The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 201–238 of 238 labelled “serology”, newest first.
2020
The cobas® Plasma Separation Card demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for HIV viral load from both venous and capillary blood, with misclassification rates under 1% compared with 5.9% for dried blood spots. This enables accurate decentralised HIV monitoring in primary care without requiring plasma centrifugation or cold chain transport.
Accurate HIV viral load measurement in primary health care settings using the cobas® plasma separation card — Vubil et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2020
First-void urine HPV antibody concentrations were lower than serum but showed strong positive correlations across four HPV types. The VLP-based multiplex ELISA demonstrated moderate to good agreement with the GST-L1 assay, confirming that self-collected first-void urine offers a viable non-invasive alternative for assessing HPV vaccine responses in decentralised studies, though larger investigations are needed to establish routine feasibility.
Comparison of a VLP-based and GST-L1-based multiplex immunoassay to detect vaccine-induced HPV-specific antibodies in first-void urine — Pattyn et al., Journal of medical virology
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- serology
- hpv
2020
Birth testing for HIV using dried blood spots proved acceptable in Zambia, with low maternal refusal. Yet centralised laboratory testing created operational challenges: result return varied from 51.6% to 92.1% across sites, and linkage to care for infected infants was incomplete, underscoring the need for point-of-care platforms to accelerate diagnosis and treatment.
Acceptability and feasibility of testing for HIV infection at birth and linkage to care in rural and urban Zambia: a cross-sectional study — Sutcliffe et al., BMC infectious diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- acceptability
- pediatric
- serology
2020
Capillary whole-blood point-of-care RNA testing and fingerstick dried blood spot sampling were feasible and acceptable for hepatitis C screening in high-risk individuals at social-medical harm reduction sites. Detection rates were comparable across both methods, enabling simplified screening and successful linkage to pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral treatment.
Assessing Molecular Point-of-Care Testing and Dried Blood Spot for Hepatitis C Virus Screening in People Who Inject Drugs — Chevaliez et al., Open forum infectious diseases
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- acceptability
- serology
2020
Saliva presents a viable diagnostic alternative to nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 detection by rRT-PCR. Its use facilitates patient self-collection, minimises healthcare worker exposure, and offers a cost-effective approach for widespread testing.
Saliva as a Potential Diagnostic Specimen for COVID-19 Testing — Harikrishnan, The Journal of craniofacial surgery (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2020
In 401 COVID-19 patients, self-collected oropharyngeal and mid-turbinate swabs detected 75.1% of infections and saliva detected 74.3%, both inferior to the 82.8% sensitivity of healthcare worker-collected swabs. However, combining both self-collected samples yielded 86.5% sensitivity with 100% specificity, indicating self-collection can be a useful tool for decentralised SARS-CoV-2 screening despite lower individual test sensitivity.
The accuracy of healthcare worker versus self collected (2-in-1) Oropharyngeal and Bilateral Mid-Turbinate (OPMT) swabs and saliva samples for SARS-CoV-2 — Tan et al., PloS one
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2020
Dried blood spot sampling using HemaSpot or Whatman903 cards demonstrated high analytical sensitivity for hepatitis B surface antigen, core antibody and hepatitis C antibody when compared with serum, with ratios ranging from 17.6:1 to 38.9:1. HemaSpot achieved 92.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity for HBsAg detection, maintained 80% detection efficacy after one month of storage, and showed no significant degradation after two weeks at ambient temperature, confirming its suitability for decentralised hepatitis screening in resource-limited settings.
Evaluation of the efficiency of dried blood spot-based measurement of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus seromarkers — Yamamoto et al., Scientific reports
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2019
Dried blood spot viral load quantification using the Biocentric method correlated with plasma testing (r=0.67–0.82) and delivered comparable diagnostic accuracy at the 1000 copies/mL threshold across three collection methods. This validates patient-centric microsampling for decentralised HIV monitoring in resource-limited settings.
Field Suitability and Diagnostic Accuracy of the Biocentric Open Real-Time PCR Platform for Dried Blood Spot-Based HIV Viral Load Quantification in Eswatini — Kerschberger et al., Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2019
This review found that oral fluid and dried blood spot microsampling can detect hepatitis B virus serological and DNA markers with variable sensitivity ranging from 13 to 100 percent depending on collection method, study population, and assay used. These decentralised sampling approaches could increase access to hepatitis B screening in remote areas and high-risk groups.
Applicability of Oral Fluid and Dried Blood Spot for Hepatitis B Virus Diagnosis — Villar et al., Canadian journal of gastroenterology & hepatology
- blood
- saliva
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- serology
2019
Human adenoviruses are frequently detected and isolated from first-void urine in patients with urethritis and can continue to be shed at high levels for up to 12 days after symptoms resolve, indicating prolonged viral excretion that matters for decentralised diagnostics.
Infectious human adenoviruses are shed in urine even after disappearance of urethral symptoms — Hanaoka et al., PloS one
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
2019
This study demonstrates for the first time that HPV vaccine antibodies can be detected in first-void urine from young women, with levels correlating strongly to serum (Spearman r 0.64–0.88). This non-invasive approach could support large-scale epidemiological studies and vaccine monitoring, reducing the need for venous blood draws, though further optimisation and validation is needed.
First-void urine as a non-invasive liquid biopsy source to detect vaccine-induced human papillomavirus antibodies originating from cervicovaginal secretions — Van Keer et al., Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
- hpv
2019
VAMS capillary blood showed strong agreement with venous serum for measuring anti-influenza antibodies and remained stable for three weeks at room temperature. When volunteers performed finger-stick sampling at home, their results were highly consistent with on-site collection by study personnel.
Application of volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) to measure multidimensional anti-influenza IgG antibodies by the mPlex-Flu assay — Wang et al., Journal of clinical and translational science
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2018
First-void urine is suitable for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium by PCR in first-trimester pregnancy, but it is not suitable for HPV detection, for which vaginal or cervical specimens are preferred.
Detection of urinary Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and human papilloma virus in the first trimester of pregnancy by PCR method — Rahimkhani et al., Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- hpv
- sti
2018
Among 250 infertile Iranian men, self-collected first-void urine enabled decentralised detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, yet infection status showed no correlation with sperm chromatin condensation or DNA fragmentation. The study validates first-void urine for remote STI screening in fertility assessment, while indicating sperm quality markers are independent of Chlamydia infection.
Effects of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on sperm chromatin condensation and DNA integrity — Dehghan Marvast et al., Andrologia (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- serology
- sti
2018
The optimised Abbott DBS protocol for HIV RNA testing performed well in a Vietnamese routine clinical setting, meeting WHO performance criteria for viral load monitoring. This supports scaling up decentralised HIV care, though sensitivity at the 1000 copies/mL threshold remains a challenge to avoid keeping patients on failing antiretroviral therapy.
First field evaluation of the optimized CE marked Abbott protocol for HIV RNA testing on dried blood spot in a routine clinical setting in Vietnam — Taieb et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2018
Xpert MTB/RIF assay on early morning first void urine had moderate sensitivity and high specificity for urinary tuberculosis versus a composite standard and was superior to LED fluorescent smear microscopy as the initial test, supporting its use as a decentralised diagnostic.
Efficacy and role of Xpert<sup>®</sup> <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>/rifampicin assay in urinary tuberculosis — Samuel et al., Indian journal of urology : IJU : journal of the Urological Society of India
- urine
- first-void
- serology
2018
Most men who have sex with men could self-administer HIV rapid tests and correctly interpret results, but 27% of dried blood spot cards were of poor quality and interpretation was difficult when control lines were absent, suggesting instructions need refinement before decentralised deployment.
Pilot Evaluation of the Ability of Men Who Have Sex with Men to Self-Administer Rapid HIV Tests, Prepare Dried Blood Spot Cards, and Interpret Test Results, Atlanta, Georgia, 2013 — MacGowan et al., AIDS and behavior (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2018
Remote hepatitis C self-testing and self-sampling are broadly acceptable among people who use drugs, with rapid saliva testing preferred over delayed blood sample results. However, successful uptake requires clear integration into supportive care pathways to help individuals manage positive diagnoses.
A qualitative assessment of the acceptability of hepatitis C remote self-testing and self-sampling amongst people who use drugs in London, UK — Guise et al., BMC infectious diseases
- blood
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2018
Field-based dried blood spot qPCR detected more than twice as many malaria infections as rapid diagnostic tests in a reactive test-and-treat programme, with 62 per cent of PCR-positive cases missed by RDT. The findings suggest that focusing treatment on index case households using more sensitive molecular diagnostics would improve efficiency for malaria elimination efforts.
Efficiency of a Malaria Reactive Test-and-Treat Program in Southern Zambia: A Prospective, Observational Study — Deutsch-Feldman et al., The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- serology
2018
Self-collected dried blood spots returned by post achieved an 82.4% return rate and identified a 3.04% HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men in Tokyo, with 70.6% of provisional positives later confirmed at hospital, demonstrating strong demand for postal self-sampling screening in populations that conventional services struggle to reach.
Assessment of HIV prevalence among MSM in Tokyo using self-collected dried blood spots delivered through the postal service — Takano et al., BMC infectious diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
- sti
2018
Among 554 HIV-positive men who have sex with men, 60.8 per cent successfully collected an adequate dried blood spot specimen at home for HIV-1 RNA quantification. The study revealed that 52.5 per cent had a detectable viral load, and most of these men had previously self-reported an undetectable result, demonstrating that decentralised sampling can identify gaps in treatment adherence and viral suppression.
Quantification of HIV-1 RNA Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Using an At-Home Self-Collected Dried Blood Spot Specimen: Feasibility Study — Hirshfield et al., JMIR public health and surveillance
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2017
In 250 Iranian infertile couples followed for 24 months, detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in first-void urine, semen or serum antibodies did not predict tubal factor infertility, pregnancy rate or outcome. This indicates that patient-collected first-void urine screening for these organisms may have limited clinical utility in fertility assessment.
Relationship between Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium infection and pregnancy rate and outcome in Iranian infertile couples — Dehghan Marvast et al., Andrologia (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- serology
- sti
2017
More than half of Australian opioid injectors reported recent injection of pharmaceutical opioids, and this behaviour was linked to daily injection, sharing of syringes or equipment, overdose and regional residence, indicating a need for targeted harm reduction including naloxone and specialist filters.
High risk injecting behaviour among people who inject pharmaceutical opioids in Australia — Iversen et al., The International journal on drug policy (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2017
This study found that saliva collected with the OMNIgene ORAL kit and stored at room temperature for up to 13 months allowed for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum DNA with high sensitivity and specificity compared to blood tests, suggesting it is a viable non-invasive alternative for malaria diagnosis.
Detection of Plasmodium falciparum DNA in saliva samples stored at room temperature: potential for a non-invasive saliva-based diagnostic test for malaria — Mfuh et al., Malaria journal
- saliva
- stabilised
- validation
- serology
2016
Dried blood spot sampling of 919 school-aged children in a field setting identified low hepatitis A endemicity (20.7% seroprevalence overall) but very high susceptibility in children under five (94.7%). This shows DBS can enable decentralised infectious disease screening in paediatric populations without requiring venous blood draws.
Hepatitis A seroprevalence in public school children in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, prior to the introduction of the hepatitis A universal childhood vaccination — Kury et al., Cadernos de saude publica (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- serology
2016
A review of the Zambian National Dried Blood Spot Registry identified 17 HIV-positive infants among 459 tested by DBS DNA PCR across five facilities, yielding a transmission rate of 3.7 per cent. Programmatic risk factors for mother-to-child transmission included late antenatal care presentation, home delivery, maternal refusal of treatment and loss to follow-up, underscoring the role of DBS-based infant screening in exposing service gaps as Zambia scaled up lifelong combination ART for pregnant women.
Identifying Gaps in Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV: A Case Series of HIV-positive Infants in Zambia — Bonawitz et al., The Pediatric infectious disease journal (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- serology
2016
An in-home dried blood spot service run by nurses increased testing uptake among household contacts of hepatitis B-infected pregnant women compared with conventional primary-care follow-up, offering a decentralised approach that may improve coverage of testing and vaccination.
Assessing the impact of a nurse-delivered home dried blood spot service on uptake of testing for household contacts of hepatitis B-infected pregnant women across two London trusts — Keel et al., Epidemiology and infection (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- serology
2016
Internet-using men who have sex with men returned 82% of mailed at-home dried blood spot HIV test kits, but black non-Hispanic men had roughly half the odds of returning a kit compared with white men. The study shows strong willingness to use decentralised HIV testing while flagging equity gaps that could limit access for minority groups.
Factors Associated with Returning At-Home Specimen Collection Kits for HIV Testing among Internet-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men — Ricca et al., Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2016
Among 780 sub-Saharan African migrants attending community outreach sessions in Antwerp, 18.2% underwent HIV testing via oral fluid self-sampling, with 78.9% collecting their results (56.3% via a secure website). Acceptance was higher among women and in church settings with engaged community leaders, demonstrating that decentralised, patient-centric screening can overcome cultural barriers and reach underserved populations who avoid blood draws.
Acceptability of a Community-Based Outreach HIV-Testing Intervention Using Oral Fluid Collection Devices and Web-Based HIV Test Result Collection Among Sub-Saharan African Migrants: A Mixed-Method Study — Loos et al., JMIR public health and surveillance
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2016
Molecular analysis of dried blood spots from patients across Myanmar shows that a third of Plasmodium falciparum isolates carry kelch13 propeller mutations associated with artemisinin resistance, while multiple pfmdr1 copies are uncommon, indicating that artemisinin based combination therapy should remain effective but requires ongoing efficacy monitoring.
K13 mutations and pfmdr1 copy number variation in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Myanmar — Win et al., Malaria journal
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- serology
2016
The study of 250 infertile men found that Chlamydia trachomatis infection detected in first-void urine by PCR was associated with lower semen volume, while seminal interleukin levels showed non-significant elevation. This supports the use of patient-centric first-void urine and blood samples for screening sexually transmitted infections in decentralised fertility diagnostics.
Semen inflammatory markers and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male partners of infertile couples — Dehghan Marvast et al., Andrologia (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- serology
- sti
2015
Frequent antiretroviral resistance was detected among HIV-infected orphaned children in rural Tanzania, with dried blood spots enabling resistance genotyping alongside plasma in this decentralised paediatric clinic. The high prevalence of resistance limited virological response to therapy, demonstrating the clinical value of microsampling for screening in resource-limited settings.
Frequent detection of antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1-infected orphaned children followed at a donor-funded rural pediatric clinic in Dodoma, Tanzania — Meini et al., AIDS research and human retroviruses (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- pediatric
- serology
2015
The study found that IgG seropositivity against Chlamydia trachomatis was significantly higher in infertile women than in pregnant controls (15% versus 0%), but PCR positivity in first-void urine was very low, with only one of 80 samples positive across all three primer sets. The authors concluded that serological screening is more diagnostically useful than first-void urine PCR for identifying chlamydial infection in infertile women in this setting.
Association of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection with Female Infer-tility, Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India — Ghosh et al., The open microbiology journal
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- serology
- sti
2015
The OMNIgene™·DISCOVER kit preserved viral DNA integrity in saliva for up to 14 months at room temperature, outperforming frozen storage which caused significant degradation. Viral loads remained stable for 6-9 months with the kit, supporting its use for decentralised diagnostic testing in resource-constrained settings.
Detecting DNA viruses in oral fluids: evaluation of collection and storage methods — Speicher et al., Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease (paywalled)
- saliva
- stabilised
- validation
- serology
2015
The cross-sectional survey of 1541 HIV-positive men found high rates of genital mycoplasma co-infection, Ureaplasma urealyticum in 26.7 per cent and Mycoplasma hominis in 25.3 per cent, using first-void urine. This demonstrates the clinical value of urine-based screening for STI co-infection surveillance in HIV cohorts within decentralised diagnostic workflows.
Epidemiology of Mycoplasma acquisition in male HIV-1 infected patients: a multistage cross-sectional survey in Jiangsu, China — Chen et al., Epidemiology and infection (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
2015
The study found that 10.5% of women in three districts of Tamil Nadu were HPV positive, with HPV16 and HPV6 being the most common types. This supports the use of first-void urine sampling in decentralised, patient-centric screening programmes for HPV in low-resource settings.
A population-based study of the prevalence of HPV in three districts of Tamil Nadu, India — Sureshkumar et al., International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- hpv
2015
The study validated a commercial ELISA for measuring measles-specific IgG in capillary dried blood spots from children, finding 100% sensitivity and 96.8% specificity against matched venous serum with 92% overall agreement, then applied the method to 1,588 field-collected samples in Mexico and Nicaragua. The procedure was acceptable to surveyors and participants, showing that dried blood spots are a feasible and accurate means of assessing population immunity to measles in low-resource settings.
Use of a commercial ELISA for the detection of measles-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in dried blood spots collected from children living in low-resource settings — Colson et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- pediatric
- serology
2014
Two rapid oral fluid HIV tests demonstrated sensitivities of 99.8% and 100% with specificities of 99.8% in a Mozambican population, performing comparably to the national blood-based algorithm despite participants marginally preferring blood testing. The findings validate saliva self-sampling for decentralised HIV screening.
Evaluation of performance and acceptability of two rapid oral fluid tests for HIV detection in Mozambique — Semá Baltazar et al., Journal of clinical microbiology (paywalled)
- saliva
- validation
- acceptability
- serology
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