The Library

1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.

Papers 301–400 of 734 labelled “self-collection”, newest first.

2023
Fingerstick blood self-collected into BD Microtainer tubes and posted at ambient temperature for 24 h agreed acceptably with paired serum for 11 of 12 analytes, HbA1c, lipids, creatinine, urea, urate, liver enzymes and total protein, with only AST falling outside limits.
Capillary blood stability and analytical accuracy of 12 analytes stored in Microtainers — Fontaine & Saez, Practical Laboratory Medicine
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- bd-microtainer
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- validation
2023
The study compared two stool collection devices and found that GutAlive maintained bacterial viability and DNA integrity over time, preserving the original microbiome composition and diversity, which supports its use for decentralised self-collection in microbiome diagnostics.
GutAlive® enables DNA-based microbiome analysis without disrupting the original composition and diversity — Montero et al., Frontiers in microbiology
- stabilised
- self-collection
- microbiome
- stool
2023
Self-collection of capillary blood using a topper and paediatric tube was successful for most patients under 70 and showed excellent agreement with venous sampling for PSA measurement, supporting its use for decentralised patient monitoring.
Self-sampling of blood using a topper and pediatric tubes; a prospective feasibility study for PSA analysis using 120 prostate cancer patients — van et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- blood
- self-collection
- oncology
- capillary
- liquid
2023
In 26 participants, capillary self-collection with Tasso-SST showed no qualitative discrepancies from venous phlebotomy for SARS-CoV-2 antibody results, and quantitative levels correlated strongly, total Ig Spearman rho 0.72 and IgG 0.85; within the limits of so small a study, this supports at-home collection for serosurveillance.
Comparison of capillary blood self-collection using the Tasso-SST device with venous phlebotomy for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody measurement — King et al., Journal of immunological methods (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- blood
- self-collection
- serology
- capillary
- liquid
2023
A study of 37 kidney transplant recipients found Capitainer and Mitra microsampling feasible for decentralised monitoring. Capitainer showed consistent sampling success, 92%-96%, and higher analytical accuracy than Mitra, 52%-88% success. Proportions within ±15% of venous reference for creatinine and haemoglobin were 92%-100% and 93%-100% for Capitainer, versus 79%-96% and 67%-92% for Mitra, despite small cohorts.
Clinical performance of volumetric finger-prick sampling for the monitoring of tacrolimus, creatinine and haemoglobin in kidney transplant recipients — Vethe et al., British journal of clinical pharmacology (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- qdbs
- volumetric
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2023
Saliva offers a non-invasive specimen matrix for detecting both oral and systemic conditions at the point of care. Although home collection and diagnostic biosensors show strong clinical and economic utility, technical challenges remain in standardisation and device integration before widespread point-of-care adoption.
A Review on Saliva-Based Health Diagnostics: Biomarker Selection and Future Directions — Kumari et al., Biomedical materials & devices
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- biomarkers
2023
In a national probability survey of Croatian emerging adults, chlamydia prevalence was 2.5% in women and 1.0% in men, with low prior testing rates and gaps in knowledge; self-collected urine testing proved feasible and supports decentralised STI screening strategies.
Knowledge about and prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in a population-based sample of emerging Croatian adults — Bozicevic et al., PloS one
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2023
In a survey of 88 young people assigned female at birth, 69% preferred at-home self-collection for gonorrhoea and chlamydia screening, and lower educational attainment was associated with reduced preference, suggesting that at-home sampling is broadly acceptable but may need tailored support to address educational and other social determinants.
At-Home Self-Collection of Urine or Vaginal Samples for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Screening Among Young People Who Were Assigned Female at Birth — Chongsuwat & Cody, AJPM focus
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2023
In sixteen workers observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, those working from home had higher waking and lower nocturnal melatonin, and higher oxytocin, than office-based colleagues, while cortisol and s-IgA rhythms were unchanged. The study shows that self-collected saliva samples can detect how remote work alters stress-related biomarkers, supporting decentralised occupational-health monitoring.
Differences in the diurnal variation of salivary stress biomarkers during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic between telecommuters and office workers — Hasebe et al., Neuro endocrinology letters (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Saliva self-collection for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection showed 81.5% sensitivity and 76.4% specificity against nasopharyngeal swabs in 153 patients. Performance was highest four to seven days after symptom onset, supporting saliva as a viable decentralised diagnostic specimen during the first week of illness.
Use of saliva as an alternative diagnostic method for diagnosis of COVID-19 — Ganie et al., IJID regions
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2023
This multisite diagnostic accuracy study evaluated pooling strategies for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae using self-collected first-void urine and clinician-collected swabs from 437 men who have sex with men. Both ex-ante and ex-post pooling approaches showed high sensitivity and specificity compared with single-specimen testing, with ex-post pooling achieving 100% sensitivity for gonorrhoea, supporting decentralised screening programmes.
Using pooled urogenital, anorectal and oropharyngeal specimens to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men who have sex with men in China: a multisite diagnostic accuracy study — Jiang et al., BMJ open
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2023
Antigen rapid diagnostic tests using saliva, nasal and nasopharyngeal samples showed 60% sensitivity and 98% specificity against RT-qPCR in 609 patients with suspected COVID-19. The high specificity and moderate concordance support their role as a decentralised, patient-centric triage tool to identify likely infectious individuals and guide public health measures.
Rapid antigen test as a tool for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential as a self-testing device — Filgueiras et al., Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2023
Twenty dementia caregivers self-collected saliva at home while using a mobile yoga app for twelve weeks. Those who practised most showed decreased salivary cortisol and increased 1,5-anhydroglucitol, indicating that self-collected saliva can track stress responses to decentralised behavioural interventions.
Self-Administered Gentle Yoga and Yoga Breathing Intervention Improves Burden and Stress Biomarkers in Caregivers of Persons Living with Dementia — Balasubramanian et al., International journal of yoga therapy (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2023
In 880 people who self-collected three saliva samples at home, more than half in each cohort were cortisol awakening non-responders. No association was found between cortisol awakening response and trait resilience, but age, sex, weekday collection and awakening time significantly affected results, revealing compliance challenges for decentralised hormone monitoring.
The relationship between cortisol awakening response and trait resilience in two patient cohorts and one population-based cohort — Linnemann et al., The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Dried blood spot eluates showed high agreement with serum for SARS-CoV-2 IgG against Spike and Nucleocapsid (r≈0.96; qualitative φ≈0.98–1.0) and remained stable after 6–8 hours of storage, supporting use of capillary DBS for serosurveys and decentralised testing.
Dried blood spot eluates are suitable for testing of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies targeting Spike protein 1 and Nucleocapsid protein — Guttmann et al., Biochemistry and biophysics reports
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2023
A remote protocol combining daily surveys with weekly self-collected dried blood spots achieved a 92% study completion rate and high acceptability among reproductive-age women smokers, with 87% of participants collecting most samples and the same proportion extremely willing to repeat the study. This feasibility demonstrates that decentralised microsampling can support longitudinal research on hormonal contraceptive effects and smoking behaviour.
Feasibility of remotely assessing hormonal contraceptive use and smoking-related symptomatology: Evidence from a preliminary prospective cohort study — Medvescek & Allen, Drug and alcohol dependence reports (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
- dct
2023
Quantitative at-home urine monitors clearly demarcated luteal phase transitions, luteinisation, progestation, and luteolysis, and identified anovulation across three clinical scenarios. This proof-of-concept suggests self-collected urine hormone measurements could help women target fertility interventions without clinic visits.
Using Quantitative Hormonal Fertility Monitors to Evaluate the Luteal Phase: Proof of Concept Case Study — Bouchard, Medicina
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2023
Fertility patients commonly use direct-to-consumer ovulation prediction methods, yet reproductive endocrinologists rate the utility of these tests substantially lower than patients do. This discordance highlights the need for better patient education and guidelines to inform self-collection and interpretation of fertility biomarkers in decentralised care.
Direct-to-consumer fertility testing: utilization and perceived utility among fertility patients and reproductive endocrinologists — Peipert et al., Reproductive biomedicine online (paywalled)
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2023
Self-collected first-void urine showed substantial agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples for high-risk HPV detection in 54 women with confirmed cervical precancer or cancer, with a Cohen's kappa of 0.70 and 86 per cent overall agreement, supporting urine self-sampling as a potential alternative for cervical cancer screening where pelvic examination is not feasible or acceptable.
Study to Determine Concordance between High-Risk Human Papilloma Virus DNA Detection in Self Collected First Voided Urine Samples and Health-Care Worker Collected Cervical Samples in a Subset of Women with Proven Histopathological Precancerous and Cancerous Lesions of the Cervix — Purwar et al., Journal of mid-life health
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2023
The review found that self-collected saliva samples had much lower sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests compared to healthcare worker-collected nasal or nasopharyngeal samples, while specificity remained high across all strategies. This matters for decentralised diagnostics because it highlights that both sample type and collector significantly impact test accuracy in self-testing scenarios, informing protocol design for remote screening programmes.
Performance of different rapid antigen testing strategies for SARS-CoV-2: A living rapid review — Shaver et al., European journal of clinical investigation (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
2023
Mass spectrometry identified SARS-CoV-2 proteins in all self-collected saliva samples from people with COVID-19, while rRT-PCR detected viral RNA in only 57 per cent of the same samples, indicating that proteomic analysis may offer greater sensitivity for diagnosis and monitoring, especially in cases with low viral load.
Identification of SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers in saliva by transcriptomic and proteomics analysis — Marin et al., Clinical proteomics
- saliva
- self-collection
- serology
- biomarkers
2023
In unmedicated major depressive disorder, prefrontal and anterior cingulate 5-HT4 receptor binding positively associated with cortisol awakening response; eight weeks of antidepressant treatment did not alter cortisol awakening response and pretreatment cortisol awakening response did not predict outcome.
Stress Hormone Dynamics Are Coupled to Brain Serotonin 4 Receptor Availability in Unmedicated Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A NeuroPharm Study — Vulpius et al., The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
The authors validated a simultaneous LC-MS/MS assay for hydroxychloroquine, its metabolites, and azithromycin from self-collected dried blood spots. Requiring only ten microlitres of blood and achieving a sensitivity of one nanogram per millilitre, the method enabled remote therapeutic drug monitoring in more than two thousand specimens during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Simultaneous LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of Azithromycin, Hydroxychloroquine and its metabolites in SARS-CoV-2(-/ +) populations using dried blood spots — Chhonker et al., Scientific reports
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
2023
Capillary finger-stick dried blood spots yielded TSH measurements that agreed strongly with venous plasma (R² 0.988) and correctly identified hypothyroidism and hypothyrotropinemia in most cases. The analyte remained stable for at least four days between -20°C and +30°C, indicating potential for at-home collection in thyroid diagnostics and monitoring.
A Preliminary Analysis of Thyrotropin Measurement from Finger Stick Dried Blood Spot with an Automated High-Throughput Immunoassay Analyzer — Schakelaar et al., Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- hormones
- haematocrit
2023
In term newborns, measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone from dried blood spots before 72 hours of life is as accurate as later sampling and enables treatment of positive cases around 6 days instead of 8.5 days, without increasing false positives; however, home sampling delays laboratory receipt and yields more unusable samples than hospital sampling.
Thyrotropin Screening of Newborns: Before or After 72 Hours of Life? Before Discharge or at Home? — Boros et al., Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
2023
An intensive protocol combining daily at-home saliva collection for ovarian hormones with smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment achieved 85% compliance in 50 female smokers, revealing substantial within- and between-subject heterogeneity in hormone levels, anxiety and nicotine craving. This demonstrates feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric data collection for studying complex comorbidities.
Methodological approach for an integrated female-specific study of anxiety and smoking comorbidity — Farris et al., Frontiers in psychiatry
- saliva
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
- digital-biomarker
- multimodal
2023
Canadian dentists self-collected monthly saliva samples over one year during COVID-19. Salivary cortisol levels showed a modest positive association with national COVID-19 case counts, while dentistry-specific anxiety peaked during waves but general anxiety declined, demonstrating feasibility of longitudinal stress monitoring through decentralised sampling.
Salivary Cortisol and Anxiety in Canadian Dentists over 1 Year of COVID-19 — Kolbe et al., Journal of dental research
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Among 667 men who have sex with men who self-collected saliva at home, experiences of sexual behaviour stigma, particularly gossip by healthcare providers, were associated with elevated evening and average daily cortisol. This demonstrates that decentralised saliva microsampling can capture physiological stress responses in hard-to-reach populations, enabling remote psychosocial monitoring.
Predicting salivary cortisol and sexual behavior stigma among MSM in the American Men's Internet Survey 2019 — Dibble et al., Scientific reports
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Capillary blood collected in microtubes yielded HbA1c results that agreed closely with venous sampling, while dried blood spots showed markedly poorer agreement. High patient acceptability and willingness to repeat suggest microtubes are a viable option for decentralised diabetes monitoring.
Home monitoring of haemoglobin A1c in diabetes: A systematic review and narrative synthesis on accuracy, reliability and patient acceptability — Colley et al., Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
2023
Internet-based self-sampling of dried blood spots for HIV total nucleic acid testing was feasible, with a 95% qualification rate and good confidentiality, and it complemented sentinel surveillance.
A novel internet sampling for HIV surveillance: feasibility of self-sampling and preparation of DBS for delivery detection of HIV total nucleic acid and complementarity to sentinel surveillance — Su et al., BMC infectious diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
- sti
2023
This study of 184 individuals showed that home collection of dried blood spots and saliva can identify genetic polymorphisms linked to cardiac serum markers. Seven SNPs associated significantly with markers such as Apo B, LDL Direct, and hsCRP, while a polygenic risk score correlated strongly with NT-proBNP (r²=0.82, P=.03) and ox-LDL (r²=0.94, P=.005). These results indicate decentralised genetic sampling could enable early cardiovascular risk assessment and identify patients requiring closer serological monitoring.
Influence of genetic polymorphisms on serum biomarkers of cardiac health — Krishnamurthy et al., Medicine
- blood
- saliva
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- genotyping
- biomarkers
2023
In 1070 young adults, dried blood spot eluates correlated strongly with serum for anti-spike IgGAM and total IgG, IgA and IgM; labDBS achieved 82.0% sensitivity and 98.2% specificity and ssDBS 86.1% sensitivity and 96.7% specificity versus serum, with minimal difference between self and investigator collection.
Validation of dried blood spot sampling for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and total immunoglobulins in a large cohort of asymptomatic young adults — Ferentinos et al., Journal of immunological methods
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2023
Self-collection of dried blood spots in the home was feasible for healthy youth, with 82% consenting to provide a sample in the lab and 75% of those willing to self-collect at home, and DNA extraction quality was high across demographic groups.
At-home dried blood spot (DBS) collection to increase population heterogeneity representation in pediatric research: An ECHO study — Green et al., Frontiers in pediatrics
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- pediatric
2023
Dried blood spot sampling shows moderate agreement with plasma for therapeutic drug monitoring across evaluated drugs, and home based DBS achieves high yield and adherence with patient preference around three quarters; DBS is a reliable and feasible option for decentralised TDM but needs careful design and evaluation before use.
Reliability and feasibility of home-based dried blood spot in therapeutic drug monitoring: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Xiaoyong et al., European journal of clinical pharmacology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
2023
Patient-collected dried blood spot specimens for phenylketonuria monitoring showed significant quality variability across ten UK laboratories, with rejection rates rising from a median of 4.0% under existing local criteria to 21.9% under proposed national guidelines, most commonly because spots were too small or multi-spotted. The authors estimate that accepting poor-quality specimens could lead to approximately 12,410 incorrect results annually in England, and recommend ongoing training for patients and carers to prevent distress from higher rejection rates.
Cross-sectional audit assessing the quality of dried bloodspot specimens received by UK metabolic biochemistry laboratories for the biochemical monitoring of individuals with Phenylketonuria — Hogg et al., Annals of clinical biochemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
2023
The study found that minimally invasive self-sampling at home was acceptable to most families, with saliva and hand sampling well tolerated across all ages and nasal sampling mainly accepted by adults and children over five. This supports the use of decentralised, patient-centric microsampling for long-term community surveillance of microbiota.
Assessing the use of minimally invasive self-sampling at home for long-term monitoring of the microbiota within UK families — Nikolaou et al., Scientific reports
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- pediatric
- microbiome
2023
At-home urine oestrone-3-glucuronide measured with the Mira Fertility Tracker during gonadotropin stimulation correlated well with paired serum oestradiol (r = 0.761) and predicted mature oocyte yield to a similar degree, suggesting that patient-centric oestrogen monitoring could reduce reliance on clinic-based venous draws during fertility treatment.
At-home urine estrone-3-glucuronide quantification predicts oocyte retrieval outcomes comparably with serum estradiol — Nakhuda et al., F&S reports
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- fertility
- hormones
2023
University branding increased trust and confidence in results, plain packaging promoted discretion, and colour‑coded bags with matching instructions reduced confusion; participants recommended instructional videos, tailored test options, real‑time introductions and personalised reminders to maximise return rates.
Lessons Learned From the Implementation of a Pilot Study on Self-collected Specimen Return by Sexual Minority Men (Project Caboodle!): Qualitative Exploration — Sallabank et al., JMIR formative research
- blood
- urine
- capillary
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2023
This study externally validated salivary pepsin as a noninvasive diagnostic for gastroesophageal reflux disease, with 20 adults self-collecting saliva across fasting, post-prandial and bedtime time points over four days, using endoscopy and wireless pH monitoring as reference standards to determine optimal collection protocols and diagnostic thresholds.
Diagnostic thresholds and optimal collection protocol of salivary pepsin for gastroesophageal reflux disease — Ma et al., Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
2023
The study found that self-collected saliva samples showed high concordance with nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 detection across multiple commercial assays, with 100% agreement in two kits and 93% in the third. This supports saliva as a reliable, patient-centric alternative for decentralised diagnostics, particularly in settings where ease of collection and infection control are priorities.
SARS-CoV-2 Detection via RT-PCR in Matched Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Samples Reveals High Concordance in Different Commercial Assays — de Sousa et al., Diagnostics
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2023
In kidney transplant recipients, home capillary blood self-testing of creatinine using a handheld analyser showed good agreement with clinic venous laboratory results, whereas potassium showed poorer agreement; patient self-use of the device was not a significant source of the potassium difference.
Patient Self-Testing of Kidney Function at Home, a Prospective Clinical Feasibility Study in Kidney Transplant Recipients — Murray et al., Kidney international reports
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
2023
Early at-home VAMS samples allowed Bayesian forecasting of steady-state adalimumab concentrations with modest bias (mean prediction error -2.6%) and acceptable precision (normalised RMSE 24.0%), correctly classifying 75% of predictions within the therapeutic window and identifying 8.3% of patients who developed anti-adalimumab antibodies, supporting decentralised precision dosing during induction.
Early At-Home Measurement of Adalimumab Concentrations to Guide Anti-TNF Precision Dosing: A Pilot Study — de Klaver et al., European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- tdm
- biologics
2023
Most chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections in asymptomatic men who have sex with men using online self-testing were extragenital, meaning urine-only screening would miss the majority of cases; therefore, three-site testing should remain standard and free screening services should be expanded.
Three-site screening for STIs in men who have sex with men using online self-testing in an English sexual health service — Charin et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2023
Healthcare professionals in underserved French regions viewed home-based HPV self-sampling as a viable solution to low screening coverage, trusting vaginal sampling while accepting urine as an alternative for women with conditions such as vaginismus. They identified kit design flaws, instruction complexity, and patient anatomical knowledge gaps as implementation barriers requiring attention in decentralised screening programmes.
Acceptability to Healthcare Professionals of Home-Based HPV Self-Sampling for Cervical Screening: A French Qualitative Study Conducted in an Area with Low Access to Health Services — Le Goff et al., Cancers
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2023
In patients with abnormal Pap smears, HPV testing on random urine achieved about 60% sensitivity compared with clinician-collected cervical samples after adjusting the detection cutoff, and about 50% sensitivity for CIN2+; urine-based HPV testing requires further development to match the performance of clinician-collected samples.
Can HPV Test on Random Urine Replace Self-HPV Test on Vaginal Self-Samples or Clinician-Collected Cervical Samples? — Shih et al., International journal of women's health
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2023
Repeated self-collection of saliva for steroid hormone analysis proved feasible in dementia care dyads over eight weeks, with participants providing a mean of 4.3 to 4.9 morning samples weekly during the first seven weeks, falling to 3.3 in the final week. The music intervention was associated with lower morning cortisol concentrations in caregivers, showing that home-based saliva microsampling can objectively capture intervention effects in decentralised studies.
Assessing stress using repeated saliva concentration of steroid hormones in dementia care dyads: results from a controlled pilot care music intervention — Emami et al., Upsala journal of medical sciences
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
Most young women found self-collected vaginal swabs easy and acceptable for STI testing, with 60.9% preferring them to urine samples when both were offered. The method was feasible in a community-based Zimbabwean setting, with high rates of understanding, privacy, and sense of control, suggesting it could expand access to STI screening.
Acceptability of self-collected vaginal swabs for sexually transmitted infection testing among youth in a community-based setting in Zimbabwe — Rochford et al., International journal of STD & AIDS
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2023
Salivary SARS-CoV-2 RNA testing showed 94.3% accuracy, 96.4% specificity and 89.2% sensitivity when benchmarked against nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs. Combining saliva with standard swabs improved detection by 3.6%, confirming saliva as a practical non-invasive option for decentralised COVID-19 screening.
Salivary SARS-CoV-2 RNA for diagnosis of COVID-19 patients: a systematic revisew and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy — Caixeta et al., The Japanese dental science review
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2023
Capillary blood in Hem-Col microtubes showed a relative bias of 1.23% against directly processed venous sampling for CEA, with samples remaining stable for up to four days after withdrawal. Home-based CEA monitoring for colorectal cancer follow-up is feasible with this method, though underfilled tubes flagged by high lithium concentrations yield less reliable results.
Reliable capillary sampling of carcinoembryonic antigen at home: the CASA feasibility study — Voigt et al., Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- colorectal
2023
A qualitative study found that an online PrEP pathway incorporating postal self-sampling for HIV and STIs was highly acceptable to users and clinicians, offering convenience and service capacity benefits, though blood self-sampling was a barrier for some participants. The model suits established PrEP users with adequate digital literacy and requires integration with in-clinic support.
Delivering HIV prevention medication online: Findings from a qualitative study exploring the acceptability of an online HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care pathway among service users and healthcare professionals — Kincaid et al., Digital health
- blood
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2023
This pilot study of women with HPV-positive cervical swabs found urine samples detected high-risk HPV genotypes in 94% (16/17) of cases, achieving 98.8% diagnostic accuracy compared with self-collected cervical swabs. The strong agreement suggests urine testing could support decentralised cervical cancer screening, though larger studies are needed.
Comparison of Human Papillomavirus Genotype Detection in Paired Urine and Self-Collected Cervical Swabs: A Pilot Study — Patel et al., Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2023
Latent profile analysis of more than 4000 saliva cortisol samples from children aged two, three-and-a-half, and five years identified three diurnal patterns: a predominant low/regular profile, a low/flat profile, and a high/fluctuating profile associated with home childcare, higher temperamental surgency, and maternal depressive symptoms. The study observed only moderate stability across the three-year follow-up, with half of children moving between groups, and highlights methodological issues in pediatric saliva sampling, supporting decentralised, longitudinal biomarker monitoring in early childhood.
Latent profile analysis of diurnal cortisol patterns at the ages of 2, 3.5, and 5 years: Associations with childcare setting, child individual characteristics, and maternal distress — Tervahartiala et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2023
In 20 women providing 73 paired samples across menstrual‑cycle phases, urinary metabolites measured at home correlated strongly with serum hormone concentrations (estradiol R²=0.96, progesterone R²=0.95, LH R²=0.98). When the derived equations were applied to a separate set of 20 users, predicted serum values correlated 0.92–0.94 with actual measurements. This suggests home urine testing could substitute for clinic blood draws in routine fertility monitoring, though the cohort was limited to women with normal cycles.
Predicting serum hormone concentration by estimation of urinary hormones through a home-use device — Pattnaik et al., Human reproduction open
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
2023
The TASSO-M20 device for self-collected capillary blood demonstrated strong agreement with liquid whole blood for phosphatidylethanol (PEth) measurement (r²=0.988) and proved feasible and acceptable during virtual alcohol monitoring, causing less discomfort than finger stick methods. In a single participant tracked over time, PEth levels from the device aligned with urinary ethyl glucuronide and self-reported alcohol consumption.
Validation of the quantification of phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 concentrations in TASSO-M20 devices — Jett et al., Alcohol, clinical & experimental research (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
2023
Female adolescent and young adult cancer survivors frequently misestimated their infertility risk, with minimal agreement between perceived risk and objective assessment using self-collected dried blood spots for ovarian reserve testing. The study suggests ongoing counselling could align perceptions with actual risk and inform family planning.
Perceived and Objective Fertility Risk Among Female Survivors of Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer — Din et al., JAMA network open
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2023
The study found that the Premom and Easy@Home urine-based luteinizing hormone testing systems provided estimates of peak fertility that were highly correlated with the Clearblue Fertility Monitor, suggesting they are accurate tools for ovulation detection and easy to use at home.
A Comparison of Two Hormonal Fertility Monitoring Systems for Ovulation Detection: A Pilot Study — Mu & Fehring, Medicina
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2023
This protocol paper describes a decentralised HIV self-testing trial that enrolled 2093 Black and Hispanic men who have sex with men across 11 US states. The study incorporates laboratory analysis of participant-returned dried blood spot cards to verify self-reported HIV status, illustrating how patient-centric microsampling can be integrated into remote serology screening for underserved populations.
Engaging Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men for HIV Testing and Prevention Services Through Technology: Protocol for the iSTAMP Comparative Effectiveness Trial — Dana et al., JMIR research protocols
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- dct
- serology
- sti
2023
Self collected dried blood spots gave equivalent results to venous blood for lipids, HbA1c and C reactive protein, enabling similar classification of cardiovascular risk; self collection had lower response than nurse collection but similar demographic participation.
A randomised study of nurse collected venous blood and self-collected dried blood spots for the assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in the Understanding Society Innovation Panel — Kumari et al., Scientific reports
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- biomarkers
2023
Sexual minority men found finger-stick blood and rectal swabs more challenging to self-collect than other specimens. Barriers to returning samples included low confidence in self-collection and concerns about transit delays, while motivators were status confirmation and limited clinic access; real-time video support could improve uptake in future decentralised testing programmes.
Perceptions and Experiences of Returning Self-collected Specimens for HIV, Bacterial STI and Potential PrEP Adherence Testing among Sexual Minority Men in the United States — Sharma et al., AIDS and behavior
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2023
A colorimetric biosensor using peptidic ligands immobilised on porous nanofibers detects SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in saliva with low nanomolar sensitivity, achieving performance comparable to some FDA-approved home kits and detecting both the original strain and the Delta variant.
Discovery of Peptidic Ligands against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Their Use in the Development of a Highly Sensitive Personal Use Colorimetric COVID-19 Biosensor — Yu et al., ACS sensors
- saliva
- self-collection
2023
Finger-stick capillary blood spotted onto filter paper and dried (DBS) provides C-reactive protein results that correlate excellently with venous plasma (R² = 0.986). The method correctly classified all 25 high cardiovascular-risk patients and 12 of 13 inflammation cases, with analyte stability demonstrated for 31 days, supporting its use for patient-centric at-home sampling in decentralised diagnostics and screening programmes.
Analysis of C-reactive protein from finger stick dried blood spot to predict high risk of cardiovascular disease — Schakelaar et al., Scientific reports
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- haematocrit
- biomarkers
2023
The study developed and validated a LC-MS/MS assay for imatinib and its metabolite using volumetric absorptive microsampling, enabling reliable home blood collection by patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Therapeutic drug concentrations measured from VAMS were comparable across adherence groups, supporting the use of VAMS for routine decentralised monitoring of imatinib therapy.
Volumetric dried blood microsampling for monitoring imatinib mesylate therapy: Method development and clinical application in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia — Krützmann et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2023
The Inito Fertility Monitor demonstrated strong agreement with laboratory ELISA for measuring urinary estrone-3-glucuronide, pregnanediol glucuronide and luteinising hormone, with coefficients of variation around 5%. It identified a novel ovulation confirmation criterion that distinguished ovulatory from anovulatory cycles with 100% specificity and an area under the curve of 0.98, supporting accurate decentralised fertility monitoring.
Validation of urinary reproductive hormone measurements using a novel smartphone connected reader — Pattnaik et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
2023
Daily at-home nasal antigen tests detected only 44% of infected individuals and missed up to 37% of those with high, presumably infectious viral loads. Using combined nasal-throat specimens rather than nasal swabs alone would significantly improve detection of infectious people in decentralised testing.
Daily SARS-CoV-2 Nasal Antigen Tests Miss Infected and Presumably Infectious People Due to Viral Load Differences among Specimen Types — Viloria Winnett et al., Microbiology spectrum
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2023
Volumetric dried blood spots from finger-prick correlated strongly with venous serum lithium concentrations (Pearson’s R=0.95, ratio 0.78) in thirty-nine patients. This patient-centric microsampling method could enable home-based therapeutic drug monitoring for bipolar disorder, improving compliance and safety where venous sampling is impractical.
Determination of lithium concentration in capillary blood using volumetric dried blood spots — Wikström et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- volumetric
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2023
The Xpert HPV assay showed similar sensitivity for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse on vaginal self-collected samples compared with clinician-collected cervical samples, but clinical specificity was lower when self-samples were collected with the Qvintip device.
Comparison of the Clinical Accuracy of Xpert HPV Assay on Vaginal Self-Samples and Cervical Clinician-Taken Samples within the VALHUDES Framework — Latsuzbaia et al., The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD (paywalled)
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2023
The CandyCollect lollipop-inspired device achieved 100% concordance with commercial oral swabs and spit tubes for detecting salivary bacteria in 14 healthy adults who self-collected samples at home. Among 26 participants surveyed, the device was ranked highest for user preference, and it showed a one-year shelf life at room temperature, indicating potential for decentralised diagnostics and telemedicine applications.
At-Home Saliva Sampling in Healthy Adults Using CandyCollect, a Lollipop-Inspired Device — Tu et al., Analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
2023
Sexual health service providers in Ontario found self-sampling and virtual models for STBBI testing highly acceptable during COVID-19, viewing them as more convenient, accessible and safer than clinic-based testing while filling critical service gaps caused by pandemic resource reallocation. This real-world experience demonstrates the feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric STBBI testing and supports sustaining these models as essential healthcare.
Disruptions of sexually transmitted and blood borne infections testing services during the COVID-19 pandemic: accounts of service providers in Ontario, Canada — Ryu et al., BMC health services research
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2023
First-void urine self-sampling for HPV screening cost £38.57 per complete screen compared with £56.81 for clinician-collected samples, with potential NHS savings of £19.2 million annually if uptake improved among non-attenders. This shows self-sampling is substantially cheaper and could expand screening reach to under-screened women, supporting decentralised diagnostic programmes.
Two self-sampling strategies for HPV primary cervical cancer screening compared with clinician-collected sampling: an economic evaluation — Huntington et al., BMJ open
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- economics
- hpv
- sti
2023
This review summarises progress toward integrating automated sample preparation with on-chip nucleic acid amplification for home testing of self-collected blood, urine, saliva and stool specimens. It identifies that user-friendly, combined systems may enable rapid, accurate molecular diagnostics outside central laboratories, which is relevant for decentralised infectious disease screening.
Toward Rapid and Accurate Molecular Diagnostics at Home — Liu & Lee, Advanced materials (paywalled)
- blood
- saliva
- urine
- stool
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2023
In north-western Tanzania, self-collected cervical-vaginal swabs and urine were used for PCR detection of Female Genital Schistosomiasis; self-sampling was highly acceptable and detected more cases than operator-collected swabs, supporting its use in decentralised screening programmes.
Assessing the prevalence of Female Genital Schistosomiasis and comparing the acceptability and performance of health worker-collected and self-collected cervical-vaginal swabs using PCR testing among women in North-Western Tanzania: The ShWAB study — Ursini et al., PLoS neglected tropical diseases
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
2023
Profiling EBV DNA methylation in self-collected saliva distinguished nasopharyngeal carcinoma from controls with 90% sensitivity and 100% specificity by capture sequencing; a q-PCR assay targeting one CpG site achieved 78% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The methylation density fell after therapy and rose with recurrence, confirming that decentralised salivary screening can support both diagnosis and disease monitoring.
Saliva biopsy: Detecting the difference of EBV DNA methylation in the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma — Zheng et al., International journal of cancer (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- oncology
- biomarkers
- liquid-biopsy
2023
Electrochemical aptamer biosensors measured glucose and adenosine monophosphate in undiluted saliva with pico- to nanomolar sensitivity and remained reusable for up to seven days after storage. This noninvasive approach could support point-of-care diagnosis and at-home monitoring without the need for blood draws.
Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Biosensors for Measurements in Undiluted Human Saliva — Nguyen et al., ACS sensors (paywalled)
- saliva
- liquid
- self-collection
- validation
- biomarkers
2023
A prospective study of 1384 individuals developed an 18-small RNA signature (miLung) for lung cancer detection, achieving an area under the curve of 0.86 in discovery and 0.83 in validation cohorts. Diagnostic performance increased with tumour stage, and dried blood spot collection suggests feasibility for home self-collection.
Early Detection of Lung Cancer Using Small RNAs — Sikosek et al., Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- biomarkers
- liquid-biopsy
2023
Researchers developed a flexible electrochemical immunosensor with micropyramidal electrodes that detects salivary progesterone and β-estradiol at sub-femtomolar concentrations within minutes. This patient-centric approach enables decentralised, centrifuge-free monitoring of ovarian hormone cycles through simple saliva dilution, offering a practical platform for at-home reproductive health diagnostics.
Tip-Enhanced Sub-Femtomolar Steroid Immunosensing via Micropyramidal Flexible Conducting Polymer Electrodes for At-Home Monitoring of Salivary Sex Hormones — Li et al., ACS nano (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2023
Daily self-sampling showed SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in saliva and throat swabs rose as many as seven days earlier than in nasal swabs, with extreme differences up to ten to the ninth copies per millilitre between specimen types from the same person at the same timepoint. For decentralised diagnostics, this means single-specimen testing underestimates infectiousness and misses early infection, suggesting combined throat-nasal swabs offer superior clinical sensitivity for detecting pre-infectious and infectious individuals.
Extreme differences in SARS-CoV-2 viral loads among respiratory specimen types during presumed pre-infectious and infectious periods — Viloria Winnett et al., PNAS nexus
- saliva
- self-collection
- serology
2023
In a colposcopy referral population, the Alinity m HR HPV assay showed similar sensitivity for CIN2+ on home-collected first-void urine and vaginal self-samples compared with clinician-collected cervical samples, with comparable specificity for first-void urine and variable specificity across vaginal devices; adjusting signal thresholds improved assay accuracy across all self-sample types.
Clinical Accuracy of Alinity m HR HPV Assay on Self- versus Clinician-Taken Samples Using the VALHUDES Protocol — Latsuzbaia et al., The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2023
In women referred to colposcopy, self-collected urine and vaginal samples showed substantial to near-perfect concordance with clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting high-risk HPV (k=0.715 and k=0.898 respectively). This supports using patient-centric self-sampling to expand cervical cancer screening coverage and aligns with WHO elimination targets.
Accuracy of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Testing on Urine and Vaginal Self-Samples Compared to Clinician-Collected Cervical Sample in Women Referred to Colposcopy — Martinelli et al., Viruses
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2023
First-void urine is established as a reliable self-collected specimen for human papillomavirus screening, triage, and post-vaccination surveillance. The use of specialised collection devices and advanced molecular assays supports the integration of non-invasive sampling into routine cervical cancer prevention strategies.
Testing for Human Papillomaviruses in Urine, Blood, and Oral Specimens: an Update for the Laboratory — Poljak et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- blood
- saliva
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2022
An IQ Consortium position paper from sponsor scientists positioning patient-centric sampling as the enabling technology for decentralised trials, and stating that a bridging study against conventional sampling “has quickly been established as a regulatory expectation”.
Leveraging patient-centric sampling for clinical drug development and decentralized clinical trials: Promise to reality — Maass et al., Clinical and Translational Science
- blood
- dct
- standards
- self-collection
- validation
2022
A combined patient-preference and cost analysis of an at-home blood sampling device in chronic care, covering both what patients choose and what the shift costs the system.
The societal impact of implementing an at-home blood sampling device for chronic care patients: patient preferences and cost impact — Lingervelder et al., BMC Health Services Research
- economics
- acceptability
- self-collection
- blood
2022
A review of dried blood microsampling for tyrosine kinase inhibitor monitoring, covering the analytical and clinical requirements for moving oral cancer-drug TDM out of hospital.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Using Dried Blood Microsamples — Verougstraete et al., Frontiers in Oncology
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- oncology
- pediatric
- validation
2022
Patients self-collected upper-arm capillary blood with press-activated devices including TAP II; autoantibody and CRP results agreed with venous at r≥0.98, were rated less painful, and 98.6% got enough blood within two attempts.
Remote self-collection of upper-arm capillary blood for autoantibody analysis in immune-mediated rheumatic diseases — Zarbl et al., RMD Open
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- self-collection
- capillary
- liquid
- yourbio
- biomarkers
2022
Capillary self-sampling gave CRP and autoantibody values nearly identical to venous, ICC 0.97–0.998, was less painful, and the upper-arm route drew far higher acceptance and willingness to sample at home.
Accuracy and tolerability of capillary self-sampling for inflammation and autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial — Knitza et al., Arthritis Research & Therapy
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
2022
A dissolvable wipe with DESS solution captured stool for metagenomics with high species-level agreement to frozen storage, R2 0.96, preserved Shannon diversity and species richness, and performed comparably to a commercial preservation kit, R2 0.98, enabling stable room temperature collection and transport for decentralised sampling.
A Wipe-Based Stool Collection and Preservation Kit for Microbiome Community Profiling — Hua et al., Frontiers in immunology
- stabilised
- self-collection
- microbiome
- stool
- validation
2022
A retrospective analysis of laboratory data found that adherence to a home-collected multi-target stool DNA test was 51.3% among Medicaid enrollees, 54.6% in Managed-Medicaid and 38.9% in Fee-For-Service. This shows that navigation-supported stool self-collection is a viable patient-centric option for decentralised screening, though the study was limited by its retrospective design.
Cross-sectional adherence with the multi-target stool DNA test for colorectal cancer screening in a medicaid population — Miller-Wilson et al., Preventive medicine reports
- stool
- self-collection
- colorectal
2022
The study demonstrated that a decentralised healthcare model using self-collected blood in stool tests achieved high adherence and early detection rates for colorectal cancer. It also showed a favourable cost-benefit ratio compared to the standard costs of treating advanced disease.
"CUIDARAS " : A Nominal and Personalized Health Care Model. Effectiveness of a Massive Screening for Colorectal Cancer Detection at Community level — Marin et al., The Gulf journal of oncology (paywalled)
- stool
- self-collection
- economics
- colorectal
2022
Clinical validation for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid monitoring showed that while volumetric absorptive microsampling met analytical criteria after concentration correction, conventional dried blood spots achieved superior adherence to strict clinical criteria, sample quality, and cost efficiency without significant haematocrit bias.
Comparison of conventional dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid determination — Paniagua-González et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- economics
- haematocrit
2022
Home-collected first-void urine testing for high-risk HPV showed sensitivity equivalent to clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting CIN2+ and CIN3, but with marginally lower specificity. This supports urine self-sampling as a viable decentralised screening method to improve coverage among unscreened women.
Analytical and clinical performance of extended HPV genotyping with BD Onclarity HPV Assay in home-collected first-void urine: A diagnostic test accuracy study — Van Keer et al., Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2022
Patients offered the 3-anatomic-site panel (urine, oropharynx and rectum) had higher odds of testing positive for chlamydia and gonorrhoea than those receiving usual care, suggesting that adding patient-collected rectal testing improves detection.
Patient Demographics and the Utilization of a Novel 3-Anatomic-Site Testing Panel Including Rectal Self-Collection as Compared With Usual Care Testing — Horberg et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2022
Among 446 STI clinic attendees in British Columbia, 73% were willing to self-collect urine samples outside clinics, 67% throat swabs and 65% anogenital swabs. Willingness was higher in those aged 35–54 years and lower among heterosexual compared with gay and lesbian participants, suggesting decentralised self-collection is acceptable and could extend STI screening beyond clinical settings.
Attitudes and Preferences Regarding Non-Clinic-Based Self-Collection for Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Among Clinic Attendees in British Columbia, Canada — Gottschlich et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2022
Urine self-collection was acceptable to participants, but high-risk HPV mRNA detection in urine was less sensitive for high-grade cervical lesions than self- or provider-collected cervical samples. This suggests that while urine sampling may improve participation in decentralised screening programmes, it could miss more disease.
High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Messenger RNA Testing Using Urine, Cervicovaginal Self-Collected and Provider-Collected Cervical Samples Among Women in Mombasa, Kenya — Grabert et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
The pilot study provided evidence that a dry-stored, self-collected vaginal swab could assist detection of Chlamydia trachomatis when compared with clinician-collected discharge, first-catch urine and blood serology, potentially reducing privacy barriers and removing cold-chain requirements for screening in remote areas.
A pilot clinical validation study of a self-collected vaginal swab device for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis in women — Muljadi et al., Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2022
Pooled RT-qPCR of self-collected saliva from 824 asymptomatic employees identified two SARS-CoV-2 positives; one positive was detectable only by an amplification trend without a Ct value. A survey of 471 participants revealed that most would accept regular screening only if free or low-cost, supporting pooled saliva testing as a rapid, efficient, and inexpensive method for frequent large-scale decentralised screening.
SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR testing of pooled saliva samples: A case study of 824 asymptomatic individuals and a questionnaire survey in Japan — Oba et al., PloS one
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2022
A self-collection saliva funnel paired with CRISPR-Cas12a detection achieved 96.86% diagnostic accuracy for SARS-CoV-2 in 578 asymptomatic participants, showing decentralised active case finding is feasible for surveillance in low-resource settings.
COVID-19 active case findings based on self-collected saliva samples with CRISPR-Cas12a detection — Chantaravisoot et al., Experimental biology and medicine (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
Self‑collected nasal/oral swabs and saliva showed 77–87 per cent agreement with healthcare worker collection for SARS‑CoV‑2 detection by RT‑PCR, rising to 89 per cent for swabs when viral load was high. This demonstrates that self‑sampling can reliably support early COVID‑19 diagnosis in decentralised settings, reducing burden on healthcare workers.
Diagnostic Performance, Stability, and Usability of Self-Collected Combo Swabs and Saliva for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Diagnosis: A Case-Control Study — Choi et al., Infection & chemotherapy
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2022
This validation study demonstrated that pooled ddPCR detected SARS-CoV-2 in groups of 34 samples even when the sole positive specimen had a CT value up to 30. The approach can use saliva collected by patients themselves, which lessens risk to staff, and simple heat extraction cuts reagent costs, supporting decentralised screening programmes.
Practical considerations to establish a validated platform for pooled detection of SARS-CoV-2 by droplet digital PCR — Heckel et al., PloS one
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2022
Self-collected saliva and mid-turbinate nasal swabs showed greater than 95 per cent positive agreement with nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 detection in children when collected within ten days of symptom onset, dropping to 82 per cent for later or asymptomatic cases. This validates less invasive, patient-centric sampling for decentralised diagnostics in pediatric populations.
Comparison of Mid-turbinate Nasal Swabs, Saliva, and Nasopharyngeal Swabs for SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing in Pediatric Outpatients — Vos et al., Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- pediatric
- serology
2022
Thirty-eight patients with rheumatic diseases showed high engagement with twice-daily smartphone symptom reporting (95% completion) and remote dried blood spot collection (84% returned samples, all viable for C-reactive protein analysis). Although symptoms varied considerably, clinically meaningful CRP changes were rare, confirming the feasibility of integrating microsampling with patient-generated health data in decentralised rheumatology research.
Remote sampling of biomarkers of inflammation with linked patient generated health data in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: an Ecological Momentary Assessment feasibility study — Druce et al., BMC musculoskeletal disorders
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- biomarkers
- rpm
- digital-biomarker
- multimodal
2022
Self collected saliva samples showed lower sensitivity (24.4 per cent) than conventional nasopharynx oropharynx swabs for COVID-19 RT-PCR detection, indicating limited utility for decentralised diagnostics without further optimisation.
Conventional Naso-Oropharyngeal Sampling Versus Self-Collected Saliva Samples in COVID-19 Testing — Bidkar et al., Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation

Read from the corpus on 2026-09-09.