The Library

1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.

Papers 201–300 of 377 labelled “urine”, newest first.

2022
In men with urinary symptoms, first-void urine multiplex PCR detected Gardnerella vaginalis in 15.9%, making it the most common pathogen, and it often co-occurred with other agents; including G. vaginalis in panels can increase detection of causes of unexplained urinary or urethral symptoms.
Gardnerella vaginalis: Is it an Underestimated Cause of Urinary Symptoms in Males? — Kılıç et al., Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2022
Among 246 asymptomatic undergraduate students, 12.2% had Trichomonas vaginalis infection when tested by TV in-pouch versus 8.5% by wet preparation, indicating higher sensitivity of the in-pouch method and supporting screening of young people for this common STI.
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS INFECTION AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN A PRIVATE UNIVERSITY IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA — Ajani et al., Annals of Ibadan postgraduate medicine
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2022
Self-collection of extragenital swabs identified Chlamydia or gonorrhoea in 7.3 per cent of people with HIV, all missed by urine testing alone. Sixty-three per cent of these infections were asymptomatic, self- and provider-collected samples yielded equivalent error rates, and participant satisfaction was high, demonstrating that decentralised, patient-led STI screening is both accurate and acceptable.
Automated Sexual History and Self-Collection of Extragenital Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Improve Detection of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections in People with HIV — Chapman et al., AIDS patient care and STDs (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2022
Point-of-care salivary osmolarity measurement correlated strongly with first-morning urine specific gravity in hypertensive older adults, and patients on diuretics showed significantly higher values indicating dehydration. This suggests saliva testing could serve as a rapid, noninvasive alternative for hydration screening in community-based, decentralised care.
Point-of-Care Saliva Osmolarity Testing for the Screening of Hydration in Older Adults With Hypertension — Atjo et al., Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (paywalled)
- saliva
- urine
2022
A cross-sectional survey of 1,087 men who have sex with men in Jiangsu province, China found a syphilis prevalence of 6.3% and chlamydia prevalence of 4.2%, with higher odds among those recruited online and with recent STI diagnosis. The use of first-void urine for nucleic acid amplification testing demonstrates the utility of decentralised sampling for STI screening in high-risk populations.
Prevalence of syphilis and chlamydia trachomatis infection among men who have sex with men in Jiangsu province, China: A cross-sectional survey — Hu et al., Frontiers in public health
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
2022
Self-collected urine or penile-meatal swabs identified Mycoplasma genitalium in 12.8% of Ugandan men with urethritis, with macrolide resistance in 10.7% of positive cases. This supports decentralised STI screening in settings where clinic-based collection is limited.
Retrospective Analysis of Ugandan Men with Urethritis Reveals Mycoplasma genitalium and Associated Macrolide Resistance — Melendez et al., Microbiology spectrum
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2022
First-void urine from women with recurrent spontaneous abortion showed that Chlamydia trachomatis infection was associated with upregulated SOD2 and downregulated SOD1 expression, alongside increased oxidative stress markers 8-hydroxyguanosine and 8-isoprostane, suggesting a role for antioxidant imbalance and ROS detoxification pathways in RSA pathogenesis.
Aberrant gene expression of superoxide dismutases in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected recurrent spontaneous aborters — Ray et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2022
Among 108 gender-diverse youth of colour aged 16-24, this study documented high rates of housing instability (30%), limited healthcare access (26% had no place to go for healthcare), and elevated substance use and sexual risk behaviours. The protocol included self-collection of rectal, frontal, and throat swabs for STI testing alongside urine and blood sampling, demonstrating decentralised diagnostic methods in a marginalised population with poor healthcare access.
Health and service utilization among a sample of gender-diverse youth of color: the TRUTH study — Rusow et al., BMC public health
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2022
Women reported that urine collection was more acceptable than cervicovaginal self sampling, and most found the instructions clear, supporting the use of home based urine self collection to improve participation in cervical screening.
Experiences and preferences towards collecting a urine and cervicovaginal self-sample among women attending a colposcopy clinic — Schaafsma et al., Preventive medicine reports
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
2022
In women with abnormal cervical cytology, self-collected vaginal samples showed substantial agreement with physician-collected samples for HPV detection, particularly for high-risk types 16 and 18. Urine samples yielded moderate agreement but remained effective for high-risk types, suggesting both self-collection methods could support decentralised cervical screening programmes.
Human papillomavirus testing and cytology using physician-collected uterine cervical samples vs. self-collected vaginal samples and urine samples — Terada et al., International journal of clinical oncology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2022
Higher engagement in regular HIV and STI testing was associated with incident STIs and health seeking behaviours, and participants rated self-sampling as convenient.
Regular Testing of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections With Self-Collected Samples From Multiple Anatomic Sites to Monitor Sexual Health in Men Who Have Sex With Men: Longitudinal Study — Wong et al., JMIR formative research
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2022
Fifty-one per cent of racially and ethnically diverse gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men returned at least one self-collected specimen, blood, urine, pharyngeal or rectal swabs, or hair, within six weeks when offered for remote HIV and STI screening and pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence testing; most specimens were adequate for laboratory processing. Non-return was associated with lower education, employment, and lower HIV/STI knowledge and concern, indicating that while self-collection is feasible for decentralised diagnostics, targeted engagement strategies are needed.
Study Evaluating Self-Collected Specimen Return for HIV, Bacterial STI, and Potential Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Testing Among Sexual Minority Men in the United States — Sharma et al., American journal of men's health
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- serology
- sti
2022
In a cohort of transgender women in São Paulo, self-collection of urine and other genital samples for STI screening was highly acceptable, with most participants preferring self-collection over provider collection for reasons of privacy and comfort; this supports the feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric sampling for STI diagnosis.
Acceptability of self-sampling for etiological diagnosis of mucosal sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among transgender women in a longitudinal cohort study in São Paulo, Brazil — McCartney et al., The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2022
The study found that an at-home urine testing system could predict ovarian reserve, identify up to six fertile days and confirm ovulation by measuring four hormones across the menstrual cycle, potentially screening for ovulatory disorders in a decentralised setting.
Complete Cycle Mapping Using a Quantitative At-Home Hormone Monitoring System in Prediction of Fertile Days, Confirmation of Ovulation, and Screening for Ovulation Issues Preventing Conception — Wegrzynowicz et al., Medicina
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2022
Among 92 patients on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, 79.3 per cent returned home-collected kits comprising dried blood spots, urine, and oropharyngeal swabs. Nearly 87.7 per cent were extremely to moderately satisfied with avoiding clinic visits, and mean turnaround fell from 17 to 5 days, showing self-collection is a feasible, patient-centric model for decentralised sexual health and SARS-CoV-2 screening.
Feasibility and Acceptability of Home-Collected Samples for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Laboratory Tests in San Francisco Primary Care Clinics — Saberi et al., Open forum infectious diseases
- blood
- urine
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2022
In 50 prostate cancer patients, first‑void urine collection captured bacteria more frequently than midstream sampling (87.8% versus 75.3% of specimens), and radiotherapy caused a temporary reduction in urinary microbiome species richness. These findings validate first‑void sampling for decentralised microbiome monitoring in oncology.
A New Approach to Imaging and Rapid Microbiome Identification for Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy — Maślak et al., Biomedicines
- urine
- first-void
- microbiome
2022
Vaginal self-sampling detected HPV with 94.4% sensitivity and 92.1% specificity against clinician collection, while urine self-sampling achieved 88.8% sensitivity and 94.1% specificity. Both methods yielded high negative predictive values, showing that self-sampling can provide accurate HPV screening in rural settings without clinician involvement.
Role of Self-Sampling for Cervical Cancer Screening: Diagnostic Test Properties of Three Tests for the Diagnosis of HPV in Rural Communities of Cuenca, Ecuador — Vega Crespo et al., International journal of environmental research and public health
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2022
Self-collected urine HPV testing in 195 transpeople showed 19.0% overall HPV positivity, with 79.0% preferring urine tests to provider-collected screening, indicating high acceptability and potential to reach an under-screened group.
HPV screening in the urine of transpeople - A prevalence study — Pils et al., EClinicalMedicine
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
Self-collected vaginal and first-void urine samples achieved substantial agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples for HPV detection using the BD Onclarity™ assay, with vaginal samples showing 95.3% overall positive agreement (kappa 0.890) and urine samples 90.6% agreement (kappa 0.776) when no clinical cut-off was applied. This supports decentralised, patient-centric cervical screening programmes.
Evaluation of BD Onclarity™ HPV Assay on Self-Collected Vaginal and First-Void Urine Samples as Compared to Clinician-Collected Cervical Samples: A Pilot Study — Martinelli et al., Diagnostics
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2021
Four dried urine spots across a day matched a 24-hour liquid collection for 17 reproductive hormones and metabolites, with intraclass correlations above 0.90.
Reliability of a dried urine test for comprehensive assessment of urine hormones and metabolites — Newman & Curran, BMC Chemistry
- metabolome
- dried
- steroids
- fertility
- hormones
- liquid
- urine
- validation
2021
In first-void urine collected with Colli-Pee, the extraction method influenced HPV and human DNA yield more than the collected volume did: standardising processing matters at least as much as standardising volume.
Impact of Collection Volume and DNA Extraction Method on the Detection of Biomarkers and HPV DNA in First-Void Urine — Téblick et al., Molecules
- colli-pee
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- liquid-biopsy
- liquid
- urine
- biomarkers
2021
High-risk HPV testing on first-void urine self-collected with Colli-Pee was about as sensitive, relative sensitivity 0.95, and specific for CIN2+ as clinician-taken cervical samples, supporting standardised first-void urine as a valid screening matrix.
Clinical and analytical evaluation of high-risk HPV testing on Colli-Pee first-void urine using the VALHUDES protocol — Van Keer et al., Gynecologic Oncology (paywalled)
- colli-pee
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- liquid
- urine
- validation
2021
Among 515 women, 93% believed HPV self-sampling could improve screening uptake and 95% found instructions clear and felt confident, yet 41% still preferred clinician collection and 9-19% found it unpleasant. This shows urine-based screening with Colli-Pee is well accepted but not universally preferred, a crucial insight for patient-centric decentralised programmes.
Cervical cancer screening using HPV tests on self-samples: attitudes and preferences of women participating in the VALHUDES study — De Pauw et al., Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2021
In women with ASC-US, first-void urine hrHPV testing showed substantial overall concordance with cervical testing (simple concordance 90.8%, Kappa 0.765) and almost perfect concordance for HPV16/18 (98.8%, Kappa 0.840), supporting its use as a decentralised alternative to cervical sampling.
Comparison between Urine and Cervical High-Risk HPV Tests for Japanese Women with ASC-US — Yamazaki et al., Diagnostics
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
2021
First-void urine and anatomical-site swabs identified multiple STI coinfections in an HIV-positive homosexual man, with rectal swabs detecting all four pathogens. The case supports decentralised screening of high-risk groups for concurrent sexually transmitted infections.
Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma spp. Coinfection in an HIV-Positive Homosexual Man — Khullar et al., Journal of laboratory physicians
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2021
The study found that first-void urine PCR detected urogenital mycoplasmas DNA in 28.2% of men with genitourinary diseases versus 14% in healthy controls (p=0.05). This demonstrates the clinical utility of first-void urine sampling for identifying STI-associated pathogens in patients with genitourinary conditions, supporting its use in decentralised diagnostic workflows.
Occurrence of urogenital mycoplasmas in men with the common genitourinary diseases — Smolec et al., Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2021
The Fertility Indicator Equation produced a clear signature of consecutive positive values when applied to daily serum progesterone or urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide levels, reliably signalling the transition from ovulatory to luteal phase. This approach could enable home-based fertility monitoring through self-collected urine samples.
The Fertility Indicator Equation Using Serum Progesterone and Urinary Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide for Assessment of Ovulatory to Luteal Phase Transition — Usala et al., Medicina
- blood
- urine
- fertility
- hormones
2021
Handelsman et al. validated a direct LCMS assay for pregnanediol glucuronide in dried urine spots without deconjugation. In ten women monitored across one menstrual cycle, using two or three consecutive first-void samples reduced false-negative ovulation detection from eight per cent to 2.6 per cent and 1.9 per cent respectively, enabling accurate home-based fertility assessment.
Direct measurement of pregnanediol 3-glucuronide (PDG) in dried urine spots by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect ovulation — Handelsman et al., The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
- steroids
2021
Self-sampled vaginal swabs and urine can identify women with recurrent CIN2+ after treatment for high-grade CIN, with vaginal self-sampling showing high sensitivity and substantial agreement with clinician sampling, while urine shows moderate agreement; this supports home-based follow-up to maximise participation.
Self-sampling for high-risk human papillomavirus as a follow-up alternative after treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia — Östensson et al., Oncology letters
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2021
Salivary indoxyl sulfate and proteinuria were independent predictors of graft deterioration with an area under the ROC curve of 0.71, supporting their use as non-invasive screening tools in decentralised settings.
Evaluation of Salivary Indoxyl Sulfate with Proteinuria for Predicting Graft Deterioration in Kidney Transplant Recipients — Korytowska et al., Toxins
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- biomarkers
2021
Residual pooled rectal/pharyngeal/first-void urine specimens and residual rectal swabs showed 89% and 88% concordance respectively with dedicated anal swabs for HPV DNA detection, with marginally higher positivity rates. This demonstrates that leftover STI test material can reliably be repurposed for HPV prevalence monitoring in men who have sex with men, enabling decentralised public health surveillance without additional patient burden.
Performance of human papillomavirus DNA detection in residual specimens taken for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae nucleic acid amplification testing in men who have sex with men — Nugent et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2021
NAAT on first-void urine is essential for identifying the cause of urethritis; dysuria is the most common symptom and purulent discharge is typical of gonococcal infection whereas transparent discharge suggests non-gonococcal pathogens, guiding decentralised diagnostic pathways.
Clinical profile and co-infections of urethritis in males — Bellinato et al., Italian journal of dermatology and venereology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2021
Intervention mapping identified stigma, privacy, and time constraints as key barriers to self-sampling for HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men. Developing tailored digital outreach, role-model narratives, and peer-to-peer test distribution addresses these barriers to support uptake of remote home self-collection programs.
Systematic Development of an Intervention to Promote Self-Sampling for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections for Men Who Have Sex With Men: An Intervention Mapping Approach — Leenen et al., Frontiers in reproductive health
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
The study identified differential expression of urine-circulating microRNAs in five Chlamydia trachomatis-positive women with recurrent spontaneous abortion versus controls, with miR-16 showing 4.3-fold upregulation. This supports first-void urine as a viable non-invasive specimen for molecular screening of infection-related reproductive complications in decentralised settings.
Differential expression of urine-circulating micro-RNAs in Chlamydia trachomatis-induced recurrent spontaneous aborters — Ray et al., Microbial pathogenesis (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- sti
- biomarkers
2021
First-void urine collected via Colli-Pee found no HPV DNA in ocular swabs and no genital-ocular association, refuting autoinoculation in pterygium. Tear VEGF was elevated in pterygium while IL-6, IL-18 and VEGF were raised in dry eye, demonstrating condition-specific cytokine patterns.
Lack of HPV in pterygium with no evidence of autoinoculation and the role of cytokines in pterygium with dry eye — Uthaithammarat et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- first-void
- hpv
2021
This systematic review found that chlamydia screening may reduce pelvic inflammatory disease in young women, and that testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea is accurate using urine samples and self-collected vaginal specimens, with self-collected samples showing 90 to 100 percent sensitivity compared with clinician-collected samples.
Screening for Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: A Systematic Review Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force — Cantor et al., Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), Rockville
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2021
Self-collected saliva and urine samples from prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes revealed altered nocturnal cortisol metabolism, with lower urinary glucocorticoid metabolites and higher morning salivary cortisone levels compared with healthy controls. This demonstrates that decentralised home sampling can detect HPA axis hyperactivity in paediatric populations with endocrine disease.
Altered Cortisol Metabolism Increases Nocturnal Cortisol Bioavailability in Prepubertal Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus — Brossaud et al., Frontiers in endocrinology
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
The Xpert CT/NG test demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in first-void urine and cervical swab specimens against reference methods. The 90-minute point-of-care turnaround time could enable decentralised, patient-centric testing with prompt treatment for sexually transmitted infections.
Clinical Performance of the Xpert® CT/NG Test for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Multicenter Evaluation in Chinese Urban Hospitals — Han et al., Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2021
Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis was low overall among pregnant women and their male partners in Dutch midwifery practices, but Chlamydia trachomatis was notably more common in women aged 20 years or younger. The findings suggest that targeted screening of young pregnant women may be warranted while routine screening of all pregnant women and partners may not be justified in this setting.
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections among pregnant women and male partners in Dutch midwifery practices: prevalence, risk factors, and perinatal outcomes — Op de Coul et al., Reproductive health
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2021
In Ugandan PLHIV, asymptomatic STIs were found in 3.9% overall and 5.7% in women, with risk higher under 25 years and with multiple partners. Self-sampling was highly acceptable, with over 95% finding it easy and comfortable and 83.8% believing the results, supporting decentralised STI screening using self-collected urine.
Prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a Ugandan population most at risk of HIV transmission — Mabonga et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
Urine self-sampling for HPV detection showed good agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples (Kappa 0.72) under optimised conditions of 40 mM EDTA preservative, storage at 25°C, and processing within 72 hours. With a cost of USD 1.10 and high acceptability among women and healthcare workers, this method offers a practical decentralised screening approach for resource-limited settings.
Performance of an affordable urine self-sampling method for human papillomavirus detection in Mexican women — Hernández-López et al., PloS one
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- economics
- hpv
- sti
2021
Protti and colleagues developed and validated a VAMS-based workflow for enantioselective analysis of clenbuterol in urine microsamples. The method achieved good linearity, a limit of quantification of 0.3 ng/mL, and 87% extraction yield, supporting its potential for decentralised doping control and toxicology screening.
VAMS and StAGE as innovative tools for the enantioselective determination of clenbuterol in urine by LC-MS/MS — Protti et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- urine
- vams
- validation
- doping
- toxicology
2021
Thai transgender women showed high acceptability and satisfaction for self-collection of CT/NG testing, with 100% performance agreement in a small subset compared with provider collection, supporting wider implementation especially during physical distancing.
Acceptability and satisfaction towards self-collection for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing among transgender women in Tangerine Clinic, Thailand: shifting towards the new normal — Hiransuthikul et al., Journal of the International AIDS Society
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
The study found that HPV detection in first-void urine samples was feasible in a decentralised setting, with high rates of type-specific persistence from mid-pregnancy to delivery and clear associations with behavioural risk factors. This supports the use of urine-based microsampling for monitoring sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy in a patient-centric way.
Maternal human papillomavirus infections at mid-pregnancy and delivery in a Scandinavian mother-child cohort study — Værnesbranden et al., International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- hpv
- sti
2021
Dried urine microsampling with volumetric absorptive microsampling and dried urine spot improved the stability of peptide hormones and growth factors during drying, storage and transport, enabling reliable LC-MS/MS quantitation for anti-doping testing.
Enhanced urinary stability of peptide hormones and growth factors by dried urine microsampling — Protti et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- vams
- validation
- hormones
- doping
- toxicology
2021
Modified pooled sampling using gargle and first-void urine achieved sensitivities of 94.2% for Chlamydia trachomatis and 98.3% for Neisseria gonorrhoeae with near-perfect concordance to single-site testing, supporting its use as a decentralised screening approach in asymptomatic men who have sex with men.
Modified self-obtained pooled sampling to screen for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in men who have sex with men — Ando et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2021
In 1793 participants, self-taken rectal and pharyngeal swabs matched clinician-taken samples for diagnostic accuracy of gonorrhoea and chlamydia detection. The study demonstrated that most infected men who have sex with men would be missed by urogenital testing alone, supporting extragenital self-sampling as a viable component of decentralised STI screening programmes.
Swab-yourself Trial With Economic Monitoring and Testing for Infections Collectively (SYSTEMATIC): Part 1. A Diagnostic Accuracy and Cost-effectiveness Study Comparing Clinician-taken vs Self-taken Rectal and Pharyngeal Samples for the Diagnosis of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia — Wilson et al., Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- economics
- sti
2021
Among women referred for colposcopy after abnormal cytology, self-collected vaginal samples demonstrated comparable diagnostic accuracy to clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting high-risk HPV and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse. Self-collected urine samples were markedly less accurate, indicating vaginal but not urine self-sampling is suitable for decentralised HPV screening.
Performance and Diagnostic Accuracy of Human Papillomavirus Testing on Self-Collected Urine and Vaginal Samples in a Referral Population — Cho et al., Cancer research and treatment
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2021
Host cell DNA methylation levels in first-void urine increased with disease severity among HR-HPV positive women, and GHSR and LHX8 methylation discriminated CIN2+ with AUCs of 0.80 and 0.76, respectively, supporting decentralised urine-based triage to improve cervical screening uptake.
Triage of human papillomavirus infected women by methylation analysis in first-void urine — Van Keer et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- first-void
- hpv
- biomarkers
2021
Pooled sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 89% for high-risk HPV in first-void urine indicate acceptable diagnostic test accuracy for cervical HPV, supporting its use as a non-invasive decentralised screening option.
Diagnostic Test Accuracy of First-Void Urine Human Papillomaviruses for Presence Cervical HPV in Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis — Bober et al., International journal of environmental research and public health
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
2021
Two dry vaginal self-sampling devices and a first-void urine collector detected over 90% of high-grade cervical lesions (CIN 3+) and all invasive cancers, with sensitivity comparable to clinician-taken smears. Participants found the devices easy to use and self-sampling was well accepted, which could improve uptake of cervical screening.
CoCoss-Trial: Concurrent Comparison of Self-Sampling Devices for HPV-Detection — Ertik et al., International journal of environmental research and public health
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2020
A direct DUS-versus-VAMS comparison for 13 steroids on the same urine: VAMS gave better precision and recovery and superior one-year room-temperature stability.
Dried urine microsampling coupled to LC-MS/MS for the analysis of unconjugated anabolic-androgenic steroids — Protti et al., Molecules
- vams
- volumetric
- doping
- dried
- steroids
- toxicology
- hormones
- urine
- validation
2020
Urine VAMS quantified doxycycline with 96–106% accuracy and 31-day room-temperature stability, supporting cold-chain-free adherence monitoring.
A validated VAMS-LC-MS/MS method to quantify doxycycline in urine: monitoring malaria-chemoprophylaxis compliance — Penot, Linard & Taudon, J. Analytical Methods in Chemistry
- vams
- tdm
- dried
- antimicrobials
- urine
- validation
2020
Vaccine-induced HPV antibodies from cervicovaginal secretions were detectable in first-void urine and correlated with serum levels, so one self-collected urine sample can monitor both HPV infection and immunogenicity without a blood draw; the authors see promise for decentralised follow-up after vaccination.
Non-invasive Assessment of Vaccine-Induced HPV Antibodies via First-Void Urine — Pattyn et al., Frontiers in Immunology
- first-void
- sti
- serology
- hpv
- liquid-biopsy
- liquid
- urine
- biomarkers
2020
Urine samples produced lower cycle threshold values than urethral swabs for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae positives, but the two methods yielded highly consistent results with only four discordant findings among 100 male outpatients. This validates clinician-collected swabs as an alternative to first-void urine on the cobas 4800 platform, which could aid decentralised diagnostics where urine collection is impractical.
Clinician-collected urethra swab: A good alternative sample type using cobas 4800 system for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men — Wang et al., Journal of clinical laboratory analysis
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2020
In fifteen men consuming a controlled salt intake, second-void urine provided more reliable estimates of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion than first-void urine, with the sodium-to-potassium ratio in first-day second-void samples showing significant correlation with measured 24-hour output. This suggests spot second-void sampling could replace cumbersome 24-hour collections for sodium intake assessment in decentralised nutrition monitoring.
Development of objective indicators for quantitative analysis of sodium intake: the sodium to potassium ratio of second-void urine is correlated with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion — Kim et al., Nutrition research and practice
- urine
- first-void
- validation
2020
The study found only fair agreement between self-collected urine and vaginal samples for HPV DNA detection, with an overall agreement of 64.04% and a kappa value of 0.29. This suggests that urine self-sampling may not be a reliable substitute for vaginal self-sampling in this high-prevalence population for HPV screening.
Comparison of two self-sampling methods for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing among women with high prevalence rates — Kuriakose et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2020
A head-to-head comparison of three commercial assays on self-collected vaginal swabs and first-void urine from 300 women showed Aptima MG achieved 100% sensitivity for Mycoplasma genitalium on both specimen types, while ResistancePlus MG sensitivity fell to 83.3% on urine versus 100% on swabs, and Seeplex STD6 ACE performed poorly on both. This demonstrates that for decentralised STI diagnostics, both assay choice and specimen type profoundly affect accuracy, with vaginal swabs proving more reliable than urine for two of the three tests.
Comparison of Assays for the Diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium and Macrolide Resistance Mutations in Self-Collected Vaginal Swabs and Urine — Chernesky et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- sti
2020
Among 196 women providing first-void urine, bacterial vaginosis correlated with Gardnerella biofilms on vaginal cells (88–90% of cases) and inversely with Lactobacillus biofilms. This confirms bacterial growth form as a diagnostic marker for vaginal dysbiosis, though no association was found with UTI symptoms, HIV status, or discharge.
Growth Forms of Gardnerella spp. and Lactobacillus spp. on Vaginal Cells — Jung et al., Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- microbiome
2020
In a randomised trial of 260 women undergoing natural cycle frozen embryo transfer, home-based ovulation monitoring using urine LH tests provided greater feelings of empowerment and treatment discretion compared with hospital monitoring, despite similar increases in anxiety and sadness across both pathways.
Home- or hospital-based monitoring to time frozen embryo transfer in the natural cycle? Patient-reported outcomes and experiences from the Antarctica-2 randomised controlled trial — Zaat et al., Human reproduction
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
- dct
2020
Among 603 women in Zambia, home self-collection of genital and urine specimens for schistosomiasis diagnosis proved highly acceptable: more than 96% were willing to repeat each sample type, and 90% preferred home-based to clinic-based collection, chiefly for privacy and convenience. This supports decentralised, patient-centric screening strategies for female genital schistosomiasis in endemic settings.
Acceptability and feasibility of genital self-sampling for the diagnosis of female genital schistosomiasis: a cross-sectional study in Zambia — Rutty Phiri et al., Wellcome open research
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
2020
First-void urine HPV antibody concentrations were lower than serum but showed strong positive correlations across four HPV types. The VLP-based multiplex ELISA demonstrated moderate to good agreement with the GST-L1 assay, confirming that self-collected first-void urine offers a viable non-invasive alternative for assessing HPV vaccine responses in decentralised studies, though larger investigations are needed to establish routine feasibility.
Comparison of a VLP-based and GST-L1-based multiplex immunoassay to detect vaccine-induced HPV-specific antibodies in first-void urine — Pattyn et al., Journal of medical virology
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- serology
- hpv
2020
The study compared detection rates and concordance of HPV16/18 E6 oncoprotein in urine, self-collected vaginal, and cervical specimens, demonstrating the potential for patient-collected samples to support decentralised cervical cancer screening in low-resource settings.
Detection of HPV E6 oncoprotein from urine via a novel immunochromatographic assay — Oliveira et al., PloS one
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2020
Among 181 HIV-positive men who have sex with men, four nucleic acid amplification assays showed variable sensitivity for detecting chlamydia and gonorrhea from self-collected rectal and urine specimens, with the ProbeTec GCQ assay significantly less sensitive for rectal gonorrhea. Urine-only screening would have missed more than 80 per cent of infections, underscoring the need for extragenital self-sampling in decentralised sexually transmitted infection diagnostics for this population.
Performance of 4 Molecular Assays for Detection of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in a Sample of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men — Footman et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2020
In patients undergoing upfront MRI and image-guided biopsy, adding MDx-2 RNA biomarker scores and embedded clinical variables to PI-RADS-v2 improved prediction of high-grade prostate cancer compared with PI-RADS-v2 alone (AUC 0.80 vs 0.67), though the two combined models did not differ significantly, suggesting that biomarkers and clinical predictors in MDx-2 require reassessment in this diagnostic pathway.
Independent Evaluation of the Respective Predictive Values for High-Grade Prostate Cancer of Clinical Information and RNA Biomarkers after Upfront MRI and Image-Guided Biopsies — Roumiguié et al., Cancers
- urine
- first-void
- biomarkers
2020
The study found that pooling self-collected urine, pharyngeal and rectal specimens for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing on GeneXpert near the point of care reduced sensitivity to around 90 per cent compared with individual specimen testing, missing nine infections across 388 participants, but pooling remained feasible and could save time and cost when screening at-risk populations.
Reduced sensitivity from pooled urine, pharyngeal and rectal specimens when using a molecular assay for the detection of chlamydia and gonorrhoea near the point of care — Badman et al., Sexual health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2020
HPV DNA was detected significantly more often in first-void urine from patients with urothelial carcinoma than from controls, indicating an association between HPV infection and bladder cancer.
Is There any Association between Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder and Human Papillomavirus? A Case-Control Study — Sarier et al., Urologia internationalis (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- hpv
2020
Women using a home-based, app-connected urine ovulation test achieved pregnancy in 25.4% of first cycles versus 14.7% for those not using tests (p<0.001), with a cumulative two-cycle rate of 40.8% versus 30.0% (p=0.026). This shows that decentralised hormone self-sampling can significantly improve conception rates while reducing intercourse frequency through better cycle timing.
Increased Likelihood of Pregnancy Using an App-Connected Ovulation Test System: A Randomized Controlled Trial — Johnson et al., Journal of women's health
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
- dct
2020
Pooled testing of pharyngeal, anorectal and urine samples detected most Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in men who have sex with men, missing only one chlamydia-positive urine specimen, and yielded less PCR inhibition than single-site testing. Two self-collected anorectal swabs were inadequately sampled, indicating that pooling can streamline decentralised STI screening but self-collection quality must be assured.
Take three, test one: a cross-sectional study to evaluate the molecular detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in pooled pharyngeal, anorectal and urine samples versus single-site testing among men who have sex with men in Belgium — De Baetselier et al., Acta clinica Belgica (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2020
Dried urine spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling methods were validated for quantifying six corticosteroids in 30 μl urine, showing good linearity, extraction yields exceeding 81 percent, and precision within 15 percent relative standard deviation. Analytes remained stable for seven days at room temperature, indicating urine microsampling is viable for remote antidoping control and could support decentralised steroid monitoring.
Microsampling and LC-MS/MS for antidoping testing of glucocorticoids in urine — Protti et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- vams
- validation
- hormones
- steroids
- doping
- toxicology
2020
Nearly four in five women (79 per cent) had positive feelings about urine-based HPV testing, and more than three-quarters (78 per cent) preferred urine self-collection to cervico-vaginal sampling, with preference varying by race and ethnicity. Sixteen per cent worried about correct cervico-vaginal collection. Urine self-collection is highly acceptable across diverse United States populations and offers a decentralised approach that could improve cervical cancer screening coverage.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Acceptability of Urine and Cervico-Vaginal Sample Self-Collection for HPV-Based Cervical Cancer Screening — Rohner et al., Journal of women's health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2019
This study found that dried urine metabolite patterns followed serum concentrations. It shows excellent agreement for the 4-spot method versus 24-hour collections and dried versus liquid urine, with intraclass correlation coefficients greater than 0.95.
Evaluating urinary estrogen and progesterone metabolites using dried filter-paper samples and GC-MS/MS — Newman et al., BMC Chemistry
- dried
- steroids
- fertility
- hormones
- liquid
- urine
- validation
2019
At-home first-void urine self-collection with Colli-Pee was feasible, well accepted, and gave chlamydia/gonorrhoea detection comparable to routine clinic-based urine, supporting home first-void sampling for populations needing frequent STI testing.
Evaluation of Colli-Pee first-void urine self-sampling at home versus clinic-based collection for sexually transmitted infections in MSM — De Baetselier et al., BMJ Open
- colli-pee
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- liquid
- urine
2019
In women with HPV, first-void urine collected with the Colli-Pee device had higher HPV DNA concentrations than urine collected with a standard cup, although this advantage disappeared at high HPV DNA loads. Timing of collection (morning versus later) did not affect HPV DNA copies.
Human papillomavirus detection in urine: Effect of a first-void urine collection device and timing of collection — Pattyn et al., Journal of virological methods (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2019
In a prospective preconception cohort, participants correctly collected 82% of expected female urine samples and 59% of male samples on investigator-identified days, with high agreement between participants and expert reviewers on fertile window timing. This demonstrates that intensively scheduled, biologically triggered, at-home urine collection can be successfully targeted to the periconceptional window and completed in longitudinal research.
Compliance with daily, home-based collection of urinary biospecimens in a prospective, preconception cohort — Cox et al., Environmental epidemiology
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
2019
This study shows wide variation across existing CT load quantification methods and demonstrates that normalising CT load to human cell load is inappropriate because molecular techniques cannot exclude inflammatory cells, supporting the need for standardisation in decentralised STI diagnostics.
Standardisation is necessary in urogenital and extragenital Chlamydia trachomatis bacterial load determination by quantitative PCR: a review of literature and retrospective study — Dirks et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2019
Molecular tests that use urine or self-collected swabs may make STI screening more acceptable to patients, which could increase testing opportunities and enable faster, more accurate diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and Mycoplasma genitalium infection.
STI update: Testing, treatment, and emerging threats — Hlatshwayo et al., Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
Treating first-void urine with Aptima Transfer Solution increased HPV mRNA positivity from about 21-28% to 34-46%, with good overall agreement (81.1%, kappa 0.63) compared with cervical samples; however, cervical specimens detected more HPV in women with abnormal cytology or histopathology, indicating that urine may be less sensitive in this subgroup.
Treatment of first-void urine with Aptima Transfer Solution increases detection of high-risk HPV E6/E7 mRNA — Arias et al., Journal of virological methods (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2019
Among 800 pregnant women in Vietnam, self-collection of urine or vaginal swabs for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomonas screening proved highly acceptable and feasible, with chlamydia prevalence of 6.0%. This supports patient-centric decentralised STI screening in antenatal care, particularly in settings without established programmes.
Acceptability and feasibility of sexually transmissible infection screening among pregnant women in Hanoi, Vietnam — Nguyen et al., Sexual health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
In Shenzhen sexual and reproductive health clinics, 10.3% of attendees tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis by NAAT on self-collected urine, with similar prevalence in men and women; younger age, prior never testing and co-infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae were independent risk factors, indicating the need for comprehensive CT screening and treatment programmes.
Chlamydia trachomatis infection among patients attending sexual and reproductive health clinics: A cross-sectional study in Bao'an District, Shenzhen, China — Yan et al., PloS one
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2019
First-void urine PCR showed strong correlations between Ureaplasma urealyticum and most bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria in men with non-gonococcal urethritis. This indicates first-void urine can identify organisms potentially involved in male urethral inflammation, supporting its use for decentralised STI screening.
Detection of ureaplasmas and bacterial vaginosis associated bacteria and their association with non-gonococcal urethritis in men — Frølund et al., PloS one
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2019
Self-collected first-void urine and vaginal swabs performed at home showed high prevalence and perfect clinic concordance for Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, enabling accurate decentralised STI testing.
Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Detected With Aptima Assays Performed on Self-Obtained Vaginal Swabs and Urine Collected at Home and in a Clinic — Chernesky et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- sti
2019
Evaluation of the cobas® TV/MG assay showed 100% sensitivity and at least 99.2% specificity for detecting Trichomonas vaginalis in urine and vaginal swabs. Self-collected vaginal swabs performed equivalently to clinician-collected samples, confirming the test supports decentralised, patient-centric STI screening.
Trichomonas vaginalis Detection in Female Specimens with cobas® TV/MG for use on the cobas® 6800/8800 Systems — Marlowe et al., European journal of microbiology & immunology
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2019
The prototype recombinase polymerase amplification assay detected chlamydia in urine and self-collected vulvovaginal swabs with sensitivity of at least 94.3% and specificity of 99.7–100%, and gonorrhoeae in urine with 100% sensitivity and specificity, delivering results in 15 minutes. This rapid, accurate performance comparable to standard NAATs suggests potential for decentralised STI screening to improve treatment and reduce transmission.
Diagnostic accuracy of a prototype rapid chlamydia and gonorrhoea recombinase polymerase amplification assay: a multicentre cross-sectional preclinical evaluation — Harding-Esch et al., Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2019
The Colli-Pee device achieved very good to almost perfect agreement with clinic collected urine for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and mycoplasma testing, and participants found it feasible and convenient for home sampling, supporting its use for frequent STI screening in at-risk groups.
Evaluation of the 'Colli-Pee', a first-void urine collection device for self-sampling at home for the detection of sexually transmitted infections, versus a routine clinic-based urine collection in a one-to-one comparison study design: efficacy and acceptability among MSM in Belgium — De Baetselier et al., BMJ open
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
In this pilot study, a home-based urinary PDG test achieved 100% specificity and 85-88% sensitivity for confirming ovulation against serum progesterone. With half of participants finding the test easy to use, the results support further development of decentralised fertility monitoring, though a larger trial is needed for definitive validation.
Pilot observational prospective cohort study on the use of a novel home-based urinary pregnanediol 3-glucuronide (PDG) test to confirm ovulation when used as adjunct to fertility awareness methods (FAMs) stage 1 — Leiva et al., BMJ open
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2019
Among gay and bisexual men, urine-based STI self-sampling was reported as easy by 99% of participants and rectal swab self-collection by 90%. Nearly all trusted their rapid HIV self-test results, with 94% reading them within the recommended 20-40 minute window, indicating high acceptability and reliability of home-based diagnostic testing for this population.
Gay and bisexual men's experiences using self-testing kits for HIV and rectal and urethral bacterial sexually transmitted infections: Lessons learned from a study with home-based testing — John et al., International journal of sexual health : official journal of the World Association for Sexual Health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
Users of an internet-based STI testing kit programme reported high satisfaction and many were repeat users. Both men and women preferred genital self-collected swabs to urine specimens, indicating strong patient acceptance of decentralised screening and demand for broader home-testing options.
An Analysis of User Survey Data for an Internet Program for Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections, I Want the Kit, in Maryland and Washington, DC — Hogenson et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
Human adenoviruses are frequently detected and isolated from first-void urine in patients with urethritis and can continue to be shed at high levels for up to 12 days after symptoms resolve, indicating prolonged viral excretion that matters for decentralised diagnostics.
Infectious human adenoviruses are shed in urine even after disappearance of urethral symptoms — Hanaoka et al., PloS one
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
2019
In Ghana STI clinics, first-void urine NAAT showed that painful urination and urethral discharge were significantly associated with gonorrhoea, helping target testing and public health measures.
Risk factors associated with gonorrhea and chlamydia transmission in selected health facilities in Ghana — Dela et al., BMC infectious diseases
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2019
A urine progesterone self-test using a 5 μg/mL threshold confirmed ovulation in 82% of cycles, compared with 59% when a 7 μg/mL threshold was used. This pilot study shows that home-based urine testing can reliably detect luteal phase progesterone rise, supporting decentralised fertility monitoring.
Pilot Evaluation of a New Urine Progesterone Test to Confirm Ovulation in Women Using a Fertility Monitor — Bouchard et al., Frontiers in public health
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2019
Mid-stream urine samples were significantly more accurate than first-void urine for point-of-care dipstick, microscopy and culture tests in diagnosing urinary tract infection in general practice, with error rates of 16% versus 23% for culture. A delay in analysis of up to four hours did not reduce test accuracy, which supports practical implementation in decentralised settings.
Sampling of urine for diagnosing urinary tract infection in general practice - First-void or mid-stream urine? — Pernille et al., Scandinavian journal of primary health care
- urine
- first-void
- validation
2019
This study demonstrates for the first time that HPV vaccine antibodies can be detected in first-void urine from young women, with levels correlating strongly to serum (Spearman r 0.64–0.88). This non-invasive approach could support large-scale epidemiological studies and vaccine monitoring, reducing the need for venous blood draws, though further optimisation and validation is needed.
First-void urine as a non-invasive liquid biopsy source to detect vaccine-induced human papillomavirus antibodies originating from cervicovaginal secretions — Van Keer et al., Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
- hpv
2019
Non-tobacco users who attended six-hour e-cigarette events showed up to 13-fold increases in urinary cotinine and significant rises in salivary cotinine, both peaking four hours after exposure, with acrolein metabolites also increasing but tobacco-specific nitrosamines unchanged. The multi-timepoint collection of urine including first-void specimens and saliva demonstrates how exposure biomarkers can be tracked through biological samples collected outside a clinic setting.
A biomonitoring assessment of secondhand exposures to electronic cigarette emissions — Johnson et al., International journal of hygiene and environmental health (paywalled)
- saliva
- urine
- first-void
- toxicology
- biomarkers
2019
Mycoplasma genitalium infection persisted for a median of 143 days after syndromic treatment, with 62% of men harbouring macrolide resistance mutations. The findings highlight that first-void urine testing is needed to detect persistent infection and guide appropriate antibiotic therapy in decentralised sexual health settings.
Long Duration of Asymptomatic Mycoplasma genitalium Infection After Syndromic Treatment for Nongonococcal Urethritis — Romano et al., Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2019
The Cobas CT/NG assay demonstrated high sensitivity (95.6–100%) and specificity (≥98.8%) for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae across urine and self-collected vaginal swabs from men and women. This validates patient-centric self-sampling for accurate, high-throughput STI screening suitable for decentralised public health programmes.
Evaluation of the Performance of the Cobas CT/NG Test for Use on the Cobas 6800/8800 Systems for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Male and Female Urogenital Samples — Van Der Pol et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2019
First-void urine testing identified Mycoplasma genitalium in 12.8% of men with non-gonococcal urethritis, with macrolide resistance in 89.7% of men who have sex with men compared with 50% of men with only female partners. This demonstrates that urine-based molecular screening can detect clinically significant resistance patterns that affect treatment choices.
Men Who Have Sex With Men With Mycoplasma genitalium-Positive Nongonococcal Urethritis Are More Likely to Have Macrolide-Resistant Strains Than Men With Only Female Partners: A Prospective Study — McIver et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2018
First-void urine collected with a dedicated device showed good agreement with cervical samples for detecting HPV DNA and viral load, and was strongly preferred by patients over clinician collection, supporting its use for decentralised screening.
Human papillomavirus genotype and viral load agreement between paired first-void urine and clinician-collected cervical samples — Van Keer et al., European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
2018
Real-time PCR on first-void urine from 350 pregnant women found an overall Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence of 2%, rising to 13.3% in those under 25 years, supporting targeted first-trimester screening in younger pregnant women.
[Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women during the first trimester in a private institution in Córdoba.] — Zucotti et al., Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2018
Mycoplasma genitalium prevalence was 1.8% among backpackers, with 40% macrolide resistance, supporting PCR for diagnosis and resistance testing.
Mycoplasma genitalium in the Far North Queensland backpacker population: An observational study of prevalence and azithromycin resistance — Trevis et al., PloS one
- urine
- first-void
- sti

Read from the corpus on 2026-09-09.