ in Plasma, Blood and Dried Blood Spots in Opisthorchis viverrini-Infected Patients — Meister et al., PLoS neglected tropical diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2016
Miltefosine concentrations measured in dried blood spots showed excellent agreement with plasma (median ratio 0.99, Pearson's r=0.946) in patients with visceral leishmaniasis. The method demonstrated 97% extraction recovery, remained stable for 162 days at 37°C, and performed reliably across haematocrit levels of 20–35%, offering a valid and practical alternative to venous sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring in decentralised settings.
Validation and Clinical Evaluation of a Novel Method To Measure Miltefosine in Leishmaniasis Patients Using Dried Blood Spot Sample Collection — Kip et al., Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2016
Internet-using men who have sex with men returned 82% of mailed at-home dried blood spot HIV test kits, but black non-Hispanic men had roughly half the odds of returning a kit compared with white men. The study shows strong willingness to use decentralised HIV testing while flagging equity gaps that could limit access for minority groups.
Factors Associated with Returning At-Home Specimen Collection Kits for HIV Testing among Internet-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men — Ricca et al., Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2016
Young female cancer survivors aged 18 to 44 can successfully self-collect dried blood spot samples at home, with 91% submitting specimens adequate for AMH assay. This demonstrates feasibility of patient-centric, decentralised monitoring of ovarian reserve in geographically dispersed populations, though generalisability may be limited to highly educated, higher-income groups.
Self-collected dried blood spots as a tool for measuring ovarian reserve in young female cancer survivors — Roberts et al., Human reproduction (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2016
Molecular analysis of dried blood spots from patients across Myanmar shows that a third of Plasmodium falciparum isolates carry kelch13 propeller mutations associated with artemisinin resistance, while multiple pfmdr1 copies are uncommon, indicating that artemisinin based combination therapy should remain effective but requires ongoing efficacy monitoring.
K13 mutations and pfmdr1 copy number variation in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Myanmar — Win et al., Malaria journal
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- serology
2016
The validation of a dried blood spot assay for ceftriaxone achieved a limit of quantification of 0.14 mg/L with strong correlation between DBS-predicted and measured plasma concentrations (r=0.95). The method showed acceptable thermal stability, retaining over 95% of initial concentrations for periods ranging from 14 hours to 11 months. This supports the use of self-collected DBS samples for therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobials in remote and resource-poor settings.
Validation and Application of a Dried Blood Spot Ceftriaxone Assay — Page-Sharp et al., Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2016
A book-type dried plasma spot card that filters red cells on-card was validated for nine drugs of abuse, showing good linearity and recovery while tolerating a wide haematocrit range of 30–60%. This approach circumvents the haematocrit bias that limits dried blood spots and yields more plasma for automated analysis, making it suitable for patient-collected samples in decentralised drug screening.
A Book-Type Dried Plasma Spot Card for Automated Flow-Through Elution Coupled with Online SPE-LC-MS/MS Bioanalysis of Opioids and Stimulants in blood — Ryona & Henion, Analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- validation
- haematocrit
- toxicology
2016
An LC-MS/MS method accurately quantified hydroxyurea from small volumes of dried blood collected on DMPK-C cards and VAMS devices across a linear range of 0.5 to 60 μg/mL with comparable performance. This enables therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic assessment in pediatric sickle cell anemia patients using capillary heel- or finger-prick sampling.
Stable-Isotope Dilution HPLC-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Quantifying Hydroxyurea in Dried Blood Samples — Marahatta et al., Clinical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
2015
VAMS eliminated the variable haematocrit bias seen with DBS, but a residual haematocrit-dependent recovery effect persisted at high haematocrit: the nuance that assays still need per-analyte validation.
Does volumetric absorptive microsampling eliminate the hematocrit bias for caffeine and paraxanthine in dried blood samples? A comparative study — De Kesel, Lambert & Stove, Analytica Chimica Acta (paywalled)
- vams
- blood
- dbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- toxicology
- validation
2015
The foundational quantitative-DBS work: a microfluidic layer meters a controlled 5–10 µL onto a standard card in seconds, targeting the haematocrit problem at source.
New microfluidic-based sampling procedure for overcoming the hematocrit problem associated with dried blood spot analysis — Leuthold et al., Analytical Chemistry (paywalled)
- volumetric
- blood
- qdbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2015
Capillary dried blood spots collected at home by pediatric transplant patients and mailed to the laboratory gave tacrolimus and sirolimus results that were clinically comparable to venous whole blood, with small negative biases within acceptable limits, enabling remote therapeutic drug monitoring.
Tacrolimus and sirolimus in capillary dried blood spots allows for remote monitoring — Dickerson et al., Pediatric transplantation (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2015
Dried capillary blood spots taken by heel prick are the established standard for neonatal congenital hypothyroidism screening, with abnormal results requiring immediate confirmatory venous testing. Prompt levothyroxine treatment based on early microsampling prevents mental retardation, as IQ correlates inversely with age at diagnosis.
Congenital hypothyroidism — Agrawal et al., Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- pediatric
2015
Frequent antiretroviral resistance was detected among HIV-infected orphaned children in rural Tanzania, with dried blood spots enabling resistance genotyping alongside plasma in this decentralised paediatric clinic. The high prevalence of resistance limited virological response to therapy, demonstrating the clinical value of microsampling for screening in resource-limited settings.
Frequent detection of antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1-infected orphaned children followed at a donor-funded rural pediatric clinic in Dodoma, Tanzania — Meini et al., AIDS research and human retroviruses (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- serology
2015
Retinol measured in dried blood spots showed high agreement with venous plasma (r=0.9724) and remained stable at room temperature for up to 10 weeks when extracted under acidic conditions, enabling simple and reliable assessment of vitamin A status for population studies and large clinical trials.
Robust measurement of vitamin A status in plasma and blood dried on paper — Huang et al., Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- biomarkers
2015
The study validated a commercial ELISA for measuring measles-specific IgG in capillary dried blood spots from children, finding 100% sensitivity and 96.8% specificity against matched venous serum with 92% overall agreement, then applied the method to 1,588 field-collected samples in Mexico and Nicaragua. The procedure was acceptable to surveyors and participants, showing that dried blood spots are a feasible and accurate means of assessing population immunity to measles in low-resource settings.
Use of a commercial ELISA for the detection of measles-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in dried blood spots collected from children living in low-resource settings — Colson et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- pediatric
- serology
2015
Dried capillary blood spot screening correctly identified 95.5% of relatives with multiple islet autoantibodies and 98.6% of those without, and 60% of participants favoured initial home fingerstick screening with clinic visits only if autoantibodies were found.
Use of Dried Capillary Blood Sampling for Islet Autoantibody Screening in Relatives: A Feasibility Study — Bingley et al., Diabetes technology & therapeutics (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
2015
Combining volumetric absorptive microsampling with phospholipid removal plates reduces matrix effects and delivers high sensitivity for dried blood hepcidin quantification. This method establishes a reliable microsampling protocol to quantify this peptide hormone while mitigating haematocrit bias.
Hepcidin determination in dried blood by microfluidic LC-MS/MS: comparison of DBS and volumetric absorptive microsampling for matrix effect and recovery — Houbart et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- hormones
- haematocrit
2015
Self-collected dried blood spots gave HbA1c measurements that agreed closely with venous blood when samples were stored at room temperature for up to seven days, showing low intra-assay variation and clinically acceptable prediction intervals. The method offers a viable alternative for diabetes monitoring in remote or home-bound populations where traditional venepuncture is unavailable.
The use of dried blood spot sampling for the measurement of HbA1c: a cross-sectional study — Mastronardi et al., BMC clinical pathology
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
2015
The authors validated an LC-MS/MS method for quantifying emixustat in whole blood collected by VAMS. The assay performed reliably across the normal adult haematocrit range and the analyte remained stable on the device under ambient, refrigerated, and frozen storage, enabling decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring without plasma separation or cold chain.
Bioanalysis of emixustat (ACU-4429) in whole blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling by LC-MS/MS — Miao et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2015
Dried blood spots from finger-pricks, collected either in clinic or by families at home, showed wide fluctuations in methotrexate levels in 17 of 48 children with juvenile arthritis or dermatomyositis, indicating nonadherence. Younger age and oral administration predicted poorer adherence, while subcutaneous dosing gave higher drug concentrations, proving that decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring is feasible in paediatric patients.
Methotrexate polyglutamates as a potential marker of adherence to long-term therapy in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and juvenile dermatomyositis: an observational, cross-sectional study — Hawwa et al., Arthritis research & therapy
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- pediatric
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2014
The foundational VAMS paper: a fixed ~10 µL is absorbed with under 5% volume variation across a 20–70% haematocrit range, overcoming the area bias and homogeneity problems of the dried blood spot.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling: A Dried Sample Collection Technique for Quantitative Bioanalysis — Denniff & Spooner, Analytical Chemistry (paywalled)
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2014
A US survey of 3,400 adults aged 62 to 90 collected up to 15 biomeasures at home, including saliva, dried blood spots and urine, with Salivette and Oragene among the devices used, which shows that several patient-centric sampling methods can run together in home-based research.
Continuity and innovation in the data collection protocols of the second Wave of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project — Jaszczak et al., The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences (paywalled)
- actigraphy
- multimodal
- blood
- dbs
- cortisol
- dna-genotek-oragene
- self-collection
- dried
- bd-microtainer
- hormones
- liquid
- urine
- saliva
- biomarkers
- genotyping
2014
Dried blood spot microsampling provides a patient-centric alternative to venous sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring, with advantages of home self-collection, small sample volumes suitable for children, and analyte stability, though accuracy is affected by haematocrit and requires patient correlation studies to validate clinical equivalence.
Therapeutic drug monitoring by dried blood spot: progress to date and future directions — Wilhelm et al., Clinical pharmacokinetics
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- haematocrit
2014
The validated LC-MS method for valproic acid in dried blood spots showed imprecision below 9% CV and accuracy within ±14% across the clinically relevant range of 10 to 1200 μmol/L, with haematocrit effects manageable between 30 and 60%, supporting its potential for home-based therapeutic drug monitoring of this antiepileptic medication.
Quantification of valproic acid in dried blood spots — Pohanka et al., Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2014
Finger‑prick dried blood spots gave almost identical nandrolone and testosterone concentrations to venous samples. Home self‑collection for 21 days was well tolerated, showing that microsampling supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring without clinic visits, venesection or frozen storage.
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of subcutaneous injection of depot nandrolone decanoate using dried blood spots sampling coupled with ultrapressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assays — Singh et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- hormones
- tdm
2014
Parsons et al. validated a quantitative dried blood spot assay for rifapentine that remained stable for 11 weeks at ambient temperature and showed good agreement with plasma concentrations after haematocrit correction, offering a low-volume sampling approach suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring in international and paediatric tuberculosis trials.
Quantification of rifapentine, a potent antituberculosis drug, from dried blood spot samples using liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis — Parsons et al., Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2014
The authors developed and validated a sensitive LCMS assay for methotrexate polyglutamates in dried blood spots from finger-prick samples, demonstrating agreement with conventional HPLC-UV analysis of matched red-cell samples in 47 paediatric patients. This enables minimally invasive, parent-collected sampling at home for therapeutic drug monitoring, supporting decentralised clinical studies and care in paediatric rheumatology.
A novel dried blood spot-LCMS method for the quantification of methotrexate polyglutamates as a potential marker for methotrexate use in children — Hawwa et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2013
The canonical review of the haematocrit effect, decomposing it into recovery bias, matrix effects, spot-size/homogeneity variation and analyte-distribution bias.
Hemato-critical issues in quantitative analysis of dried blood spots: challenges and solutions — De Kesel et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
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