The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 401–500 of 734 labelled “self-collection”, newest first.
2022
Self-collected saliva on cotton showed substantial agreement with nasopharyngeal sampling for detecting SARS-CoV-2, achieving a kappa of 0.79. This supports decentralised screening in resource-limited settings without requiring trained staff.
Alternative SARS-CoV-2 detection protocol from self-collected saliva for mass diagnosis and epidemiological studies in low-incoming regions — de Oliveira et al., Journal of virological methods
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
In 1580 paired samples from children aged 3–17 years, saliva self-collection detected SARS-CoV-2 with 84.6% sensitivity compared with nasopharyngeal swabs, and identified eight infections missed by swabs alone. This less invasive approach offers a feasible alternative for decentralised diagnosis of COVID-19 in paediatric populations.
Salivary testing for SARS-CoV-2 in the pediatric population: a diagnostic accuracy study — Hua et al., CMAJ open
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- pediatric
- serology
2022
In 45 young adults, pre-pandemic diurnal cortisol output measured from saliva samples predicted the degree of loneliness increase during COVID-19 home confinement, with the relationship moderated by extraversion. This suggests saliva-derived cortisol is a viable biomarker for identifying at-risk individuals in decentralised public health crises monitoring.
Pre-pandemic Psychobiological Features Predict Impact of COVID-19 Confinement on Loneliness — Baliyan et al., Frontiers in psychology
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Self-collected saliva showed moderate sensitivity of 84.8% and high specificity of 98.2% for COVID-19 RT-PCR, with higher accuracy in symptomatic individuals. This supports saliva as a convenient, resource-sparing alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs for decentralised infectious-disease screening.
The diagnostic accuracy of RT-PCR from self-collected saliva versus nasopharyngeal sampling: A systematic review and meta-analysis — Kim et al., Saudi medical journal
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
Saliva microsampling by self-collection at home, returned by mail without refrigeration, achieved 95.8% sensitivity and 92.4% specificity for anti-spike IgG at 2-4 weeks after PCR diagnosis, matching serum test performance. This patient-centric approach offers a scalable framework for decentralised SARS-CoV-2 serosurveillance, with multiplex testing for endemic coronaviruses to flag samples needing retest.
Saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 serology using at-home collection kits returned via mail — Campbell et al., Scientific reports
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
Capillary blood self-testing using the Hem-Col device demonstrated excellent correlation (r=0.992) and perfect agreement (kappa=1) with venous blood for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Feasibility was markedly lower in participants aged 65 or more, who successfully collected the recommended volume in 62.5% of cases versus 86.2% in younger adults, suggesting older people need additional support such as telephone guidance or assistance from family for home-based sampling to be reliable.
Feasibility of home-based ELISA capillary blood self-testing for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies — Baggio et al., Practical laboratory medicine
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- serology
2022
In an unvaccinated adult cohort in British Columbia, at-home self-collected dried blood spots showed an overall SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity of 2.92%, with higher rates in participants identifying as visible minorities (5.1% vs 2.6%). After adjustment for age and sex, identifying as a visible minority remained the only significant factor associated with antibody detection. This demonstrates the feasibility of decentralised dried blood spot sampling for population serosurveys and highlights inequities that inform public health planning.
Seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2 in an unvaccinated cohort in British Columbia, Canada: a cross-sectional survey with dried blood spot samples — Racey et al., BMJ open
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2022
Women using a connected urine ovulation test in this home-based randomised trial achieved a live birth rate of 16.4% in the first cycle versus 8.5% in controls (odds ratio 2.12, p=0.001). The result demonstrates that decentralised hormone monitoring improves fertility outcomes, with 78% of all pregnancies ending in live birth.
Increased Chance of Live Birth Following Use of Connected Ovulation Test System: Outcome Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial — Johnson et al., Women's health reports
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2022
An algorithm using the ratio of area under the curve for daily urinary E3G and PDG, together with a cycle-specific rise in PDG, correctly identified the luteal transition in all 78 cycles and predicted the start of the safe period from day +2 to +6 with a mean of 10.3 safe luteal days. This offers a practical, self-collection based approach to time the menstrual cycle for natural family planning and clinical assessment of ovarian function.
Algorithms with Area under the Curve for Daily Urinary Estrone-3-Glucuronide and Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide to Signal the Transition to the Luteal Phase — Usala et al., Medicina
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2022
Direct RT-PCR testing of raw saliva by two assays showed strong agreement with nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection in 615 symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, with 51 of 52 TaqPath-positive saliva samples also positive by a second saliva assay and 49 concordant results against the swab-based reference, supporting saliva self-collection as a scalable, noninvasive alternative for population-scale diagnostic testing.
Clinical Performance of Direct RT-PCR Testing of Raw Saliva for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Individuals — Castillo-Bravo et al., Microbiology spectrum
- saliva
- liquid
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
Self-collected saliva swabs showed 84.5% agreement with nasopharyngeal RT-PCR within seven days of symptom onset, and almost 500,000 saliva RT-PCR tests were performed on staff in quarantine hotels with a 0.004% positivity rate, supporting frequent, tolerable surveillance testing in high-risk settings.
Surveillance testing using salivary RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 in managed quarantine facilities in Australia: A laboratory validation and implementation study — Jenney et al., The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
Among three home-use capillary HbA1c tests, only Home Access approached acceptable accuracy with 82% of results within 5% of venous reference values, while CoreMedica and A1cNow+ achieved just 29% and 46% respectively, all falling short of the 90% standard. This demonstrates that most current home-use glycaemic tests lack the accuracy needed for reliable decentralised diabetes monitoring.
Accuracy of Three Commercial Home-Use Hemoglobin A1c Tests — Jacobsen et al., Diabetes technology & therapeutics (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
2022
Non-invasive self-sampling of anal colorectal mucus following defecation provides a patient-acceptable alternative to traditional stool collection for diagnosing colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. This emerging approach allows reliable measurement of diagnostic biomarkers to improve screening compliance.
Emerging role of colorectal mucus in gastroenterology diagnostics — Nooredinvand & Poullis, World journal of gastroenterology
- self-collection
- acceptability
- colorectal
- biomarkers
2022
Among 1,082 participants, self-collection of saliva and anterior nasal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 testing was highly feasible with near-universal specimen submission, and at least 79% rated the process favourably for ease and comfort. With no clear preference between saliva and nasal swabs, the study supports both as viable options for decentralised infectious disease screening.
Specimen self-collection for SARS-CoV-2 testing: Patient performance and preferences-Atlanta, Georgia, August-October 2020 — O'Laughlin et al., PloS one
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2022
Self-collected urine NAAT detected a 9.0% prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among 8324 clinic attendees in Southern China, with higher rates in men, indicating that urine based self-collection can support STI screening and targeted public health interventions.
High chlamydia infection and its associated factors among patients seeking clinic-based STI services in Southern China: A preliminary cross-sectional study — Wang et al., Frontiers in public health
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2022
A bean extract-based gargle solution for saliva collection, paired with rapid antigen tests, achieved 97.8 per cent sensitivity and 100 per cent specificity for SARS-CoV-2 in patients within six days of illness, matching the performance of RT-PCR on the same gargle specimens and detecting all asymptomatic cases. The method supports noninvasive self-collected COVID-19 screening as an alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs.
Bean Extract-Based Gargle for Efficient Diagnosis of Active COVID-19 Infection Using Rapid Antigen Tests — Kwon et al., Microbiology spectrum
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
2022
The SSf-COVID19 kit using self-collected saliva showed high sensitivity and specificity for detecting SARS-CoV-2, making it a reliable option for decentralised diagnostics. This supports the use of patient-centric microsampling in clinical settings where access to phlebotomy or nasopharyngeal swabbing is limited.
Clinical application of the Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag rapid test device and SSf-COVID19 kit for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection — Oh et al., BMC research notes
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
Paired saliva and nasopharyngeal swab samples from 299 individuals in Nigeria showed 67% positive agreement and 97% negative agreement for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR detection, with positive and negative predictive values of 69% and 96% respectively. The findings support drooling saliva as a self-collectable alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs for mass COVID-19 testing, reducing exposure risk and cost while enabling decentralised sampling.
Saliva sample for detection of SARS-CoV-2: A possible alternative for mass testing — Salu et al., PloS one
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
Self-collected saliva had lower sensitivity than pharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 RT-PCR and showed only fair agreement, yet it detected additional positive cases and can be used alongside pharyngeal swabs to increase case detection in decentralised settings.
The role of saliva PCR assay in the diagnosis of COVID-19 — Abdollahi et al., Journal of infection in developing countries (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
In a rural Ecuadorian community, both urine and vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing were rated as more comfortable, more private, less painful and less difficult than clinician sampling. Vaginal self-sampling was the overall preferred method, suggesting that community training could increase uptake of decentralised cervical cancer screening.
Evaluation of Urine and Vaginal Self-Sampling versus Clinician-Based Sampling for Cervical Cancer Screening: A Field Comparison of the Acceptability of Three Sampling Tests in a Rural Community of Cuenca, Ecuador — Vega Crespo et al., Healthcare
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
A national survey of 1,505 US adults found that 34% prioritised testing comfort, preferring saliva over nasal swab, while 20% avoided COVID-19 testing entirely. Offering at-home saliva tests with monetary incentives increased willingness to test among those who initially avoided testing or sought convenience, suggesting that patient-centric design can improve uptake of decentralised diagnostic programmes.
Preferences Toward COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing Features: Results From a National Cross-Sectional Survey — Katare et al., American journal of health promotion : AJHP (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
2022
Salivary glucocorticoid concentrations were comparable across Salivette Cortisol, passive drool and SalivaBio collection methods, and remained stable for 72 hours at room temperature and 4 degrees Celsius with no significant degradation after repeated freeze-thaw cycles. In children under six years, the SaliPac pacifier swab was well tolerated and collected sufficient saliva for steroid analysis in under four minutes.
Salivary Steroid Collection in Children Under Conditions Replicating Home Sampling — Tonge et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled)
- saliva
- liquid
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Dried blood spot sampling achieved high sensitivity and specificity for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection with strong correlation to paired serum, enabling virtually painless, decentralised specimen collection in community and remote settings where venepuncture is difficult.
Evaluation of serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing from dried blood spots collected from cohorts with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection — Catlett et al., Journal of clinical virology plus
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2022
A capture ELISA on dried blood spot eluates detected SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM with 97.9% sensitivity and 99.2% specificity compared with serum, showed strong correlation (r=0.81), and remained stable even when samples were deliberately rendered inadequate or accidentally damaged; all vaccine recipients were seropositive, supporting the use of DBS self-sampling for decentralised seroprevalence studies and post-vaccine response monitoring.
Simple, sensitive, specific self-sampling assay secures SARS-CoV-2 antibody signals in sero-prevalence and post-vaccine studies — Khan et al., Scientific reports
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2022
At a rural Ugandan HIV clinic, most women preferred nurse-led cervical screening to urine HPV self-sampling, yet self-collection proved feasible and detected high HPV prevalence, indicating that decentralised screening programmes must address acceptability through patient-centric education.
The preference of women living with HIV for the HPV self-sampling of urine at a rural HIV clinic in Uganda — Nyabigambo et al., Southern African journal of infectious diseases
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
Urine testing for high-risk HPV achieved 86.2% sensitivity for detecting high-grade cervical lesions, slightly below the 94.8% sensitivity of cervical samples, while patient satisfaction was significantly higher with self-collected urine. High agreement for HPV 16/18 genotypes between the two methods supports urine as a viable alternative for decentralised cervical screening.
A comparison of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA detection between urine and cervical sample testing in women with abnormal Pap smears — Punyashthira et al., The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
Female night-shift nurses had significantly lower cortisol awakening response and lower cortisol levels 30 minutes after waking compared with day- and evening-shift nurses, and reported greater stress from inability to complete personal tasks. This suggests shift pattern affects HPA axis activity and may inform risk assessment and support for shift workers.
Cortisol Awakening Response and Stress in Female Nurses on Monthly Shift Rotations: A Longitudinal Study — Lin et al., BioMed research international
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
A two‑tier decentralised testing strategy using self‑collected saliva pools detected SARS‑CoV‑2 with higher sensitivity than a commercial IVD RT‑qPCR test and enabled identification of asymptomatic cases at lower cost.
RT-qPCR-based tests for SARS-CoV-2 detection in pooled saliva samples for massive population screening to monitor epidemics — Różański et al., Scientific reports
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- economics
- serology
2022
AI analysis of salivary crystallisation patterns from self-collected saliva predicted delivery dates with high accuracy in a small cohort, offering a virtually painless home monitoring option for pregnant women that could support decentralised antenatal care.
AI Aided Analysis on Saliva Crystallization of Pregnant Women for Accurate Estimation of Delivery Date and Fetal Status — Li et al., IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
2022
Self-collected dried blood spots enabled a mail-based SARS-CoV-2 serology survey among university affiliates, demonstrating practical feasibility but highlighting challenges in remote recruitment, supply chain constraints, potential sample bias and policy barriers to returning results. Key lessons include the need for clear participant instructions, robust logistics, household data linkage and on-call clinical support to ensure successful decentralised diagnostics.
Optimizing the implementation of a participant-collected, mail-based SARS-CoV-2 serological survey in university-affiliated populations: lessons learned and practical guidance — Cramer et al., BMC public health
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2022
Finger-prick dried blood spots from 60 individuals provided sufficient sample for chromatographic determination of 20 amino acids, 5 keto acids and 24 fatty acids, with several analytes showing significant gender and age dependencies. This validates home self-collection for metabolic screening as a viable alternative to venous blood draw in decentralised diagnostics.
Dried blood spot as an alternative sample for screening of fatty acid, amino acid, and keto acid metabolism in humans — Laštovičková et al., Biomedical chromatography : BMC (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- metabolome
2022
Self-collection of extragenital swabs identified Chlamydia or gonorrhoea in 7.3 per cent of people with HIV, all missed by urine testing alone. Sixty-three per cent of these infections were asymptomatic, self- and provider-collected samples yielded equivalent error rates, and participant satisfaction was high, demonstrating that decentralised, patient-led STI screening is both accurate and acceptable.
Automated Sexual History and Self-Collection of Extragenital Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Improve Detection of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections in People with HIV — Chapman et al., AIDS patient care and STDs (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2022
Saliva self-collected by children within minutes of eating showed reduced SARS-CoV-2 detection for over half of foods tested, but a 20-minute waiting period restored accurate results in nearly all cases. This provides evidence that fasting is unnecessary for decentralised viral testing, offering a practical protocol for home collection.
Food for thought: Eating before saliva collection and interference with SARS-CoV-2 detection — Hernandez et al., Journal of medical virology
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- pediatric
- serology
2022
In a small substudy of psoriasis patients, lateral flow testing for adalimumab agreed very well with ELISA (r=0.95, R2=0.89) and capillary VAMS from finger prick correlated strongly with serum (r=0.87), while patients found home microsampling acceptable, indicating promise for decentralised TDM of biologics and warranting larger validation.
Promising Tools to Facilitate the Implementation of TDM of Biologics in Clinical Practice — Soenen et al., Journal of clinical medicine
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- biologics
2022
Dried blood spot testing achieved high acceptability among Métis community members in a culturally tailored pilot. Participants valued the ease of self-collection, the reduction of logistical barriers and stigma through event-based delivery, and the provision of Métis-specific services, suggesting that community-centred microsampling can expand HIV and sexually transmitted infection screening in decentralised diagnostics.
Assessing the acceptability of dried blood spot testing for HIV and STBBI among Métis people in a community driven pilot project in Alberta, Canada — Landy et al., BMC health services research
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2022
Self-collected urine or penile-meatal swabs identified Mycoplasma genitalium in 12.8% of Ugandan men with urethritis, with macrolide resistance in 10.7% of positive cases. This supports decentralised STI screening in settings where clinic-based collection is limited.
Retrospective Analysis of Ugandan Men with Urethritis Reveals Mycoplasma genitalium and Associated Macrolide Resistance — Melendez et al., Microbiology spectrum
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2022
Among 108 gender-diverse youth of colour aged 16-24, this study documented high rates of housing instability (30%), limited healthcare access (26% had no place to go for healthcare), and elevated substance use and sexual risk behaviours. The protocol included self-collection of rectal, frontal, and throat swabs for STI testing alongside urine and blood sampling, demonstrating decentralised diagnostic methods in a marginalised population with poor healthcare access.
Health and service utilization among a sample of gender-diverse youth of color: the TRUTH study — Rusow et al., BMC public health
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2022
Saliva shows promise as a patient-friendly alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 diagnosis, particularly for decentralised testing, though variability in collection and processing methods affects sensitivity. Standardising protocols could improve reliability and support wider use in decentralised diagnostics.
Saliva as an alternative specimen to nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 diagnosis: Review — McPhillips & MacSharry, Access microbiology
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- serology
2022
Three-quarters of dementia care dyads completed eight weeks of in-home saliva collection for cortisol and DHEA-S, with patients and caregivers producing equally valid samples. This demonstrates that self-administered saliva collection is feasible even among people with cognitive impairment, supporting decentralised stress biomarker monitoring in this population.
The Feasibility and Acceptability of In-Home Saliva Collection for Stress in Persons With Dementia and Their Family Caregivers — Emami et al., Biological research for nursing (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Menstrual blood HbA1c levels showed strong concordance and a robust linear relationship with systemic venous HbA1c in both healthy and diabetic women, supporting its use as a non-invasive alternative for glycaemic monitoring.
Novel use of menstrual blood for monitoring glycaemic control in patients with diabetes: a proof-of-concept study — Naseri et al., BMJ sexual & reproductive health (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
2022
In a pilot study of 100 adults, 70 per cent collected an adequate capillary blood sample using the Tasso-SST device, and among those with an adequate sample results showed high concordance with routine phlebotomy for SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing, supporting the use of this self-collection system in decentralised diagnostics.
Comparison of a Blood Self-Collection System with Routine Phlebotomy for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Testing — Wixted et al., Diagnostics
- blood
- capillary
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- serology
2022
Women reported that urine collection was more acceptable than cervicovaginal self sampling, and most found the instructions clear, supporting the use of home based urine self collection to improve participation in cervical screening.
Experiences and preferences towards collecting a urine and cervicovaginal self-sample among women attending a colposcopy clinic — Schaafsma et al., Preventive medicine reports
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
2022
In women with abnormal cervical cytology, self-collected vaginal samples showed substantial agreement with physician-collected samples for HPV detection, particularly for high-risk types 16 and 18. Urine samples yielded moderate agreement but remained effective for high-risk types, suggesting both self-collection methods could support decentralised cervical screening programmes.
Human papillomavirus testing and cytology using physician-collected uterine cervical samples vs. self-collected vaginal samples and urine samples — Terada et al., International journal of clinical oncology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2022
Higher engagement in regular HIV and STI testing was associated with incident STIs and health seeking behaviours, and participants rated self-sampling as convenient.
Regular Testing of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections With Self-Collected Samples From Multiple Anatomic Sites to Monitor Sexual Health in Men Who Have Sex With Men: Longitudinal Study — Wong et al., JMIR formative research
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2022
Fifty-one per cent of racially and ethnically diverse gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men returned at least one self-collected specimen, blood, urine, pharyngeal or rectal swabs, or hair, within six weeks when offered for remote HIV and STI screening and pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence testing; most specimens were adequate for laboratory processing. Non-return was associated with lower education, employment, and lower HIV/STI knowledge and concern, indicating that while self-collection is feasible for decentralised diagnostics, targeted engagement strategies are needed.
Study Evaluating Self-Collected Specimen Return for HIV, Bacterial STI, and Potential Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Testing Among Sexual Minority Men in the United States — Sharma et al., American journal of men's health
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- serology
- sti
2022
In a cohort of transgender women in São Paulo, self-collection of urine and other genital samples for STI screening was highly acceptable, with most participants preferring self-collection over provider collection for reasons of privacy and comfort; this supports the feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric sampling for STI diagnosis.
Acceptability of self-sampling for etiological diagnosis of mucosal sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among transgender women in a longitudinal cohort study in São Paulo, Brazil — McCartney et al., The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2022
In a Ugandan cohort, 96% of participants successfully collected at least 16 of 24 requested at-home dried blood spots, with strong correlation (R=0.93) between parasite RNA detected in self-collected spots and venous blood. The method was well tolerated, indicating self-collected DBS can reliably support decentralised malaria surveillance in endemic settings.
Feasibility of community at-home dried blood spot collection combined with pooled reverse transcription PCR as a viable and convenient method for malaria epidemiology studies — Hergott et al., Malaria journal
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- pediatric
- serology
2022
The study found that an at-home urine testing system could predict ovarian reserve, identify up to six fertile days and confirm ovulation by measuring four hormones across the menstrual cycle, potentially screening for ovulatory disorders in a decentralised setting.
Complete Cycle Mapping Using a Quantitative At-Home Hormone Monitoring System in Prediction of Fertile Days, Confirmation of Ovulation, and Screening for Ovulation Issues Preventing Conception — Wegrzynowicz et al., Medicina
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2022
Morning self-collection of saliva and nasal swabs produces significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 viral loads than evening collection, which translates to improved detection rates especially for tests of low to moderate analytical sensitivity. This timing strategy offers a simple, low-cost enhancement to diagnostic sensitivity for decentralised and home-based COVID-19 testing.
Morning SARS-CoV-2 Testing Yields Better Detection of Infection Due to Higher Viral Loads in Saliva and Nasal Swabs upon Waking — Viloria Winnett et al., Microbiology spectrum
- saliva
- self-collection
- serology
2022
Saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 testing enables patient self-collection and reduces resource burden compared with swab methods, making it suitable for decentralised surveillance in low- and middle-income countries. The paper identifies a critical gap between demonstrated effectiveness and real-world implementation, calling for targeted research to overcome regulatory and operational barriers.
Saliva-based methods for SARS-CoV-2 testing in low- and middle-income countries — Tan et al., Bulletin of the World Health Organization
- saliva
- self-collection
- serology
2022
Capillary blood self-sampling achieved 98.3% agreement with venous samples for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and 100% for IgA among 60 participants, demonstrating accuracy for vaccine monitoring. Saliva self-collection proved feasible with excellent usability, offering a patient-centric alternative for decentralised immunogenicity assessment.
Self-collection of capillary blood and saliva to determine COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and health professionals — Schmetzer et al., Frontiers in public health
- blood
- saliva
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- serology
2022
Among 92 patients on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, 79.3 per cent returned home-collected kits comprising dried blood spots, urine, and oropharyngeal swabs. Nearly 87.7 per cent were extremely to moderately satisfied with avoiding clinic visits, and mean turnaround fell from 17 to 5 days, showing self-collection is a feasible, patient-centric model for decentralised sexual health and SARS-CoV-2 screening.
Feasibility and Acceptability of Home-Collected Samples for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Laboratory Tests in San Francisco Primary Care Clinics — Saberi et al., Open forum infectious diseases
- blood
- urine
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2022
In Chicago neighbourhood pairs with markedly different COVID-19 case rates, self-collected dried blood spots showed similar anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity, indicating comparable prior exposure and suggesting that social determinants and comorbidities drive the observed disparities in case rates.
Geographic disparities in COVID-19 case rates are not reflected in seropositivity rates using a neighborhood survey in Chicago — Mustanski et al., Annals of epidemiology
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2022
An in-house RT-qPCR primer set demonstrated superior sensitivity and specificity for SARS-CoV-2 compared with WHO and CDC primers across sputum, nasopharyngeal and saliva specimens. Sputum provided the highest sensitivity, while self-collected saliva outperformed oropharyngeal samples, supporting specimen choice as a critical factor for accurate decentralised COVID-19 testing.
Accuracy of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction in COVID-19 Patients — Lawrence Panchali et al., Microbiology spectrum
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
Real-time racial discrimination predicted higher next-morning salivary cortisol in healthy Black adults, suggesting everyday discrimination influences HPA axis activity. Self-collection of saliva enabled repeated, decentralised measurement of stress hormones in daily life.
Real-time racial discrimination, affective states, salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase in Black adults — Nam et al., PloS one
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Salivary cortisol profiles measured from self-collected samples were associated with symptom severity and neurobehavioural impairment after mild traumatic brain injury, suggesting salivary cortisol may be a useful biomarker for characterising biological factors that influence outcomes.
Association between Altered Cortisol Profiles and Neurobehavioral Impairment after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in College Students — Villegas et al., Journal of neurotrauma (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2022
Self-collected saliva and anterior nares swabs showed slightly lower sensitivity than nasopharyngeal swabs but were acceptable alternatives for symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 testing and surveillance, especially with increased sampling frequency in asymptomatic individuals.
Viral RNA Load and Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in Paired Respiratory and Oral Specimens from Symptomatic, Asymptomatic, or Postsymptomatic Individuals — Tallmadge et al., Microbiology spectrum
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
Dried blood spots collected by fingerprick at home produced SARS-CoV-2 antibody results comparable to plasma or serum in ELISA and commercial assays, reliably detecting responses months after infection and tracking post-vaccination kinetics in a community survey across 12 cities. This demonstrates that self-collected DBS enable longitudinal serosurveillance without phlebotomy, supporting their use in decentralised diagnostics when venous sampling is impractical.
Development and Implementation of Dried Blood Spot-Based COVID-19 Serological Assays for Epidemiologic Studies — Wong et al., Microbiology spectrum
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2022
Vaginal self-sampling detected HPV with 94.4% sensitivity and 92.1% specificity against clinician collection, while urine self-sampling achieved 88.8% sensitivity and 94.1% specificity. Both methods yielded high negative predictive values, showing that self-sampling can provide accurate HPV screening in rural settings without clinician involvement.
Role of Self-Sampling for Cervical Cancer Screening: Diagnostic Test Properties of Three Tests for the Diagnosis of HPV in Rural Communities of Cuenca, Ecuador — Vega Crespo et al., International journal of environmental research and public health
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2022
The review found saliva to be a non‑invasive, well‑tolerated specimen for SARS‑CoV‑2 detection that enables home self‑sampling, thereby protecting healthcare workers from exposure. It concluded that salivary diagnostics could offer a rapid, cost‑effective approach for early COVID‑19 screening, but further research is needed to establish reliability.
Salivary diagnostics of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) — Michailidou et al., Oral diseases (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
Self-collected saliva tested with a rapid, connected RT-LAMP assay showed 85.9% sensitivity and 99.5% specificity for SARS-CoV-2 compared with RT-qPCR, supporting its use for ambulatory screening and enabling connected reporting to health authorities.
Performances of rapid and connected salivary RT-LAMP diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 infection in ambulatory screening — Schneider et al., Scientific reports
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
In a retrospective cohort, late-night salivary cortisol had 95% sensitivity and 91% specificity, while late-night salivary cortisone had 86% sensitivity and 100% specificity; using an optimal cut-off of 14.5 nmol/L, late-night salivary cortisone achieved 95.2% sensitivity and 100% specificity with an AUC of 0.997, supporting simultaneous measurement of both as first-line screening for suspected Cushing's syndrome, and because saliva collection is non-invasive and can be done at home, it is suitable for patient-centric decentralised diagnostics.
Late-night salivary cortisol and cortisone should be the initial screening test for Cushing's syndrome — Mohamed et al., Endocrine connections
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
Capillary blood collected at home with the MiniCollect device showed good agreement with venous sampling for HbA1c analysis, supporting remote self-collection as a convenient alternative that maintains clinical performance and patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Remote capillary blood collection for HbA<sub>1c</sub> measurement during the COVID-19 pandemic: A laboratory and patient perspective — Groenendijk et al., Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
2022
A fully remote home-testing model using dried blood spot self-collection and nasal swabs enrolled over 10,000 adults and achieved high retention, but demographic inequities emerged, indicating that remote trials can scale research and improve accessibility while requiring intensive participant support and robust technology to maintain engagement and data quality.
Feasibility and lessons learned on remote trial implementation from TestBoston, a fully remote, longitudinal, large-scale COVID-19 surveillance study — Naz-McLean et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- dct
- serology
2022
Self-collected dried blood spot samples showed 98.1% categorical agreement with venous serum and professional dried blood spot samples showed 100% agreement, enabling at-home serology with robust shipping stability and interference testing.
Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using dried blood spot for at-home collection — Miesse et al., Scientific reports
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2022
Self-collected urine HPV testing in 195 transpeople showed 19.0% overall HPV positivity, with 79.0% preferring urine tests to provider-collected screening, indicating high acceptability and potential to reach an under-screened group.
HPV screening in the urine of transpeople - A prevalence study — Pils et al., EClinicalMedicine
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
The online Trier Social Stress Test increased cortisol and alpha amylase, increased arousal and reduced pleasure, with stronger cortisol responses in men and 64 per cent of participants classified as responders, supporting decentralised diagnostics by showing remote saliva sampling can capture stress biomarkers.
Validation of an online version of the trier social stress test in adult men and women — Meier et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
2022
The Tasso SST capillary blood micro-sampling device generated reproducible serum protein measurements, but its concordance with venous samples was analyte-specific: CRP, ferritin, IL-6 and PCT showed strong agreement, while D-dimer, IL-1β and IL-1Ra did not. Self-collection at home with delayed processing led to significant concentration differences for several proteins, underscoring that user proficiency and timely sample handling are critical for decentralised diagnostic applications.
Assessing the use of a micro-sampling device for measuring blood protein levels in healthy subjects and COVID-19 patients — Brandsma et al., PloS one
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- biomarkers
2022
Patients with systemic rheumatic diseases found at-home capillary blood self-sampling easy to use, and both patients and clinicians identified benefits such as time and cost savings, increased independence, and reduced COVID-19 infection risk. The approach could complement rheumatology telehealth services, though limited sample volume and usability challenges for those with functional restrictions are important considerations for implementation.
At-home blood self-sampling in rheumatology: a qualitative study with patients and health care professionals — Muehlensiepen et al., BMC health services research
- blood
- capillary
- self-collection
- acceptability
2022
Self-collected saliva samples detected an extra 12% of SARS-CoV-2 infections that were missed by routine clinician-collected nasopharyngeal swabs, suggesting saliva can improve case finding in contact tracing. Antigen tests agreed well with reference methods only in early symptomatic individuals, indicating that timing and symptom status critically affect test accuracy in decentralised settings.
Limitations of Molecular and Antigen Test Performance for SARS-CoV-2 in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Contacts — Robinson et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
In a general population study, self-performed nasal rapid antigen testing demonstrated higher sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 than saliva testing (68.9% versus 46.7%), with both tests showing 99% specificity. The nasal test sensitivity rose to 83.9% when considering viral load thresholds for infectiousness, and participants found both tests easy to perform, supporting decentralised screening strategies while highlighting that saliva-based self-testing is insufficiently reliable for clinical use.
Head-to-head comparison of the accuracy of saliva and nasal rapid antigen SARS-CoV-2 self-testing: cross-sectional study — Schuit et al., BMC medicine
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
This review outlines practical considerations for using dried blood spot microsampling in therapeutic drug monitoring, including patient selection, sampling technique, transport and laboratory analysis, to support its adoption in clinical practice and reduce the need for hospital-based venous sampling.
Best Practices to Implement Dried Blood Spot Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Clinical Practice — Francke et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- tdm
2022
Self-collected vaginal and first-void urine samples achieved substantial agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples for HPV detection using the BD Onclarity™ assay, with vaginal samples showing 95.3% overall positive agreement (kappa 0.890) and urine samples 90.6% agreement (kappa 0.776) when no clinical cut-off was applied. This supports decentralised, patient-centric cervical screening programmes.
Evaluation of BD Onclarity™ HPV Assay on Self-Collected Vaginal and First-Void Urine Samples as Compared to Clinician-Collected Cervical Samples: A Pilot Study — Martinelli et al., Diagnostics
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2022
Saliva testing for SARS-CoV-2 achieved 88% sensitivity and 92% specificity against nasopharyngeal swabbing in a meta-analysis of 16 studies. This level of accuracy supports patient self-collection and decentralised screening in outpatient and community settings.
The diagnostic accuracy of saliva testing for SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis — Atieh et al., Oral diseases (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
A validated VAMS method quantified ten kinase inhibitors from 20 µL dried capillary blood with linearity (R² 0.994) and six-week room-temperature stability. In vitro VAMS-to-plasma conversion factors were established, and the method proved applicable for clinical routine and home self-collection by patients, enabling remote therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) for the quantification of ten kinase inhibitors and determination of their in vitro VAMS-to-plasma ratio — Zimmermann et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
- haematocrit
2022
The Tasso OnDemand device was well accepted by participants, with nearly all finding it easy to use and feeling confident they could self-sample at home, and paired self-collected and clinician-collected specimens showed high agreement for HIV, syphilis and creatinine tests. While most users collected enough serum for two monitoring tests, only a third produced sufficient volume for three tests, suggesting a larger-volume device may be preferable for full guideline-recommended PrEP monitoring.
Feasibility of a novel self-collection method for blood samples and its acceptability for future home-based PrEP monitoring — Cannon et al., BMC infectious diseases
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2022
Generic saliva self-collection devices enabled safe unsupervised home sampling that yielded adequate quantity and quality for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid gene detection, with stability maintained after temperature cycling to simulate summer and winter shipping. This supports a patient-centric decentralised approach to infectious-disease screening without requiring healthcare professionals.
Evaluation of saliva self-collection devices for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics — Allicock et al., BMC infectious diseases
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- serology
2022
Online postal self-sampling services for sexually transmitted infections are highly acceptable to users and increase overall testing access, but uptake is socially patterned with under-representation of groups disproportionately affected by poor sexual health, and return rates for blood samples are low.
Access to, usage and clinic outcomes of, online postal sexually transmitted infection services: a scoping review — Sumray et al., Sexually transmitted infections
- blood
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
Fully remote, home-collected fingerstick Mitra VAMS samples from 54 participants measured IgG/IgA/IgM against spike and nucleocapsid across seven coronaviruses, cleanly separating pre-pandemic, convalescent and vaccinated groups, supporting VAMS for at-home serosurveillance.
Antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and human coronaviruses: multiplex beads assay and VAMS to generate immune-repertoire cartography — Wang et al., Frontiers in Immunology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- serology
- self-collection
2021
This review found that decentralised, patient-centric home microsampling using Mitra devices is an effective alternative for COVID-19 serosurveillance and clinical trials, enabling high-quality self-collection without clinic visits.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling: its use in COVID-19 research and testing — Rudge, Bioanalysis
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- serology
- self-collection
- validation
2021
A review of VAMS and DBS microsampling for TDM of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, adalimumab, infliximab and others, in inflammatory disease: a convenient, home-friendly alternative to venepuncture that can preserve analytical accuracy, subject to assay-specific validation.
The evolving role of microsampling in therapeutic drug monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory diseases — Mingas et al., Molecules
- vams
- biologics
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2021
In first-void urine collected with Colli-Pee, the extraction method influenced HPV and human DNA yield more than the collected volume did: standardising processing matters at least as much as standardising volume.
Impact of Collection Volume and DNA Extraction Method on the Detection of Biomarkers and HPV DNA in First-Void Urine — Téblick et al., Molecules
- colli-pee
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- liquid-biopsy
- liquid
- urine
- biomarkers
2021
High-risk HPV testing on first-void urine self-collected with Colli-Pee was about as sensitive, relative sensitivity 0.95, and specific for CIN2+ as clinician-taken cervical samples, supporting standardised first-void urine as a valid screening matrix.
Clinical and analytical evaluation of high-risk HPV testing on Colli-Pee first-void urine using the VALHUDES protocol — Van Keer et al., Gynecologic Oncology (paywalled)
- colli-pee
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- liquid
- urine
- validation
2021
Capillary blood collected in BD Microtainer tubes remained stable for up to 12 days at room temperature and gave accurate HbA1c results when posted back, with high return rates and patient willingness to reuse the system.
Validation and feasibility of a postal system for remote monitoring of HbA1c — Cross et al., BMJ open diabetes research & care
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- bd-microtainer
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
2021
Alpha diversity metrics and relative abundances of major bacterial phyla remained stable across storage at 4 °C for up to 96 h, with the greatest compositional change occurring in the first 24 h; inter-individual differences outweighed storage effects, supporting robust decentralised self-collection of stool for microbiome analysis.
Assessing the impact of storage time on the stability of stool microbiota richness, diversity, and composition — Holzhausen et al., Gut pathogens
- self-collection
- microbiome
- stool
- validation
2021
Among 515 women, 93% believed HPV self-sampling could improve screening uptake and 95% found instructions clear and felt confident, yet 41% still preferred clinician collection and 9-19% found it unpleasant. This shows urine-based screening with Colli-Pee is well accepted but not universally preferred, a crucial insight for patient-centric decentralised programmes.
Cervical cancer screening using HPV tests on self-samples: attitudes and preferences of women participating in the VALHUDES study — De Pauw et al., Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2021
Capillary blood self‑collection with the Tasso‑SST device succeeded in over 93 % of attempts and produced SARS‑CoV‑2 IgG results that agreed closely with venous blood, maintaining 98.9 % overall accuracy after simulated summer and winter shipping. This supports reliable, decentralised serology testing without medical supervision.
Self-collection of capillary blood using Tasso-SST devices for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody testing — Hendelman et al., PloS one
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2021
Delahaye et al reviewed dried-blood microsampling devices for home therapeutic drug monitoring, concluding that while patient willingness and feasibility have been demonstrated, clinical adoption remains limited. They emphasised that more extensive analytical and clinical evaluation is essential to prove real-world utility and enable routine integration.
Alternative Sampling Devices to Collect Dried Blood Microsamples: State-of-the-Art — Delahaye et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- volumetric
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- economics
- haematocrit
2021
Capillary whole blood samples yielded comparable results to venous plasma for HbA1c, lipid profile and liver function tests after three days at ambient temperature, and a pilot home-collection kit was found to have good patient usability. This model could enable decentralised monitoring of chronic disease patients during virtual clinics, mitigating infection risk.
The use of whole blood capillary samples to measure 15 analytes for a home-collect biochemistry service during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A proposed model from North West London Pathology — Ansari et al., Annals of clinical biochemistry
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
2021
Two home-use capillary blood collection kits for HbA1c measurement produced results within 5% of venous values for 96% to 99% of samples across different shipping conditions. The kits were easy to use and yielded comparable results to venous specimens for both paediatric and adult participants, supporting their use in decentralised clinical research and care.
An Evaluation of Two Capillary Sample Collection Kits for Laboratory Measurement of HbA1c — Beck et al., Diabetes technology & therapeutics (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- pediatric
2021
Mean anti-Müllerian hormone levels were nearly 24 per cent lower among combined oral contraceptive pill users compared with non-users, showing that patient-centric microsampling can generate real-world evidence to help clinicians interpret fertility biomarkers during contraceptive use.
Anti-Müllerian hormone levels among contraceptive users: evidence from a cross-sectional cohort of 27,125 individuals — Hariton et al., American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2021
Smaller cortisol awakening responses were linked to greater visual dependence in postural control, showing that home-collected saliva samples can capture biologically meaningful variations in HPA axis activity relevant to neuroendocrine function and balance regulation.
Smaller Cortisol Awakening Responses Are Associated with Greater Visual Dependence in Postural Control — Smyth et al., Healthcare
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
WHotLAMP detected SARS-CoV-2 in saliva with sensitivity down to approximately four viral particles per microlitre. The test is inexpensive, requires no toxic chemicals or specialised equipment, and can be performed in point-of-care settings or adapted for home use, enabling frequent screening for outbreak control.
WHotLAMP: A simple, inexpensive, and sensitive molecular test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva — Ng et al., PloS one
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2021
A pilot study in 10 child-parent dyads showed that collecting saliva at clinic and home is feasible, with parent attachment avoidance linked to higher parent cortisol in clinic and higher child cortisol at home, and parent-child cortisol levels correlated in clinic but not at home.
Relationship Between Parental Attachment and Stress Elevation and Synchrony in Pediatric Occupational Therapy Patient-Parent Dyads — Scott et al., The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- cortisol
2021
A laboratory-developed RT-PCR test using self-collected saliva specimens achieved 75% sensitivity and 98% specificity compared with nasopharyngeal swab methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Saliva samples showed cycle threshold values 4.7 cycles higher than nasopharyngeal specimens, confirming that viral loads are detectable albeit lower, which supports saliva as a viable alternative sample type for decentralised diagnostics.
Performance Accuracy of a Laboratory-Developed Real-Time RT-PCR Method for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Self-Collected Saliva Specimens — Hata et al., Annals of clinical and laboratory science (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2021
Children with higher temperamental surgency had greater total diurnal cortisol output, but care setting did not moderate this relationship. The study shows saliva cortisol collection is feasible from toddlers in both home and centre-based environments, supporting decentralised pediatric research designs.
Child Temperament and Total Diurnal Cortisol in Out-of-Home Center-Based Child Care and in At-Home Parental Care — Tervahartiala et al., Child development
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Remote SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing using self-collected dried blood spots proved feasible in decentralised trials, with 56% of consenting participants returning usable samples and 95% successfully completing self-collection despite pandemic logistical challenges. The agglutination-PCR method showed 83% concordance with ELISA, but mail delays and sample degradation complicated analysis and reduced data quality.
Feasibility of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Testing in Remote Outpatient Trials — Lofgren et al., Open forum infectious diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- dct
- serology
2021
Microsampling enables remote, contactless self-collection for Covid-19 serology and therapeutic drug monitoring, reducing infection risk and clinical staff burden while maintaining accuracy through validated assays. This supports decentralised clinical trials and population-level surveillance during a pandemic.
Microsampling: A role to play in Covid-19 diagnosis, surveillance, treatment and clinical trials — Rajadhyaksha & Londhe, Drug testing and analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- dct
- serology
2021
Self-collected saliva sampling in military technicians produced stable post-awakening cortisol parameters across two days, showing the expected rise thirty minutes after waking followed by recovery. Using actigraphy to verify compliance confirms that unsupervised saliva collection in free-living settings delivers reliable data for operational health surveillance of chronically stressed personnel.
Post-awakening Cortisol in Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technicians: A Replication Study in a Novel Population — Hernández et al., Military medicine (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- actigraphy
- multimodal
2021
The authors implemented a fully remote outpatient trial of hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis in 54 household COVID-19 contacts using self-collected saliva for SARS-CoV-2 RNA PCR testing and a smartphone-based six-lead ECG system for remote cardiac monitoring, with 42 participants completing the study and no serious treatment-related adverse events. The trial numbers were too small to assess prophylactic efficacy, but the experience demonstrates that decentralised enrolment, home diagnostic sampling and remote monitoring can be rapidly deployed in a community health system, while noting that lack of internet access excluded some potential participants.
The future is now: our experience starting a remote clinical trial during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic — Liu et al., Trials
- saliva
- self-collection
- dct
- serology
- rpm
- multimodal
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