The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 201–280 of 280 labelled “acceptability”, newest first.
2022
Online postal self-sampling services for sexually transmitted infections are highly acceptable to users and increase overall testing access, but uptake is socially patterned with under-representation of groups disproportionately affected by poor sexual health, and return rates for blood samples are low.
Access to, usage and clinic outcomes of, online postal sexually transmitted infection services: a scoping review — Sumray et al., Sexually transmitted infections
- blood
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
A national cohort study of unkept outpatient appointments across NHS England, quantifying the scale of missed appointments and who misses them: the cost of requiring the patient to travel.
Characterising the nationwide burden and predictors of unkept outpatient appointments in the National Health Service in England: A cohort study using electronic health records — Philpott-Morgan et al., PLOS Medicine
- economics
- acceptability
2021
Capillary blood collected in BD Microtainer tubes remained stable for up to 12 days at room temperature and gave accurate HbA1c results when posted back, with high return rates and patient willingness to reuse the system.
Validation and feasibility of a postal system for remote monitoring of HbA1c — Cross et al., BMJ open diabetes research & care
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- bd-microtainer
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
2021
Among 515 women, 93% believed HPV self-sampling could improve screening uptake and 95% found instructions clear and felt confident, yet 41% still preferred clinician collection and 9-19% found it unpleasant. This shows urine-based screening with Colli-Pee is well accepted but not universally preferred, a crucial insight for patient-centric decentralised programmes.
Cervical cancer screening using HPV tests on self-samples: attitudes and preferences of women participating in the VALHUDES study — De Pauw et al., Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2021
Capillary whole blood samples yielded comparable results to venous plasma for HbA1c, lipid profile and liver function tests after three days at ambient temperature, and a pilot home-collection kit was found to have good patient usability. This model could enable decentralised monitoring of chronic disease patients during virtual clinics, mitigating infection risk.
The use of whole blood capillary samples to measure 15 analytes for a home-collect biochemistry service during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A proposed model from North West London Pathology — Ansari et al., Annals of clinical biochemistry
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
2021
Two home-use capillary blood collection kits for HbA1c measurement produced results within 5% of venous values for 96% to 99% of samples across different shipping conditions. The kits were easy to use and yielded comparable results to venous specimens for both paediatric and adult participants, supporting their use in decentralised clinical research and care.
An Evaluation of Two Capillary Sample Collection Kits for Laboratory Measurement of HbA1c — Beck et al., Diabetes technology & therapeutics (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- pediatric
2021
In a decentralised design, HAE patients collected dried blood spot samples at home during attacks and at clinic visits, with high acceptability and sufficient sample volumes for LC-IM-QToF MS metabolomics, supporting the feasibility of patient-centric microsampling to discover disease activity biomarkers.
HAE patient self-sampling for biomarker establishment — Förster et al., Orphanet journal of rare diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- dct
- biomarkers
2021
Intervention mapping identified stigma, privacy, and time constraints as key barriers to self-sampling for HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men. Developing tailored digital outreach, role-model narratives, and peer-to-peer test distribution addresses these barriers to support uptake of remote home self-collection programs.
Systematic Development of an Intervention to Promote Self-Sampling for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections for Men Who Have Sex With Men: An Intervention Mapping Approach — Leenen et al., Frontiers in reproductive health
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
In a Berlin homeless shelter, weekly self-collection of saliva or nasal/oral swabs for COVID-19 PCR achieved 89–94% retention over three weeks, but required 48 person-hours per round and repeated assistance. Residents found nasal/oral swabs easier than saliva, and language barriers were the main obstacle to participation. This shows that decentralised screening in vulnerable populations is feasible but demands flexible, supported protocols and resource planning.
Monitoring for COVID-19 by universal testing in a homeless shelter in Germany: a prospective feasibility cohort study — Lindner et al., BMC infectious diseases
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2021
In Ugandan PLHIV, asymptomatic STIs were found in 3.9% overall and 5.7% in women, with risk higher under 25 years and with multiple partners. Self-sampling was highly acceptable, with over 95% finding it easy and comfortable and 83.8% believing the results, supporting decentralised STI screening using self-collected urine.
Prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> in a Ugandan population most at risk of HIV transmission — Mabonga et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
Urine self-sampling for HPV detection showed good agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples (Kappa 0.72) under optimised conditions of 40 mM EDTA preservative, storage at 25°C, and processing within 72 hours. With a cost of USD 1.10 and high acceptability among women and healthcare workers, this method offers a practical decentralised screening approach for resource-limited settings.
Performance of an affordable urine self-sampling method for human papillomavirus detection in Mexican women — Hernández-López et al., PloS one
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- economics
- hpv
- sti
2021
People with mild learning disabilities found STI/BBV self-sampling packs challenging due to complex instructions and manual dexterity required for blood sampling, yet welcomed privacy and avoiding clinic visits. Providing easy-read formats and retaining face-to-face options are essential to avoid widening health inequalities in decentralised screening.
How can we make self-sampling packs for sexually transmitted infections and bloodborne viruses more inclusive? A qualitative study with people with mild learning disabilities and low health literacy — Middleton et al., Sexually transmitted infections
- blood
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
Thai transgender women showed high acceptability and satisfaction for self-collection of CT/NG testing, with 100% performance agreement in a small subset compared with provider collection, supporting wider implementation especially during physical distancing.
Acceptability and satisfaction towards self-collection for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing among transgender women in Tangerine Clinic, Thailand: shifting towards the new normal — Hiransuthikul et al., Journal of the International AIDS Society
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
Latent class analysis of 4,793 participants identified five distinct SARS-CoV-2 testing preference patterns; saliva was most preferred by noninvasive home testers, and simulation predicted that offering less invasive specimens, faster turnaround, and at-home testing would increase uptake from 81.6% to 98.1%. These results show that aligning test design with patient preferences can substantially improve screening participation in decentralised diagnostics.
Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Testing Preferences in a National Cohort in the United States: Latent Class Analysis of a Discrete Choice Experiment — Zimba et al., JMIR public health and surveillance
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
2021
Capillary blood collected by fingerstick showed near-perfect correlation with venous samples for HbA1c (R² = 0.993), with 96.7% of paired results differing by no more than 0.2%. Most participants found the kit easy to use at home, indicating potential for decentralised diabetes monitoring when in-person visits are impractical.
Comparison of central laboratory HbA1c measurements obtained from a capillary collection versus a standard venous whole blood collection in the GRADE and EDIC studies — Nathan et al., PloS one
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- dct
2021
Saliva self-collection for SARS-CoV-2 detection showed 87.8% sensitivity and 97.1% specificity against nasopharyngeal swabs in 1220 patients, offering a patient-centric alternative with higher acceptability and virtually painless collection, though requiring sample fluidisation. Oral-self sampling swabs were preferred by most patients and also virtually painless, but the 61.1% sensitivity was too low for reliable decentralised diagnostics.
Performances, feasibility and acceptability of nasopharyngeal swab, saliva and oral-self sampling swab for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 — Plantamura et al., European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- serology
2021
This review finds that sensitive assays and novel microsampling designs have largely overcome traditional dried blood spot limitations, establishing feasibility for routine therapeutic drug monitoring. Patient self-sampling remains uncommon but feedback is largely positive, indicating microsampling will become increasingly important in decentralised care.
Microsampling Devices for Routine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring-Are We There Yet? — Morgan, Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- acceptability
- tdm
2021
The study found that adding dried blood spot collection to measure C-reactive protein was feasible and acceptable among transgender and gender-nonconforming youth aged 9 to 20 attending a clinical service, and that a composite of greater gender-based stress with lower support was associated with higher inflammation, though no individual stress or support subscale reached statistical significance.
Gender Minority Stress, Support, and Inflammation in Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth — McQuillan et al., Transgender health (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- acceptability
- pediatric
2021
Two dry vaginal self-sampling devices and a first-void urine collector detected over 90% of high-grade cervical lesions (CIN 3+) and all invasive cancers, with sensitivity comparable to clinician-taken smears. Participants found the devices easy to use and self-sampling was well accepted, which could improve uptake of cervical screening.
CoCoss-Trial: Concurrent Comparison of Self-Sampling Devices for HPV-Detection — Ertik et al., International journal of environmental research and public health
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2020
A Danish virtual feasibility study of 55 adults with atopic dermatitis found that remote recruitment and self-collection of DNA samples by mail, combined with weekly smartphone tasks, achieved 96% retention and over 90% task adherence, over a short eight-week study with self-reported outcomes.
High adherence and low dropout rate in a virtual clinical study of atopic dermatitis through weekly reward-based personalized genetic lifestyle reports — Ali et al., PLOS ONE
- dct
- acceptability
- self-collection
- genotyping
2020
Eighty-four per cent of 148 diverse US adults found self-collection of saliva, oropharyngeal swabs and dried blood spots for SARS-CoV-2 testing acceptable, and 87 per cent were confident their specimens were sufficient for laboratory analysis. The lack of demographic differences in acceptability supports broad feasibility of decentralised diagnostics.
At-home self-collection of saliva, oropharyngeal swabs and dried blood spots for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and serology: Post-collection acceptability of specimen collection process and patient confidence in specimens — Valentine-Graves et al., PloS one
- blood
- saliva
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2020
Finger-stick dried blood spots from 191 young women yielded anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations in the normal range (mean 5.66 ng/mL) and were deemed acceptable, with 81 per cent comfortable with collection and 88 per cent willing to repeat it. This supports feasibility of decentralised reproductive health studies, though validation against gold-standard measures remains necessary.
A pilot study for exploring blood spot anti-mullerian hormone for population-based adolescent reproductive health research — Hall et al., Frontiers in women's health (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2020
Over half of emergency department patients offered the choice elected to self-collect their own stool sample for faecal occult blood testing, and every self-collected specimen was adequate for analysis. Younger patients were significantly more likely to choose self-collection, suggesting that offering this option could enhance patient autonomy while maintaining diagnostic quality in decentralised care settings.
"Your Finger or Mine?"-Patient Preferences in the Collection of Fecal Occult Blood Testing in the Emergency Department — Freeman et al., Military medicine (paywalled)
- stool
- self-collection
- acceptability
2020
The study found that while participants generally viewed body fluid testing as useful for knowing their health status, cultural and religious concerns created ambivalence about sampling, particularly for blood and semen. Ensuring privacy, confidentiality and ongoing counselling helped address these barriers, supporting the design of more acceptable decentralised sampling programmes.
Perceptions on the collection of body fluids for research on persistence of Ebola virus: A qualitative study — Kutalek et al., PLoS neglected tropical diseases
- blood
- self-collection
- acceptability
2020
Saliva shows potential as a patient-friendly alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 diagnosis, with comparable sensitivity and specificity in RT-PCR testing. Its self-collection capability supports decentralised, patient-centric testing strategies during pandemics.
Saliva as a Biological Sample for COVID-19 Diagnosis? — Kafle & Sapkota, Kathmandu University medical journal (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- serology
2020
This mixed-method study demonstrated that 97% of parents successfully collected dried blood spot samples from their children, with 72% reporting the process was easy and 80% preferring home collection. The results suggest that decentralised self-sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring is feasible and can reduce stress for families managing paediatric epilepsy.
Parents' perspectives on dried blood spot self-sampling from children with epilepsy: A mixed-method study — Linder et al., Acta paediatrica (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- pediatric
- tdm
2020
In a randomised trial of 260 women undergoing natural cycle frozen embryo transfer, home-based ovulation monitoring using urine LH tests provided greater feelings of empowerment and treatment discretion compared with hospital monitoring, despite similar increases in anxiety and sadness across both pathways.
Home- or hospital-based monitoring to time frozen embryo transfer in the natural cycle? Patient-reported outcomes and experiences from the Antarctica-2 randomised controlled trial — Zaat et al., Human reproduction
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
- dct
2020
Among 603 women in Zambia, home self-collection of genital and urine specimens for schistosomiasis diagnosis proved highly acceptable: more than 96% were willing to repeat each sample type, and 90% preferred home-based to clinic-based collection, chiefly for privacy and convenience. This supports decentralised, patient-centric screening strategies for female genital schistosomiasis in endemic settings.
Acceptability and feasibility of genital self-sampling for the diagnosis of female genital schistosomiasis: a cross-sectional study in Zambia — Rutty Phiri et al., Wellcome open research
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
2020
A pilot study of 43 nursing home residents with dementia and chronic pain found that only eight participants could provide adequate saliva samples both before and after a six-week intervention, despite using salivary swabs. The cognitive impairment, difficulty obtaining sufficient sample volume, and cost suggest saliva collection may not be feasible for cortisol monitoring in this population, which has implications for decentralised stress assessment in vulnerable groups.
Using Salivary Cortisol as an Objective Measure of Physiological Stress in People With Dementia and Chronic Pain: A Pilot Feasibility Study — Pu et al., Biological research for nursing (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- cortisol
2020
Birth testing for HIV using dried blood spots proved acceptable in Zambia, with low maternal refusal. Yet centralised laboratory testing created operational challenges: result return varied from 51.6% to 92.1% across sites, and linkage to care for infected infants was incomplete, underscoring the need for point-of-care platforms to accelerate diagnosis and treatment.
Acceptability and feasibility of testing for HIV infection at birth and linkage to care in rural and urban Zambia: a cross-sectional study — Sutcliffe et al., BMC infectious diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- acceptability
- pediatric
- serology
2020
Capillary whole-blood point-of-care RNA testing and fingerstick dried blood spot sampling were feasible and acceptable for hepatitis C screening in high-risk individuals at social-medical harm reduction sites. Detection rates were comparable across both methods, enabling simplified screening and successful linkage to pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral treatment.
Assessing Molecular Point-of-Care Testing and Dried Blood Spot for Hepatitis C Virus Screening in People Who Inject Drugs — Chevaliez et al., Open forum infectious diseases
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- acceptability
- serology
2020
A survey of 39 kidney transplant recipients found that 85% preferred finger prick microsampling over venepuncture and 95% were interested in home self-sampling, highlighting the potential of decentralised blood collection to reduce patient burden and anxiety.
Kidney transplant recipient's perceptions of blood testing through microsampling and venepuncture — Scuderi et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
2020
This workshop report provides recommendations on blood sampling sites, bridging study design, and statistical methods for correlation to support the adoption of microsampling in patient-centric drug development. It emphasises the critical need for away-from-clinic sampling techniques to maintain patient safety during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Land O'Lakes Workshop on Microsampling: Enabling Broader Adoption — Wickremsinhe et al., The AAPS journal
- blood
- capillary
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- dct
- standards
2020
The Mitra microsampling device showed high clinical concordance with venous blood for tacrolimus (89%) and cyclosporin A (98%) monitoring, with inter- and intra-precision within 11.5% CV and samples stable for up to 7 days at room temperature. Transplant patients preferred collecting capillary samples at home for their immunosuppressant monitoring, supporting decentralised TDM.
Volumetric Microsampling of Capillary Blood Spot vs Whole Blood Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporin A: Accuracy and Patient Satisfaction — Mbughuni et al., The journal of applied laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- vams
- volumetric
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2020
In adult kidney transplant patients, adding DBS home sampling to usual care did not reduce outpatient visits or per-visit costs versus usual care alone, though most patients were willing to use DBS if it cut hospital attendances; logistical optimisation of mailing and timely analysis is required to realise travel and cost benefits.
Effects, costs and implementation of monitoring kidney transplant patients' tacrolimus levels with dried blood spot sampling: A randomized controlled hybrid implementation trial — Veenhof et al., British journal of clinical pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- dct
- economics
2020
Nearly four in five women (79 per cent) had positive feelings about urine-based HPV testing, and more than three-quarters (78 per cent) preferred urine self-collection to cervico-vaginal sampling, with preference varying by race and ethnicity. Sixteen per cent worried about correct cervico-vaginal collection. Urine self-collection is highly acceptable across diverse United States populations and offers a decentralised approach that could improve cervical cancer screening coverage.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Acceptability of Urine and Cervico-Vaginal Sample Self-Collection for HPV-Based Cervical Cancer Screening — Rohner et al., Journal of women's health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2020
HbA1c measured from self-collected HemaSpot dried blood spots showed strong linear agreement with venous blood and was stable over time. With high patient acceptance, this supports remote diabetes monitoring for people in decentralised care models.
HbA<sub>1c</sub> determination from HemaSpot™ blood collection devices: comparison of home prepared dried blood spots with standard venous blood analysis — Hall et al., Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
2019
The reference systematic review and meta-analysis of needle-fear prevalence across children and adults: the quantified basis for why a proportion of any population will not present for a venous draw.
The fear of needles: A systematic review and meta-analysis — McLenon & Rogers, Journal of Advanced Nursing (paywalled)
- acceptability
- pediatric
2019
At-home first-void urine self-collection with Colli-Pee was feasible, well accepted, and gave chlamydia/gonorrhoea detection comparable to routine clinic-based urine, supporting home first-void sampling for populations needing frequent STI testing.
Evaluation of Colli-Pee first-void urine self-sampling at home versus clinic-based collection for sexually transmitted infections in MSM — De Baetselier et al., BMJ Open
- colli-pee
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- liquid
- urine
2019
Molecular tests that use urine or self-collected swabs may make STI screening more acceptable to patients, which could increase testing opportunities and enable faster, more accurate diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and Mycoplasma genitalium infection.
STI update: Testing, treatment, and emerging threats — Hlatshwayo et al., Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
Among 800 pregnant women in Vietnam, self-collection of urine or vaginal swabs for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomonas screening proved highly acceptable and feasible, with chlamydia prevalence of 6.0%. This supports patient-centric decentralised STI screening in antenatal care, particularly in settings without established programmes.
Acceptability and feasibility of sexually transmissible infection screening among pregnant women in Hanoi, Vietnam — Nguyen et al., Sexual health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
In a fixed-sequence two-period Phase I study of 16 healthy volunteers taking sitagliptin, dried blood spot samples collected at home and digital adherence data captured via an electronic pill bottle were feasible and acceptable to participants. This supports patient-centric microsampling and remote monitoring for decentralised clinical trials, though the authors noted areas needing improvement.
Leveraging Digital Health Technologies and Outpatient Sampling in Clinical Drug Development: A Phase I Exploratory Study — Dockendorf et al., Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- dct
2019
The Colli-Pee device achieved very good to almost perfect agreement with clinic collected urine for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and mycoplasma testing, and participants found it feasible and convenient for home sampling, supporting its use for frequent STI screening in at-risk groups.
Evaluation of the 'Colli-Pee', a first-void urine collection device for self-sampling at home for the detection of sexually transmitted infections, versus a routine clinic-based urine collection in a one-to-one comparison study design: efficacy and acceptability among MSM in Belgium — De Baetselier et al., BMJ open
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
A web-based application that grades dried blood spot quality from smartphone photographs agreed with laboratory technicians in 90% of trained and 87% of untrained collections, raising usable sample rates for therapeutic drug monitoring from 80% to 96% in trained settings and from 42% to 88% in untrained settings. Patients rated the app as acceptable and completed the check in under two minutes, suggesting it could reduce sample rejection in decentralised settings.
Performance of a web-based application measuring spot quality in dried blood spot sampling — Veenhof et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- tdm
2019
In this pilot study, a home-based urinary PDG test achieved 100% specificity and 85-88% sensitivity for confirming ovulation against serum progesterone. With half of participants finding the test easy to use, the results support further development of decentralised fertility monitoring, though a larger trial is needed for definitive validation.
Pilot observational prospective cohort study on the use of a novel home-based urinary pregnanediol 3-glucuronide (PDG) test to confirm ovulation when used as adjunct to fertility awareness methods (FAMs) stage 1 — Leiva et al., BMJ open
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2019
Among gay and bisexual men, urine-based STI self-sampling was reported as easy by 99% of participants and rectal swab self-collection by 90%. Nearly all trusted their rapid HIV self-test results, with 94% reading them within the recommended 20-40 minute window, indicating high acceptability and reliability of home-based diagnostic testing for this population.
Gay and bisexual men's experiences using self-testing kits for HIV and rectal and urethral bacterial sexually transmitted infections: Lessons learned from a study with home-based testing — John et al., International journal of sexual health : official journal of the World Association for Sexual Health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
Users of an internet-based STI testing kit programme reported high satisfaction and many were repeat users. Both men and women preferred genital self-collected swabs to urine specimens, indicating strong patient acceptance of decentralised screening and demand for broader home-testing options.
An Analysis of User Survey Data for an Internet Program for Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections, I Want the Kit, in Maryland and Washington, DC — Hogenson et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
Remote self-collected dried blood samples were more likely to be graded Good quality than in-clinic samples, with roughly 1.5 times higher odds of a Good grade, though response rates were lower for remote sampling.
Feasibility of Patient-Centric Remote Dried <i>Blood Sampling: The</i> Prediction, Risk, and Evaluation of Major Adverse Cardiac Events (PRE-MACE) Study — Fuller et al., Biodemography and social biology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- self-collection
- acceptability
2019
Subcutaneous testosterone undecanoate injection was equally acceptable to intramuscular injection despite causing more pain at 24 hours, with most men preferring the intramuscular route. Pharmacokinetic analysis using dried blood spots showed a later peak concentration after subcutaneous injection, but no clinically meaningful differences in overall exposure, suggesting subcutaneous administration is a viable alternative without dose adjustment.
Pharmacokinetics and Acceptability of Subcutaneous Injection of Testosterone Undecanoate — Turner et al., Journal of the Endocrine Society (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- acceptability
- hormones
- tdm
2019
Among 68 chronic myeloid leukaemia patients self-sampling dried blood spots for nilotinib therapeutic drug monitoring at home, 77% of samples were clinically useful. Patients found the procedure easy and not painful, with 75% requiring no assistance, though lower educational level predicted unsuitable samples, underscoring the need for clear instruction.
Feasibility of and patients' perspective on nilotinib dried blood spot self-sampling — Boons et al., European journal of clinical pharmacology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- tdm
- oncology
2018
A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to raise colorectal cancer screening participation, including mailed outreach of home collection kits.
Evaluation of Interventions Intended to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening Rates in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis — Dougherty et al., JAMA Internal Medicine (paywalled)
- acceptability
- self-collection
- colorectal
- stool
- fit
2018
Both blood and saliva collection methods produced sufficient DNA for genotyping, with saliva using Oragene kits being less invasive and more acceptable for participants who declined blood draws, supporting its use in decentralised research settings
The MOSAICC study: Assessing feasibility for biological sample collection in epidemiology studies and comparison of DNA yields from saliva and whole blood samples — James et al., Annals of human genetics (paywalled)
- blood
- saliva
- dna-genotek-oragene
- acceptability
- genotyping
2018
First-void urine collected with a dedicated device showed good agreement with cervical samples for detecting HPV DNA and viral load, and was strongly preferred by patients over clinician collection, supporting its use for decentralised screening.
Human papillomavirus genotype and viral load agreement between paired first-void urine and clinician-collected cervical samples — Van Keer et al., European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
2018
Among 116 persons who inject drugs, site-specific specimen collection preferences aligned closely with reported sexual risk behaviours. The study found high awareness of STI transmission, yet outreach through syringe exchange programmes paired with education on site-specific screening could improve case finding in this population.
Examining unmet needs: a cross-sectional study exploring knowledge, attitudes and sexually transmitted infection screening preferences among persons who inject drugs in Camden, New Jersey — Roth et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2018
Daily oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis demonstrated high acceptability and adherence among high-risk gay and bisexual men when monitored by dried blood spot analysis, with no HIV seroconversions over one year but frequent sexually transmitted infections. The study shows dried blood spot testing can support adherence monitoring in decentralised prevention programmes, though renal function requires surveillance.
Acceptability and tolerability of and adherence to HIV preexposure prophylaxis among Toronto gay and bisexual men: a pilot study — Tan et al., CMAJ open (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- acceptability
- tdm
- sti
2018
Glycated haemoglobin measurement from home-collected dried blood spots correlated strongly with venous sampling (r=0.93) and, after bias correction, achieved a concordance correlation of 0.9 with 100% positive predictive value for levels above 7%. With 88.5% of patients preferring home collection, the method offers a viable patient-centric alternative to laboratory venepuncture for decentralised diabetes monitoring.
Comparison of Glycated Hemoglobin Results Based on At-Home and In-Lab Dried Blood Spot Sampling to Routine Venous Blood Sampling In-Lab in Adult Patients With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes — Elliott et al., Canadian journal of diabetes (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
2018
Singaporean women aged 40-69 showed significant preferences for sample type, pretest discussion provider, and out-of-pocket cost when considering SNP gene testing for breast cancer screening. Tailoring genetic testing to patient preferences may improve uptake, highlighting that acceptability of self-collected buccal swab and dried blood spot samples is crucial for decentralised screening programmes.
Women's preferences, willingness-to-pay, and predicted uptake for single-nucleotide polymorphism gene testing to guide personalized breast cancer screening strategies: a discrete choice experiment — Wong et al., Patient preference and adherence
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- genotyping
2018
Web-delivered multimedia training for self-collection of dried blood spots was acceptable to 98% of participants and produced usable samples in 96% of attempts, indicating that remote instruction can enable reliable patient-centric microsampling, though response rates to recruitment need improvement.
Web-Delivered Multimedia Training Materials for the Self-Collection of Dried Blood Spots: A Formative Project — Allen et al., JMIR formative research
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
2018
Most men who have sex with men could self-administer HIV rapid tests and correctly interpret results, but 27% of dried blood spot cards were of poor quality and interpretation was difficult when control lines were absent, suggesting instructions need refinement before decentralised deployment.
Pilot Evaluation of the Ability of Men Who Have Sex with Men to Self-Administer Rapid HIV Tests, Prepare Dried Blood Spot Cards, and Interpret Test Results, Atlanta, Georgia, 2013 — MacGowan et al., AIDS and behavior (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2018
Remote hepatitis C self-testing and self-sampling are broadly acceptable among people who use drugs, with rapid saliva testing preferred over delayed blood sample results. However, successful uptake requires clear integration into supportive care pathways to help individuals manage positive diagnoses.
A qualitative assessment of the acceptability of hepatitis C remote self-testing and self-sampling amongst people who use drugs in London, UK — Guise et al., BMC infectious diseases
- blood
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2018
Self-collection of urine and vaginal swabs for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing increased screening uptake by 28.5% in male and 13.7% in female university students. Female students tested positive at a markedly higher rate via self-collection (12.4%) than via clinician collection (4.8%), indicating that decentralised self-testing reaches higher-risk individuals and improves case detection.
Creating Innovative Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Options for University Students: The Impact of an STI Self-testing Program — Habel et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2018
Among 554 HIV-positive men who have sex with men, 60.8 per cent successfully collected an adequate dried blood spot specimen at home for HIV-1 RNA quantification. The study revealed that 52.5 per cent had a detectable viral load, and most of these men had previously self-reported an undetectable result, demonstrating that decentralised sampling can identify gaps in treatment adherence and viral suppression.
Quantification of HIV-1 RNA Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Using an At-Home Self-Collected Dried Blood Spot Specimen: Feasibility Study — Hirshfield et al., JMIR public health and surveillance
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2017
A review of 151 clinical trials found that only 56% met their recruitment targets, with a median retention rate of 89%. Investigators should avoid over-optimistic projections, suggesting a clear role for decentralised, patient-centric sampling to help trials reach their targets.
Recruitment and retention of participants in randomised controlled trials: a review of trials funded and published by the United Kingdom Health Technology Assessment Programme — Walters et al., BMJ Open
- dct
- economics
- acceptability
2017
In a community-based cohort of elderly men, remote stool self-collection using the OMNIgene·GUT kit achieved high participation and sample adequacy, with mailed samples yielding high-quality DNA for microbiome profiling; this supports decentralised, patient-centric stool sampling for large-scale research.
Successful collection of stool samples for microbiome analyses from a large community-based population of elderly men — Abrahamson et al., Contemporary clinical trials communications
- stool
- stabilised
- dna-genotek-omnigene
- self-collection
- acceptability
- microbiome
2017
Dried VAMS and DBS samples collected at home and analysed after a median of three days showed poor agreement with standard venous or capillary blood for HbA1c monitoring. In contrast, wet VAMS samples analysed immediately demonstrated excellent agreement, indicating that sample drying and delayed analysis compromise reliability for decentralised HbA1c measurement.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling at home as an alternative tool for the monitoring of HbA1c in diabetes patients — Verougstraete et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- pediatric
2017
Almost all Chilean adolescents and young adults found self-collection easy for STI testing. Most preferred it to clinician-collected samples and said they would test more often if self-collection were available, supporting its use in decentralised screening programmes.
[Adolescents find it easy to collect their own samples to study sexually transmitted infections] — Huneeus et al., Revista chilena de infectologia : organo oficial de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectologia (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- pediatric
- sti
2017
In a Yap community-based study, 95 per cent of women reported comfort with self-collected urine HPV testing versus 82 per cent with Pap smears, though 42 per cent preferred a clinician to perform the Pap test. This suggests urine self-collection could improve cervical screening access in underserved low-middle income settings where trained personnel are scarce.
Acceptability and feasibility of a community based participatory research project comparing cytology and urine HPV DNA testing for cervical cancer screening in Yap, Federated States of Micronesia — Sy et al., Cancer epidemiology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2017
Among 148 Marshallese adults recruited through community-based participatory research, 95.5% provided a 2 mL saliva specimen using an Oragene DNA self-collection kit and 96.6% agreed to future contact, demonstrating high acceptability of patient-centric, decentralised genetic sampling in an underserved population with disproportionate type 2 diabetes burden.
Leveraging community-based participatory research capacity to recruit Pacific Islanders into a genetics study — McElfish et al., Journal of community genetics (paywalled)
- saliva
- dna-genotek-oragene
- self-collection
- acceptability
- genotyping
2017
Self-collected capillary blood samples provided sufficient volume and quality for islet autoantibody testing in 98% of samples for GAD, IA-2 and ZnT8 and 84% for insulin autoantibodies, with upper 90% confidence bounds for unsuccessful collection of 4.4% and 19.3% respectively; despite 43% finding it uncomfortable or painful, 82% preferred home self-collection over outpatient venepuncture, supporting feasibility and acceptability of decentralised screening.
Use of self-collected capillary blood samples for islet autoantibody screening in relatives: a feasibility and acceptability study — Liu et al., Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- acceptability
2016
This pilot study found that a self-administered anal swabbing technique for collecting colorectal mucus was rated as acceptable by 96% of participants and yielded samples suitable for cytology and protein analysis. The method successfully detected elevated mucin 2 levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, indicating its potential for non-invasive screening.
Assessment of cytology and mucin 2 in colorectal mucus collected from patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Results of a pilot trial — Loktionov et al., Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology (paywalled)
- acceptability
- self-collection
- colorectal
- stool
- biomarkers
2016
Young low-risk heterosexual clients in Amsterdam strongly preferred home-collection kits for chlamydia testing, with 80% choosing this option and 88% returning samples. The 6% positivity rate and absence of other STIs showed home collection could improve clinic efficiency by triaging low-risk clients.
Young Low-Risk Heterosexual Clients Prefer a Chlamydia Home Collection Test to a Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic Visit in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, A Cross-Sectional Study — van Rooijen et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2016
The programme found that men prefer traditional healthcare settings for STI screening, yet community venues such as amateur football clubs were acceptable to about half of sports participants, with high uptake of urine-based screening across different promotional approaches. Self-sampling kits for STIs were highly acceptable, and accelerated partner therapy via telephone hotline or pharmacy assessment achieved partner treatment rates that, while below national standards, exceeded outcomes previously reported from community settings.
The Ballseye programme: a mixed-methods programme of research in traditional sexual health and alternative community settings to improve the sexual health of men in the UK — Estcourt et al., NIHR Journals Library, Southampton
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2016
Internet-using men who have sex with men returned 82% of mailed at-home dried blood spot HIV test kits, but black non-Hispanic men had roughly half the odds of returning a kit compared with white men. The study shows strong willingness to use decentralised HIV testing while flagging equity gaps that could limit access for minority groups.
Factors Associated with Returning At-Home Specimen Collection Kits for HIV Testing among Internet-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men — Ricca et al., Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2016
Among 780 sub-Saharan African migrants attending community outreach sessions in Antwerp, 18.2% underwent HIV testing via oral fluid self-sampling, with 78.9% collecting their results (56.3% via a secure website). Acceptance was higher among women and in church settings with engaged community leaders, demonstrating that decentralised, patient-centric screening can overcome cultural barriers and reach underserved populations who avoid blood draws.
Acceptability of a Community-Based Outreach HIV-Testing Intervention Using Oral Fluid Collection Devices and Web-Based HIV Test Result Collection Among Sub-Saharan African Migrants: A Mixed-Method Study — Loos et al., JMIR public health and surveillance
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2016
Young female cancer survivors aged 18 to 44 can successfully self-collect dried blood spot samples at home, with 91% submitting specimens adequate for AMH assay. This demonstrates feasibility of patient-centric, decentralised monitoring of ovarian reserve in geographically dispersed populations, though generalisability may be limited to highly educated, higher-income groups.
Self-collected dried blood spots as a tool for measuring ovarian reserve in young female cancer survivors — Roberts et al., Human reproduction (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2015
In a population-based study of 566 women in Puerto Rico, self-collection of anal, cervical, and oral specimens for HPV testing achieved an 83.4% response rate with high acceptability: over 98% of participants understood the methods and more than 50% felt comfortable with them. This demonstrates the feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric HPV surveillance using self-collection, supporting wider implementation of remote STI screening programmes.
Methods in HPV Surveillance: Experiences from a Population-Based Study of HPV Infection among Women in the San Juan Metropolitan Area of Puerto Rico — Ortiz et al., Puerto Rico health sciences journal (paywalled)
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
2015
Urine-based laboratory testing was the most preferred HPV screening modality among Zambian women. However, only 39.7% would choose it over visual inspection when service delivery conditions were less favourable, showing that patient acceptance of decentralised screening depends strongly on implementation factors such as examiner characteristics and waiting times.
Preference for human papillomavirus-based cervical cancer screening: results of a choice-based conjoint study in Zambia — Chamot et al., Journal of lower genital tract disease (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2015
The study validated a commercial ELISA for measuring measles-specific IgG in capillary dried blood spots from children, finding 100% sensitivity and 96.8% specificity against matched venous serum with 92% overall agreement, then applied the method to 1,588 field-collected samples in Mexico and Nicaragua. The procedure was acceptable to surveyors and participants, showing that dried blood spots are a feasible and accurate means of assessing population immunity to measles in low-resource settings.
Use of a commercial ELISA for the detection of measles-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in dried blood spots collected from children living in low-resource settings — Colson et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- pediatric
- serology
2015
Dried capillary blood spot screening correctly identified 95.5% of relatives with multiple islet autoantibodies and 98.6% of those without, and 60% of participants favoured initial home fingerstick screening with clinic visits only if autoantibodies were found.
Use of Dried Capillary Blood Sampling for Islet Autoantibody Screening in Relatives: A Feasibility Study — Bingley et al., Diabetes technology & therapeutics (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
2014
Two rapid oral fluid HIV tests demonstrated sensitivities of 99.8% and 100% with specificities of 99.8% in a Mozambican population, performing comparably to the national blood-based algorithm despite participants marginally preferring blood testing. The findings validate saliva self-sampling for decentralised HIV screening.
Evaluation of performance and acceptability of two rapid oral fluid tests for HIV detection in Mozambique — Semá Baltazar et al., Journal of clinical microbiology (paywalled)
- saliva
- validation
- acceptability
- serology
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