The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 301–400 of 541 labelled “dried”, newest first.
2022
Thirty-eight patients with rheumatic diseases showed high engagement with twice-daily smartphone symptom reporting (95% completion) and remote dried blood spot collection (84% returned samples, all viable for C-reactive protein analysis). Although symptoms varied considerably, clinically meaningful CRP changes were rare, confirming the feasibility of integrating microsampling with patient-generated health data in decentralised rheumatology research.
Remote sampling of biomarkers of inflammation with linked patient generated health data in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: an Ecological Momentary Assessment feasibility study — Druce et al., BMC musculoskeletal disorders
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- biomarkers
- rpm
- digital-biomarker
- multimodal
2022
Most of the 16 endothelial and immune activation biomarkers remained stable when stored as dried blood spots at refrigeration temperature for up to three months, and storage at -80°C offered no clear advantage over -20°C for venous plasma aliquots; these practical storage conditions enable host biomarker testing in resource-limited and remote settings.
Practical Methods to Permit the Analysis of Host Biomarkers in Resource-Limited Settings — Chandna et al., The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- biomarkers
2022
In an unvaccinated adult cohort in British Columbia, at-home self-collected dried blood spots showed an overall SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity of 2.92%, with higher rates in participants identifying as visible minorities (5.1% vs 2.6%). After adjustment for age and sex, identifying as a visible minority remained the only significant factor associated with antibody detection. This demonstrates the feasibility of decentralised dried blood spot sampling for population serosurveys and highlights inequities that inform public health planning.
Seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2 in an unvaccinated cohort in British Columbia, Canada: a cross-sectional survey with dried blood spot samples — Racey et al., BMJ open
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2022
A validated LC-MS/MS assay for furosemide in whole blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling (10 µL) showed stability for 161 days when stored dried at -78°C, enabling decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring in neonates and children.
A whole blood microsampling furosemide assay: development, validation and use in a pediatric pharmacokinetic study — Bamat et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
2022
The study found that acetylsalicylic acid recovered poorly from VAMS blood samples dried at room temperature, reaching only about 31% of the concentration measured in venous control samples, but humidity-controlled drying raised recovery above 85%. A household vacuum sealer achieved adequate humidity control at home, supporting the feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric blood sampling for acetylsalicylic acid monitoring.
Stability of acetylsalicylic acid in human blood collected using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) under various drying conditions — Moon et al., Translational and clinical pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- dct
2022
LC-MS/MS assays successfully validated the quantitation of giredestrant in dried whole blood across 1 to 1000 ng/ml using Mitra and Tasso-M20 microsampling devices. Quantitation was unaffected by haematocrit, hyperlipidaemia or anticoagulants, with ambient stability documented for 84 days on Mitra and 28 days on Tasso-M20.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling-LC-MS/MS assays for quantitation of giredestrant in dried human whole blood — Johnson et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
- haematocrit
2022
Neoteryx Mitra sticks and Noviplex cards agreed more closely with venous plasma and gave more repeatable N-glycoprofiling results than dried blood spots, with relative deviance from plasma of 0.092 and 0.069 respectively compared with 0.674 for dried blood spots, and coefficient of variation values of 7.098 per cent and 4.831 per cent against 14.305 per cent for dried blood spots. The findings support these self-sampling devices for decentralised glycoanalysis, though the authors call for larger cohort validation.
Comparison of self-sampling blood collection for N-glycosylation analysis — Cvetko et al., BMC research notes
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
2022
In a Senegalese validation study of 192 infant samples, the Xpert HIV-1 Qual and m-PIMA HIV 1/2 Detect point-of-care assays showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for HIV-1 detection with both dried blood spots and whole blood, achieving perfect agreement with reference laboratory methods. This supports decentralised early infant diagnosis in resource-limited settings, reducing turnaround time and improving linkage to care.
Validation of the point-of-care (POC) technologies Xpert HIV-1 Qual and m-PIMA HIV 1/2 detect for early diagnosis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Senegal — Ndoye et al., The Pan African medical journal
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- pediatric
- serology
2022
Dried blood spot sampling achieved 99% overall assay accuracy with sensitivities from 87.5% to 100% and specificities above 99.2% across vulnerable remote, occupational and clinical groups, enabling decentralised HCV diagnosis with virtually painless capillary collection.
Feasibility of dried blood spot for hepatitis C diagnosis in vulnerable subjects and people living in remote areas from Brazil — Villar et al., BMC infectious diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- serology
2022
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) using Neoteryx Mitra devices yields equivalent results to conventional serum samples for aflatoxin B1-lysine analysis when samples are digested with sufficient Pronase at 50 °C. This enables reliable public health exposure assessment from self-collected dried blood samples.
Optimization of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>-Lysine Analysis for Public Health Exposure Studies — Renaud et al., Toxins
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- toxicology
2022
The study found that automating sample preparation for tacrolimus testing on VAMS devices reduced operator time and improved workflow consistency without compromising agreement with manual methods. This supports the scalability of decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring using patient-centric microsampling.
Automation of tacrolimus measurement on volumetric absorptive microsampling devices by tandem mass spectrometry — Carling et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2022
The hemaPEN device demonstrated linear measurement of cocaine and metabolites in capillary blood with acceptable precision and accuracy, and analytes remained stable for seven days within the device. While haematocrit affected accuracy, it stayed within acceptable limits, suggesting the device could improve decentralised toxicology screening compared with conventional dried blood spot collection.
Evaluation of hemaPEN<sup>®</sup> sampling device for measurement of cocaine and metabolites in capillary blood by LC-MS/MS — Smidt et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- validation
- haematocrit
- toxicology
2022
Dried blood spot sampling achieved high sensitivity and specificity for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection with strong correlation to paired serum, enabling virtually painless, decentralised specimen collection in community and remote settings where venepuncture is difficult.
Evaluation of serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing from dried blood spots collected from cohorts with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection — Catlett et al., Journal of clinical virology plus
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2022
A capture ELISA on dried blood spot eluates detected SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM with 97.9% sensitivity and 99.2% specificity compared with serum, showed strong correlation (r=0.81), and remained stable even when samples were deliberately rendered inadequate or accidentally damaged; all vaccine recipients were seropositive, supporting the use of DBS self-sampling for decentralised seroprevalence studies and post-vaccine response monitoring.
Simple, sensitive, specific self-sampling assay secures SARS-CoV-2 antibody signals in sero-prevalence and post-vaccine studies — Khan et al., Scientific reports
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2022
Dried blood spots collected from 272 community participants were successfully analysed for dengue, scrub typhus and leptospirosis IgG, yielding seroprevalences of 7.0%, 4.0% and 5.9% respectively and providing the first evidence of scrub typhus and leptospirosis transmission in Timor-Leste; DBS offers a practical, decentralised approach for integrated serological surveillance with minimal additional fieldwork costs.
Integrated serological surveillance of acute febrile illness in the context of a lymphatic filariasis survey in Timor-Leste: a pilot study using dried blood spots — Arkell et al., Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- serology
2022
The study developed and validated a laboratory technique to accurately quantify tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid from the Neoteryx Mitra device in human whole blood, supporting its use for home-based therapeutic drug monitoring in transplant patients.
Application of a new volumetric microsampling device for quantitative bioanalysis of immunosuppression — Leino et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2022
The authors validated an LC-MS and LC-MS/MS method for quantifying axitinib from 10 microlitre capillary blood collected by VAMS, demonstrating within- and between-run precision within 14% CV and accuracy between 81 and 116% against plasma as the gold standard, making the approach suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring in ambulatory and clinical care.
Development and validation of a bioanalytical method for the quantification of axitinib from plasma and capillary blood using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) and on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) LC-MS — Opitz et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- oncology
2022
The study developed and validated a UPLC-MS/MS assay using volumetric absorptive microsampling to measure cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, achieving lower limits of quantification of 5 ng/mL for cyclophosphamide and 2.5 ng/mL for the metabolite and meeting FDA validation criteria, which supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology.
Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method with volumetric absorptive microsampling to quantitate cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide — Harahap et al., Frontiers in pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2022
The authors validated a quadratic calibration model for automated UV-Vis-based haematocrit prediction from dried blood spots, achieving bias below 0.025 L L-1 and total precision of 2.7%. In therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus, predicted haematocrit values showed good concordance with reference Sysmex measurements, supporting the use of this patient-centric microsampling approach for decentralised immunosuppressant monitoring.
In-depth evaluation of automated non-contact reflectance-based hematocrit prediction of dried blood spots — Boffel et al., The Analyst (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2022
Capillary VAMS combined with direct mercury analysis demonstrated strong correlation with venous blood mercury concentrations in adult volunteers, with acceptable accuracy and precision above 1.0 µg/l. Storage in pre-cleaned glass vials following two hours of desiccator drying maintained analyte stability for at least four weeks.
Mercury biomonitoring in German adults using volumetric absorptive microsampling — Koutsimpani-Wagner et al., Environmental monitoring and assessment
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- toxicology
2022
Self-collected dried blood spots enabled a mail-based SARS-CoV-2 serology survey among university affiliates, demonstrating practical feasibility but highlighting challenges in remote recruitment, supply chain constraints, potential sample bias and policy barriers to returning results. Key lessons include the need for clear participant instructions, robust logistics, household data linkage and on-call clinical support to ensure successful decentralised diagnostics.
Optimizing the implementation of a participant-collected, mail-based SARS-CoV-2 serological survey in university-affiliated populations: lessons learned and practical guidance — Cramer et al., BMC public health
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2022
Finger-prick dried blood spots from 60 individuals provided sufficient sample for chromatographic determination of 20 amino acids, 5 keto acids and 24 fatty acids, with several analytes showing significant gender and age dependencies. This validates home self-collection for metabolic screening as a viable alternative to venous blood draw in decentralised diagnostics.
Dried blood spot as an alternative sample for screening of fatty acid, amino acid, and keto acid metabolism in humans — Laštovičková et al., Biomedical chromatography : BMC (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- metabolome
2022
An LC-MS/MS method for dried blood spots simultaneously quantifies four therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and estimates haematocrit from haemoglobin peptides with >0.9 correlation to laboratory values, enabling accurate therapeutic drug monitoring from self-collected samples for decentralised care.
Development of an LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify therapeutic mAbs and estimate hematocrit values in dried blood spot samples — Chiu et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- tdm
- biologics
- haematocrit
2022
In a small substudy of psoriasis patients, lateral flow testing for adalimumab agreed very well with ELISA (r=0.95, R2=0.89) and capillary VAMS from finger prick correlated strongly with serum (r=0.87), while patients found home microsampling acceptable, indicating promise for decentralised TDM of biologics and warranting larger validation.
Promising Tools to Facilitate the Implementation of TDM of Biologics in Clinical Practice — Soenen et al., Journal of clinical medicine
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- biologics
2022
Finger-prick VAMS sampling gives results that agree well with venous blood for paracetamol and three of its four metabolites, offering a less burdensome method for pharmacokinetic studies in obese and non-obese patients. Concentrations of APAP-cysteine in dried blood require careful interpretation, as this metabolite showed the largest differences between capillary and venous samples.
Application of a Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS)-Based Method for the Determination of Paracetamol and Four of its Metabolites as a Tool for Pharmacokinetic Studies in Obese and Non-Obese Patients — Boffel et al., Clinical pharmacokinetics (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2022
Dried blood spot testing achieved high acceptability among Métis community members in a culturally tailored pilot. Participants valued the ease of self-collection, the reduction of logistical barriers and stigma through event-based delivery, and the provision of Métis-specific services, suggesting that community-centred microsampling can expand HIV and sexually transmitted infection screening in decentralised diagnostics.
Assessing the acceptability of dried blood spot testing for HIV and STBBI among Métis people in a community driven pilot project in Alberta, Canada — Landy et al., BMC health services research
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2022
Volumetric absorptive microsampling with mass spectrometry correlated well with reference methods for haemoglobin A1c, but imprecision fell short of clinical quality standards. The platform successfully identified haemoglobin variants, indicating promise for decentralised proteomic testing while requiring precision improvements for routine use.
Evaluation of Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling and Mass Spectrometry Data-Independent Acquisition of Hemoglobin-Related Clinical Markers — Lima et al., Journal of proteome research (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- biomarkers
2022
A new LC-MS/MS method quantifies four immunosuppressants from one 3.2 mm dried blood spot using cold-induced phase separation, achieving accurate results and favourable interchangeability with a certified whole blood method in 120 paired clinical samples, supporting decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring.
Quantification of immunosuppressants from one 3.2 mm dried blood spot by a novel cold-induced phase separation based LC-MS/MS method — Le et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2022
Menstrual blood HbA1c levels showed strong concordance and a robust linear relationship with systemic venous HbA1c in both healthy and diabetic women, supporting its use as a non-invasive alternative for glycaemic monitoring.
Novel use of menstrual blood for monitoring glycaemic control in patients with diabetes: a proof-of-concept study — Naseri et al., BMJ sexual & reproductive health (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
2022
In a Ugandan cohort, 96% of participants successfully collected at least 16 of 24 requested at-home dried blood spots, with strong correlation (R=0.93) between parasite RNA detected in self-collected spots and venous blood. The method was well tolerated, indicating self-collected DBS can reliably support decentralised malaria surveillance in endemic settings.
Feasibility of community at-home dried blood spot collection combined with pooled reverse transcription PCR as a viable and convenient method for malaria epidemiology studies — Hergott et al., Malaria journal
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- pediatric
- serology
2022
Researchers validated an LC-MS/MS method for measuring 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine and metabolites from Neoteryx Mitra VAMS devices, achieving acceptable precision (3.0–8.1% intra-day, 6.3–13.3% inter-day) and accuracy (95–114%). Enabling at-home blood collection for therapeutic drug monitoring could reduce toxicity and improve outcomes in oncology patients by supporting individualised dosing.
Measurement of 5- fluorouracil, capecitabine and its metabolite concentrations in blood using volumetric absorptive microsampling technology and LC-MS/MS — Radovanovic et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2022
PfLDH-detecting rapid tests evaluated in Ethiopian field settings achieved only 69 to 72% sensitivity and 36 to 38% specificity against PCR and immunoassay. This suboptimal performance challenges their suitability for decentralised malaria diagnosis, especially where HRP2 gene deletions require alternative antigen targets.
Field performance of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase rapid diagnostic tests during a large histidine-rich protein 2 deletion survey in Ethiopia — Feleke et al., Malaria journal
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- serology
2022
Among 92 patients on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, 79.3 per cent returned home-collected kits comprising dried blood spots, urine, and oropharyngeal swabs. Nearly 87.7 per cent were extremely to moderately satisfied with avoiding clinic visits, and mean turnaround fell from 17 to 5 days, showing self-collection is a feasible, patient-centric model for decentralised sexual health and SARS-CoV-2 screening.
Feasibility and Acceptability of Home-Collected Samples for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Laboratory Tests in San Francisco Primary Care Clinics — Saberi et al., Open forum infectious diseases
- blood
- urine
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2022
In Chicago neighbourhood pairs with markedly different COVID-19 case rates, self-collected dried blood spots showed similar anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity, indicating comparable prior exposure and suggesting that social determinants and comorbidities drive the observed disparities in case rates.
Geographic disparities in COVID-19 case rates are not reflected in seropositivity rates using a neighborhood survey in Chicago — Mustanski et al., Annals of epidemiology
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2022
The study validated dried microsampling methods for clozapine therapeutic drug monitoring using VAMS and microfluidic blood spot devices. With extraction yields around 85% and satisfactory precision, these approaches could support decentralised monitoring of psychiatric patients, improving compliance and safety.
Dried Volumetric Microsampling Approaches for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Psychiatric Patients Undergoing Clozapine Treatment — Marasca et al., Frontiers in psychiatry
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2022
Dried blood spots collected by fingerprick at home produced SARS-CoV-2 antibody results comparable to plasma or serum in ELISA and commercial assays, reliably detecting responses months after infection and tracking post-vaccination kinetics in a community survey across 12 cities. This demonstrates that self-collected DBS enable longitudinal serosurveillance without phlebotomy, supporting their use in decentralised diagnostics when venous sampling is impractical.
Development and Implementation of Dried Blood Spot-Based COVID-19 Serological Assays for Epidemiologic Studies — Wong et al., Microbiology spectrum
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2022
A fully remote home-testing model using dried blood spot self-collection and nasal swabs enrolled over 10,000 adults and achieved high retention, but demographic inequities emerged, indicating that remote trials can scale research and improve accessibility while requiring intensive participant support and robust technology to maintain engagement and data quality.
Feasibility and lessons learned on remote trial implementation from TestBoston, a fully remote, longitudinal, large-scale COVID-19 surveillance study — Naz-McLean et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- dct
- serology
2022
Self-collected dried blood spot samples showed 98.1% categorical agreement with venous serum and professional dried blood spot samples showed 100% agreement, enabling at-home serology with robust shipping stability and interference testing.
Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using dried blood spot for at-home collection — Miesse et al., Scientific reports
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2022
The study validated an LC-MS/MS method for measuring eight tyrosine kinase inhibitors in dried blood samples collected via VAMS, showing good accuracy, precision and haematocrit independence. It demonstrated agreement with venous sampling, supporting the use of decentralised, patient-centric microsampling for oncology drug monitoring.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling as a suitable tool to monitor tyrosine kinase inhibitors — Verougstraete & Stove, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- oncology
- haematocrit
2022
The study validated a method to measure cannabidiol, THC and their metabolites in small blood samples collected via VAMS from epilepsy patients, showing it is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring in a decentralised setting using a virtually painless technique.
Cannabidiol, ∆<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol, and metabolites in human blood by volumetric absorptive microsampling and LC-MS/MS following controlled administration in epilepsy patients — Pigliasco et al., Frontiers in pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- toxicology
2022
This review outlines practical considerations for using dried blood spot microsampling in therapeutic drug monitoring, including patient selection, sampling technique, transport and laboratory analysis, to support its adoption in clinical practice and reduce the need for hospital-based venous sampling.
Best Practices to Implement Dried Blood Spot Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Clinical Practice — Francke et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- tdm
2022
A validated VAMS method quantified ten kinase inhibitors from 20 µL dried capillary blood with linearity (R² 0.994) and six-week room-temperature stability. In vitro VAMS-to-plasma conversion factors were established, and the method proved applicable for clinical routine and home self-collection by patients, enabling remote therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) for the quantification of ten kinase inhibitors and determination of their in vitro VAMS-to-plasma ratio — Zimmermann et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
- haematocrit
2022
LC-MS/MS assay validation for monitoring tacrolimus and creatinine in renal transplant patients demonstrated that volumetric absorptive microsampling is the preferred single-sampling approach compared to traditional dried blood spots and venous sampling.
Analytical and clinical validation of dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling for measurement of tacrolimus and creatinine after renal transplantation — Mathew et al., Clinical biochemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2021
The honest counterpoint in children: VAMS predicted plasma vancomycin only modestly, venous/arterial VAMS was more accurate than capillary, and 29% of capillary samples were unusable for collection issues: collection technique and training matter as much as the assay.
Comparison of antibiotic sampling techniques: predicting plasma vancomycin from VAMS capillary versus venous/arterial whole blood — Downes et al., Open Forum Infect. Dis.
- vams
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- antimicrobials
- capillary
- pediatric
- validation
2021
Fully remote, home-collected fingerstick Mitra VAMS samples from 54 participants measured IgG/IgA/IgM against spike and nucleocapsid across seven coronaviruses, cleanly separating pre-pandemic, convalescent and vaccinated groups, supporting VAMS for at-home serosurveillance.
Antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and human coronaviruses: multiplex beads assay and VAMS to generate immune-repertoire cartography — Wang et al., Frontiers in Immunology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- serology
- self-collection
2021
This review found that decentralised, patient-centric home microsampling using Mitra devices is an effective alternative for COVID-19 serosurveillance and clinical trials, enabling high-quality self-collection without clinic visits.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling: its use in COVID-19 research and testing — Rudge, Bioanalysis
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- serology
- self-collection
- validation
2021
A review of VAMS and DBS microsampling for TDM of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, adalimumab, infliximab and others, in inflammatory disease: a convenient, home-friendly alternative to venepuncture that can preserve analytical accuracy, subject to assay-specific validation.
The evolving role of microsampling in therapeutic drug monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory diseases — Mingas et al., Molecules
- vams
- biologics
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2021
Four dried urine spots across a day matched a 24-hour liquid collection for 17 reproductive hormones and metabolites, with intraclass correlations above 0.90.
Reliability of a dried urine test for comprehensive assessment of urine hormones and metabolites — Newman & Curran, BMC Chemistry
- metabolome
- dried
- steroids
- fertility
- hormones
- liquid
- urine
- validation
2021
Delahaye et al reviewed dried-blood microsampling devices for home therapeutic drug monitoring, concluding that while patient willingness and feasibility have been demonstrated, clinical adoption remains limited. They emphasised that more extensive analytical and clinical evaluation is essential to prove real-world utility and enable routine integration.
Alternative Sampling Devices to Collect Dried Blood Microsamples: State-of-the-Art — Delahaye et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- volumetric
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- economics
- haematocrit
2021
Mean anti-Müllerian hormone levels were nearly 24 per cent lower among combined oral contraceptive pill users compared with non-users, showing that patient-centric microsampling can generate real-world evidence to help clinicians interpret fertility biomarkers during contraceptive use.
Anti-Müllerian hormone levels among contraceptive users: evidence from a cross-sectional cohort of 27,125 individuals — Hariton et al., American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2021
Remote SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing using self-collected dried blood spots proved feasible in decentralised trials, with 56% of consenting participants returning usable samples and 95% successfully completing self-collection despite pandemic logistical challenges. The agglutination-PCR method showed 83% concordance with ELISA, but mail delays and sample degradation complicated analysis and reduced data quality.
Feasibility of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Testing in Remote Outpatient Trials — Lofgren et al., Open forum infectious diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- dct
- serology
2021
In paediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients, infliximab levels measured from dried capillary blood spots strongly correlated with venous serum concentrations, with a mean difference of -0.14 μg/mL and excellent interclass correlation coefficient of 0.998. This demonstrates that finger-prick microsampling is a patient-friendly alternative to venepuncture for therapeutic drug monitoring of biologics in children.
Infliximab Level Between Venous and Capillary Blood Using Novel Device Strongly Correlate in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients — Zijlstra et al., Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- neoteryx-mitra
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- biologics
2021
The authors validated a VAMS method for hydroxychloroquine that meets FDA bioanalytical standards, achieving a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/mL. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring for patients on long-term therapy, enabling microsampling at home rather than venous draws in clinics.
Development and Validation of the Quantification Method for Hydroxychloroquine in Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array — Harahap et al., Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
2021
The study validated UPLC-MS/MS methods for both dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling to quantify tamoxifen and three metabolites in breast cancer patients, finding that VAMS extraction recovery was slightly higher than DBS while both showed satisfactory recovery with low variability, samples were stable for two months, and mean patient concentrations did not differ significantly between the two methods. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring of tamoxifen using either microsampling format.
Analysis of tamoxifen and its metabolites in dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling: comparison and clinical application — Maggadani et al., Heliyon
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2021
A microfluidic DBS device using hydrophobic burst valves meters 5-15 μL blood accurately across 25-70% haematocrit and, in a therapeutic drug monitoring validation with adalimumab-spiked samples, achieves higher recovery than traditional DBS (86% versus 62%), supporting precise home or low-resource sampling.
Precise sample metering method by coordinated burst action of hydrophobic burst valves applied to dried blood spot collection — Vloemans et al., Lab on a chip (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- biologics
- haematocrit
2021
Handelsman et al. validated a direct LCMS assay for pregnanediol glucuronide in dried urine spots without deconjugation. In ten women monitored across one menstrual cycle, using two or three consecutive first-void samples reduced false-negative ovulation detection from eight per cent to 2.6 per cent and 1.9 per cent respectively, enabling accurate home-based fertility assessment.
Direct measurement of pregnanediol 3-glucuronide (PDG) in dried urine spots by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect ovulation — Handelsman et al., The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
- steroids
2021
Dried blood spot specimens collected at home without medically trained personnel showed agreement with conventional venous blood when analysed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, with stable antibody readouts over more than 200 days of dry dark storage and consistent results in individuals tested twice within 10 months post-infection.
Detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in dried blood spots utilizing manual or automated spot extraction and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) — Knoop et al., Analytical science advances
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2021
Capillary dried blood spot samples analysed with the Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay on COBAS 6000 systems agreed with paired serum results in 98.9% of cases and remained accurate at 86.7% after 9 days, supporting their use for decentralised COVID-19 serosurveillance and large-scale screening.
Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from dried blood spot samples with the Roche Elecsys Immunochemistry method — Fontaine & Saez, Practical laboratory medicine
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2021
The study validated a VAMS-based LC-MS/MS method for measuring tamoxifen and its active metabolites in breast cancer patients, showing good accuracy, precision and stability at room temperature for 30 days. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology by enabling reliable, patient-collected sampling.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as a New Biosampling Tool for Monitoring of Tamoxifen, Endoxifen, 4-OH Tamoxifen and N-Desmethyltamoxifen in Breast Cancer Patients — Maggadani et al., Drug design, development and therapy
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2021
The study found that daclizumab and trastuzumab showed encouraging recovery from VAMS after short term storage at room temperature and long term storage at -80 degrees Celsius, supporting the use of VAMS for therapeutic drug monitoring of biologics in decentralised settings.
Whole blood stability evaluation of monoclonal antibody therapeutics using volumetric absorptive microsampling — Li et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- biologics
2021
In a decentralised design, HAE patients collected dried blood spot samples at home during attacks and at clinic visits, with high acceptability and sufficient sample volumes for LC-IM-QToF MS metabolomics, supporting the feasibility of patient-centric microsampling to discover disease activity biomarkers.
HAE patient self-sampling for biomarker establishment — Förster et al., Orphanet journal of rare diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- dct
- biomarkers
2021
Dried blood spot citrulline measurements gave comparable results to plasma for identifying intestinal damage and monitoring mucosal recovery in coeliac disease. This enables remote monitoring of patients at a distance, supporting decentralised care.
Evaluation of the Utility of Amino Acid Citrulline as a Surrogate Metabolomic Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Celiac Disease — Lomash et al., Nutrition and metabolic insights
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- metabolome
- biomarkers
2021
Metabolic phenotyping of dried blood spots showed high analytical reproducibility and detected seasonal differences in household air pollution exposure among rural Chinese women. This demonstrates DBS microsampling is a viable approach for decentralised environmental health research in low-resource settings.
A feasibility study of metabolic phenotyping of dried blood spot specimens in rural Chinese women exposed to household air pollution — Loo et al., Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- metabolome
- biomarkers
2021
The study validated a sensitive LC-MS/MS method to measure rosuvastatin in 10 µL of blood collected using VAMS, with acceptable accuracy and precision across multiple days. Rosuvastatin remained stable in VAMS samples for 10 days at room temperature without pH buffer, supporting its use in decentralised clinical trials and patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring.
Validation of LC-MS/MS method for determination of rosuvastatin concentration in human blood collected by volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) — Moon et al., Translational and clinical pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2021
Volumetric absorptive microsampling with Mitra devices permits minimally invasive, finger-prick blood collection for therapeutic drug monitoring of antiseizure medications without trained staff. The review concluded that stability, accuracy and precision are acceptable for specific drugs and haematocrit effects are minimised, but evidence is drug-specific and further validation is required for decentralised clinical use.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiseizure Medications Using Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling: Where Are We? — D'Urso et al., Pharmaceuticals
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
Home-based dried blood spot sampling from infants showed significant tracking of total cholesterol between 6 and 12 months of age. With 21% of children having elevated cholesterol, this demonstrates that decentralised microsampling can identify those needing early preventive measures.
Cholesterol at ages 6, 12 and 24 months: Tracking and associations with diet and maternal cholesterol in the Infant Cholesterol Study — Øyri et al., Atherosclerosis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- pediatric
- biomarkers
2021
Dried capillary blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling provides linear agreement with serum for lamotrigine, lacosamide and levetiracetam, enabling conversion factors to estimate serum trough concentrations for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Lamotrigine, Lacosamide, and Levetiracetam in Dried Capillary Blood-Determination of Conversion Factors for Serum-Based Reference Ranges — Klimpel et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2021
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) achieved excellent correlation with conventional venous sampling for iohexol quantification and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) derivation in twenty children, showing minimal bias overall. Accuracy was lower for GFR values under 60 mL/min/1.73 m², but the method proved stable for 245 days and valid across a 20–60 % haematocrit range, offering a viable decentralised alternative for paediatric renal function assessment.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling as alternative sampling technique for renal function assessment in the paediatric population using iohexol — Dhondt et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- haematocrit
2021
Dried blood spot measurements of antimüllerian hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone helped to stage reproductive ageing in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors, though 29 per cent could not be classified by STRAW+10 criteria, particularly within two years of gonadotoxic treatment. The study suggests that bleeding pattern alone may misclassify survivors and that modified staging criteria are needed for this population.
Beyond Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: Staging Reproductive Aging in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors — Medica et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- fertility
- hormones
2021
A quantitative dried blood spot device (Capitainer qDBS) combined with the Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassay tracked anti-spike antibody development after two doses of the Pfizer vaccine, with the second dose producing a roughly hundredfold stimulation that peaked at two weeks and fell to 65 percent by three months. The bias between plasma and DBS was variable across both a 14-volunteer vaccination cohort and a 200-patient clinical cohort, yet DBS proved sufficiently sensitive for prolonged immune-status monitoring without venous draws.
Use of Quantitative Dried Blood Spots to Evaluate the Post-Vaccination Level of Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 — Marchand et al., Life
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- qdbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2021
Preanalytical variables significantly affect therapeutic drug monitoring accuracy, where traditional dried blood spots face challenges with haematocrit bias and filter paper fragility. Volumetric absorptive microsampling provides a fixed-volume alternative that overcomes haematocrit dependency and facilitates self-collection workflows.
Review of the Preanalytical Errors That Impact Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Peck Palmer & Dasgupta, Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
The study validated a VAMS method for measuring ten antihypertensive drugs in finger prick blood, showing acceptable accuracy and precision for most analytes, though concentrations in VAMS samples cannot be used interchangeably with plasma and require specific reference ranges. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring using patient-centric microsampling.
Evaluation and analytical applicability of a novel volumetric absorptive microsampling strategy for adherence monitoring of antihypertensive drugs by means of LC-HRMS/MS — Jacobs et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2021
Remote dried blood spot testing for HbA1c was feasible for telemedicine, with just over half of ordered tests completed and results available within a week for most who completed the test.
Adapting to telemedicine in the COVID-19 era: Feasibility of dried blood spot testing for hemoglobin A1c — Roberts et al., Diabetes & metabolic syndrome (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
2021
The study developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method for moxidectin and showed that capillary Mitra® microsampling in Strongyloides-infected adults yielded pharmacokinetic profiles in close agreement with venous sampling, with identical time to maximal concentration of 4.0 hours and similar maximal concentrations of 83.9–88.5 ng/mL. This demonstrates the method and device are suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of anthelmintics in decentralised field settings.
Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of the anthelmintic drug moxidectin in a volumetric absorptive microsample, blood, and plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study of adults infected with Strongyloides stercoralis in Laos — Hofmann et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2021
VAMS coupled with LC-MS/MS showed good correlation with conventional serum sampling for monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys, but a subsequent clinical study revealed that EDTA anticoagulant in standard and quality control samples caused anomalous internal standard responses in patient fingerstick samples, compromising accuracy. The authors recommend specific best practices during method development and validation to detect such anticoagulant effects early before deploying VAMS in clinical studies.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS®) in therapeutic protein quantification by LC-MS/MS: Investigation of anticoagulant impact on assay performance and recommendations for best practices in method development — Gao et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- biologics
2021
The study compared VAMS capillary finger prick samples with venous liquid and venous VAMS samples from 50 healthy volunteers for thiamine diphosphate measurement, finding 94 to 100 per cent of results within 20 per cent of their mean across all comparisons with no significant bias. VAMS microsamples also remained stable when sent through regular post without affecting results, supporting their use for decentralised thiamine status assessment in both developed and remote settings.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) as a reliable tool to assess thiamine status in dried blood microsamples: a comparative study — Verstraete & Stove, The American journal of clinical nutrition (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- dct
- biomarkers
2021
Home-collected dried blood spots were feasible for longitudinal HIV viral load monitoring among US MSM, with high return rates and most participants maintaining undetectable viral load across time points. This supports use of self-collected DBS as a decentralised approach to sustain viral suppression.
Longitudinal Viral Load Monitoring Using Home-Collected Dried Blood Spot Specimens of MSM Living with HIV: Results from a Feasibility Pilot Study — Teran et al., AIDS and behavior
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2021
A VAMS method for 24 mycotoxins was validated against FDA and European Commission guidelines, showing no haematocrit bias and acceptable stability for 21 days at room temperature. Comparison with liquid whole blood from 20 samples revealed no missed exposed cases and comparable levels of key mycotoxins, supporting VAMS as an alternative to venous sampling in resource-limited settings.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as an Alternative Tool for Biomonitoring of Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Resource-Limited Areas — Vidal et al., Toxins
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- haematocrit
- toxicology
2021
The authors validated an LC-MS/MS method for measuring thiamine diphosphate in dried blood collected by VAMS, achieving accuracy within 6.5% bias and imprecision below 13% CV. The method was unaffected by haematocrit variation and showed superior stability, with samples remaining stable for one week at 60°C or high humidity and for at least one month at room temperature, enabling thiamine screening without cold chain logistics.
Patient-Centric Assessment of Thiamine Status in Dried Blood Volumetric Absorptive Microsamples Using LC-MS/MS Analysis — Verstraete & Stove, Analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- haematocrit
- biomarkers
2021
Capillary blood collected by fingerstick with the Mitra volumetric absorptive microsampling device showed near identical sensitivity and specificity for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies compared with venous serum when analysed with the Roche Elecsys assay. This validation enables decentralised, patient-centric serology testing for remote or at-home use and large-scale community seroprevalence studies.
Remote Fingerstick Blood Collection for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibody Testing — Garcia-Beltran et al., Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2021
This proof-of-concept study compared VAMS and dried blood spot microsamples with fluid blood for untargeted lipidomic profiling using high-resolution LC-MS/MS, finding that VAMS is a viable option for untargeted lipidomics with the advantage of haematocrit independence over traditional dried blood spots.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling of Blood for Untargeted Lipidomics — Marasca et al., Molecules
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- haematocrit
- biomarkers
2021
Dried urine microsampling with volumetric absorptive microsampling and dried urine spot improved the stability of peptide hormones and growth factors during drying, storage and transport, enabling reliable LC-MS/MS quantitation for anti-doping testing.
Enhanced urinary stability of peptide hormones and growth factors by dried urine microsampling — Protti et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- vams
- validation
- hormones
- doping
- toxicology
2021
A VAMS method for quantifying 13 antipsychotics in finger prick blood was validated across three haematocrit values, showing coherent results with matched plasma samples. Five antipsychotics degraded after one week at room temperature, indicating stability limits for decentralised adherence monitoring.
Development, validation, and application of a quantitative volumetric absorptive microsampling-based method in finger prick blood by means of LC-HRMS/MS applicable for adherence monitoring of antipsychotics — Jacobs et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
Seroprevalence among Milan schoolchildren rose from 2.8% in September 2020 to 12.5% in January 2021, with an overall seroconversion rate of 10% and no difference between those attending school in person and those switched to remote learning, suggesting schools reflected rather than amplified community transmission.
Does school reopening affect SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among school-age children in Milan? — Barcellini et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- pediatric
- serology
2021
Capillary blood collected with the Neoteryx Mitra device showed a high correlation with venous samples for tacrolimus monitoring in transplant recipients, but yielded concentrations that were on average 22.5% higher. This minimally invasive method offers a convenient alternative to venepuncture for therapeutic drug monitoring, provided the consistent positive bias is accounted for in clinical interpretation.
Validation of a Capillary Dry Blood Sample MITRA-Based Assay for the Quantitative Determination of Systemic Tacrolimus Concentrations in Transplant Recipients — Undre et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2021
The authors developed and fully validated LC-MS/MS methods for paracetamol and four metabolites in plasma, whole blood and 10 microlitre VAMS dried blood microsamples, including assessment of haematocrit effects on VAMS recovery. Successful analysis of patient samples collected from both venous and capillary blood confirmed the methods are fit for purpose and can support future pharmacokinetic studies using decentralised microsampling.
Determination of paracetamol and its metabolites via LC-MS/MS in dried blood volumetric absorptive microsamples: A tool for pharmacokinetic studies — Delahaye et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
The study demonstrates a fully automated workflow for dried blood spot sample handling and extraction that recovers intact SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies using a commercial ELISA kit, enabling minimally invasive at-home sampling without third-party involvement.
Fully automated dried blood spot sample handling and extraction for serological testing of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies — Gaugler et al., Drug testing and analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2021
A bioanalytical method for tacrolimus quantitation from MITRA capillary blood samples met all FDA and EMA validation criteria, showing accuracy and precision across 1–50 ng/mL. Haematocrit and hyperlipidaemia did not affect quantitation, and samples remained stable for up to 96 days, supporting minimally invasive therapeutic drug monitoring from a fingerprick.
Quantitation of Tacrolimus in Human Whole Blood Samples Using the MITRA Microsampling Device — Undre et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2021
This review summarises liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry assays using dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling for quantifying antimicrobial drugs in children, highlighting that VAMS reduces haematocrit bias and offers a viable alternative to traditional plasma sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Microsampling Assays for Pharmacokinetic Analysis and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antimicrobial Drugs in Children: A Critical Review — Moorthy et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2021
Near-infrared spectroscopy predicted haematocrit in dried blood spots with a maximal bias of 0.012 L/L and coefficient of variation of 4.5%. The method demonstrated robustness for capillary finger-prick samples and across various storage conditions, filter paper types and spotted volumes, enabling correction of haematocrit-related bias in quantitative analysis and supporting broader use of patient-centric microsampling.
Near-infrared-based hematocrit prediction of dried blood spots: An in-depth evaluation — Delahaye et al., Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- haematocrit
2021
A quantitative VAMS method for PEth 16:0/18:1 was developed and validated across two laboratories, showing good comparability (average bias −0.4%, 85% of differences within 20%) and reproducibility over one year; this supports reliable decentralised alcohol monitoring using finger‑prick dried blood microsamples.
Quantitation of phosphatidylethanol in dried blood after volumetric absorptive microsampling — Van Uytfanghe et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- toxicology
2021
Dried blood spots collected by fingerstick from SARS-CoV-2 convalescent and vaccinated individuals showed strong correlation with paired plasma for antibody binding and neutralisation titres. This supports decentralised serology by enabling self-collection and ambient-temperature mailing and storage, overcoming the cold-chain requirements of venous sampling.
SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Binding and Neutralization in Dried Blood Spot Eluates and Paired Plasma — Itell et al., Microbiology spectrum
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2021
The study found that adding dried blood spot collection to measure C-reactive protein was feasible and acceptable among transgender and gender-nonconforming youth aged 9 to 20 attending a clinical service, and that a composite of greater gender-based stress with lower support was associated with higher inflammation, though no individual stress or support subscale reached statistical significance.
Gender Minority Stress, Support, and Inflammation in Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth — McQuillan et al., Transgender health (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- acceptability
- pediatric
2021
The HPLC-MS/MS assay on dried capillary blood collected with VAMS was linear, precise and stable, and showed strong agreement with liquid venous tacrolimus measurements, supporting its use for therapeutic drug monitoring in transplant recipients.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling for the quantification of tacrolimus in capillary blood by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry — Tron et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2021
Dried blood spots collected by finger prick from nursing home residents and staff showed sensitivities of 95.0–97.1% and specificities of 97.1–98.8% against venous blood for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, demonstrating reliable performance even in elderly people with reduced cutaneous microvasculature. This supports decentralised serosurveillance and post-authorisation vaccine studies because DBS can be obtained remotely and stored at room temperature.
Comparison of Dried Blood Spots and Venous Blood for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in a Population of Nursing Home Residents — Meyers et al., Microbiology spectrum
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2021
The review summarises that dried blood spot analysis and hepatitis C self-test assays have demonstrated diagnostic value for screening in decentralised settings and remote populations, supporting WHO diagnosis targets. This matters for decentralised diagnostics by confirming microsampling methods can be used for infectious disease screening outside clinical facilities.
Hepatitis C Diagnosis: Simplified Solutions, Predictive Barriers, and Future Promises — Shahid et al., Diagnostics
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2021
Capillary blood self-sampling showed near-perfect agreement with venous sampling for SARS-CoV-2 IgG detection, achieving a Cohen's kappa of 0.88. Samples remained stable at room temperature for seven days, and 38 of 39 participants successfully collected adequate volumes, supporting its use for decentralised serological testing.
Self-sampling of capillary blood for SARS-CoV-2 serology — Brown et al., Scientific reports
- blood
- liquid
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2021
Self-sampled dried blood spots showed 99.20% sensitivity and 98.65% specificity for SARS-CoV-2 serology compared with venous sampling, and 99.87% of unsupervised home DBS cards were analysable, supporting DBS as a valid tool for large scale serosurveys and surveillance in resource limited settings.
A dried blood spot protocol for high throughput analysis of SARS-CoV-2 serology based on the Roche Elecsys anti-N assay — Beyerl et al., EBioMedicine
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2020
In 33 patients, dried blood spots showed high correlation with venipuncture for adalimumab, Pearson ≥0.96, whereas home sampling showed moderate correlation with predicted concentrations, Pearson 0.51.
Monitoring of Adalimumab Concentrations at Home in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Dried Blood Samples — Berends et al., Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- biologics
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
- capillary
2020
A review contrasting the formats, framing the haematocrit effect, non-uniform spreading and homogeneity limits of DBS as the problems volumetric sampling is designed to solve.
Opportunities and obstacles for microsampling techniques in bioanalysis: special focus on DBS and VAMS — Londhe & Rajadhyaksha, J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (paywalled)
- vams
- blood
- dbs
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
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