The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 101–200 of 261 labelled “vams”, newest first.
2024
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) yielded superior classification of fibromyalgia and long COVID compared with dried blood spots when analysed by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, delivering 100% accuracy, sensitivity and specificity with an area under the curve of 0.86. The method identified discriminatory metabolites from low-molecular-weight blood fractions, showing that VAMS can support decentralised metabolomic diagnostics for syndromes with overlapping clinical features.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis for Fingerprinting Clinically Similar Fibromyalgia and Long COVID Syndromes — Nuguri et al., Biomedicines
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- metabolome
- biomarkers
2024
This review of 2022 to 2023 work surveys dried blood microsampling for targeted and untargeted metabolomic and lipidomic profiling, finding the approach viable across paediatric research, therapeutic drug monitoring, metabolite screening, biomarker discovery, sports supervision, clinical disorder studies and forensic toxicology. The authors note that dried blood spots and VAMS dominate the published literature over other volumetric formats, and argue that harmonising analytical methods would accelerate wider clinical adoption of microsampling as an alternative to conventional plasma or serum profiling.
Targeted and untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics in dried blood microsampling: Recent applications and perspectives — Couacault et al., Analytical science advances
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- toxicology
- metabolome
- biomarkers
2024
The study found that higher cumulative doses and more treatment cycles of nab-paclitaxel, along with older age, are linked to increased frequency and severity of peripheral neuropathy in pancreatic cancer patients. VAMS was shown to be a feasible, minimally invasive alternative to venous sampling for monitoring drug levels, supporting its use in patient-centric, decentralised care.
Factors affecting peripheral neuropathy induced by nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel in patients with pancreatic cancer — Kang et al., British journal of clinical pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- tdm
- oncology
2024
This study validated a method for measuring six oral anticancer drugs and their metabolites in 10 μL dried whole blood collected by VAMS. The method remained stable for 14 days at room temperature during shipping and up to nine months when frozen, supporting its use for decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring and reducing the need for clinic visits.
Analytical Validation of a Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Method for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of the Oral Targeted Anticancer Agents, Abiraterone, Alectinib, Cabozantinib, Imatinib, Olaparib, and Sunitinib, and Metabolites — Meertens et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2024
Three freeze-thaw cycles, Virkon disinfectant, and air drying on Mitra microsamplers for two hours each inactivated Trypanosoma cruzi in spiked blood, while FTA C cards failed. These validated methods permit safe removal of infectious samples from containment facilities for storage and analysis, supporting decentralised diagnostics.
Validation of Trypanosoma cruzi inactivation techniques for laboratory use — MacLean et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- serology
2024
Dried blood microsamplers (Mitra) and dried blood spots maintained metabolite stability comparable to plasma at minus 80 degrees Celsius, and both dried formats remained stable at minus 20 degrees Celsius while plasma showed reduced stability. At refrigerated temperature, Mitra microsampler profiles were more stable than plasma or dried blood spots, particularly for lipids, suggesting capillary blood microsampling could support sample collection outside clinical settings where ultra-cold storage is unavailable.
Effects of storage temperature and time on metabolite profiles measured in dried blood spots, dried blood microsamplers, and plasma — Petrick et al., The Science of the total environment (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- metabolome
2024
Capillary dried blood spots collected during professional triathlon competitions detected endogenous erythropoietin in all 111 athletes using Tasso-M20 devices, even when matching urine samples were negative. Mitra VAMS devices also sensitively detected recombinant EPO micro-doses and the EPO c.577del variant, confirming that microsampling provides a viable complementary matrix for decentralised doping analysis.
Dried blood spots for erythropoietin analysis: Detection of micro-doses, EPO c.577del variant and comparison with in-competition matching urine samples — Heiland et al., Drug testing and analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- doping
2024
The authors validated an LC-MS/MS method for quantifying 18 endogenous steroids and metabolites in 30 μL dried blood VAMS samples from 20 healthy volunteers. Steroids remained stable for up to 100 days across storage temperatures from room temperature to -80 °C and through three freeze-thaw cycles, suggesting VAMS is reliable for doping control and clinical hormone monitoring outside traditional settings.
LC-MS/MS measurement of endogenous steroid hormones and phase II metabolites in blood volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) for doping control purposes — Ponzetto et al., Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- hormones
- doping
- toxicology
2024
Adolescents collecting blood microsamples at home achieved varying success rates across six devices, with Minicollect tubes performing poorest. The confirmation that visual inspection alone was insufficient, by analytical variability, underscores the need for robust quality assessment before deploying any device in decentralised trials.
Self-Sampling by Adolescents at Home: Assessment of the Feasibility to Successfully Collect Blood Microsamples by Inexperienced Individuals — Boffel et al., The AAPS journal (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- acceptability
- pediatric
- dct
2023
A study of 50 paediatric renal transplant recipients found that a validated VAMS LC-MS/MS method for tacrolimus showed high correlation with the reference method over 0.5–60 ng/mL, with minimal haematocrit effect.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus Based on VAMS in Renal Transplant Pediatric Recipients — LC-MS/MS Method, Hematocrit Effect, and Clinical Application — Kocur et al., Pharmaceutics
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2023
VAMS microsampling found no significant difference from venous blood for tacrolimus in paediatric patients; samples were stable for 14 days, with average difference between paired at-home samples of 0.12 ± 0.94 ng/mL.
VAMS and parallel-reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry for tacrolimus trough measurements at home in paediatric heart-transplant patients — Zhao et al., J. Mass Spectrometry and Advances in the Clinical Lab
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2023
A structured review: many VAMS assays are analytically validated and can substitute for venous sampling for well-characterised analytes, though clinical-validation depth varies.
Analytical and Clinical Validation of Assays for VAMS of Drugs in Different Blood Matrices: A Literature Review — Nugraha et al., Molecules
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- tdm
- dried
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2023
VAMS matched serum for the kinase inhibitors nilotinib, cabozantinib, dabrafenib and ruxolitinib, r 0.94–0.97, with serum reliably predictable for the first three, and 93% of at-home samples were collected correctly: at-home VAMS shown feasible for routine cancer-drug monitoring.
Clinical validation and feasibility of VAMS for monitoring of nilotinib, cabozantinib, dabrafenib, trametinib and ruxolitinib — Zimmermann et al., J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- oncology
- capillary
- validation
2023
In children, VAMS and dried plasma spot voriconazole, posaconazole and isavuconazole correlated with fresh plasma, Spearman 0.82–0.94, and stayed stable at room temperature for at least 14 days: refrigeration-free antifungal TDM in paediatrics.
VAMS and dried plasma spot for antifungal triazole agents (voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole) in pediatric patients by LC-MS/MS — Simeoli et al., J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (paywalled)
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- dried
- antimicrobials
- pediatric
2023
A UHPLC-HRMS assay quantified 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 from 20 µL Mitra VAMS samples with accuracy under 10% and precision under 11%, LOQ 5 ng/mL: sensitive enough to flag deficiency and simple enough for untrained self-collection, enabling year-round vitamin-D monitoring.
Quantification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 in Mitra devices (VAMS) by UHPLC-HRMS for regular vitamin D status monitoring — Tuma et al., J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (paywalled)
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- self-collection
- dried
- capillary
- validation
- biomarkers
2023
Capillary VAMS blood covered more of the metabolome than plasma, capturing intracellular red-cell metabolites, and correlated moderately-to-well with venous, Spearman 0.66; the honest caveats are higher finger-prick replicate variability and a need for −80 °C storage within six hours.
VAMS-based blood capillary sampling for mass-spectrometry-based human metabolomics studies — Volani et al., Metabolites
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- metabolome
- dried
- capillary
- validation
- biomarkers
2023
A validated LC-MS/MS method successfully quantified vincristine in paediatric patient-centric whole blood collected via VAMS microsampling, spanning 1 to 50 ng/mL with intra- and inter-accuracy and precision within ±10.3% and ≤7.3%. Whole blood concentrations showed a non-linear relationship to plasma concentrations, which was described by a saturable binding model.
A sensitive liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry method for the quantification of vincristine in whole blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling — van et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- vams
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- oncology
2023
A study of 50 paediatric renal transplant recipients found that a UHPLC-MS/MS method successfully quantified mycophenolic acid in VAMS microsampling samples over a 0.10-15 µg/mL range. However, converting microsampling results to plasma equivalents using haematocrit-based regression is required for clinical interpretation, supporting patient-centric decentralised monitoring.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA) using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) in pediatric renal transplant recipients: ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analytical method development, cross-validation, and clinical application — Kocur et al., Pharmacological reports : PR
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2023
Volumetric absorptive microsampling of whole blood did not provide a reliable basis for calculating meropenem plasma concentrations in critically ill children, so a validated low volume plasma method was required for paediatric therapeutic drug monitoring.
Developing a Method for Quantifying Meropenem in Children-Volumetric Adsorptive Microsampling Versus Plasma Sampling — Ramadan et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2023
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) of whole blood allows depletion of abundant red-cell proteins during processing, which improves detection of less abundant proteins from all blood compartments and yields deeper proteomic coverage than conventional plasma analysis alone.
Proteome Analysis of Whole Blood Collected by Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling — Molloy et al., Methods in molecular biology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- biomarkers
2023
The study found that serum concentrations of lacosamide and levetiracetam can be accurately estimated from dried capillary blood samples using simple ratio conversion, with high agreement to measured serum levels, supporting their use in decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring. For lamotrigine, the method is acceptable at low to medium concentrations but less reliable at higher levels, indicating a need for cautious interpretation in clinical practice.
Validation of Conversion Factors for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Lacosamide, Lamotrigine, and Levetiracetam in Dried Capillary Blood — Hagemann et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2023
In healthy Chinese adults a single oral dose of padsevonil showed rapid absorption and a favourable safety profile. VAMS dried blood concentrations of padsevonil and its metabolites were generally lower than plasma but were comparable at some time points by Passing‑Bablok regression, indicating that VAMS is promising for therapeutic drug monitoring of this novel antiepileptic drug and warrants further validation.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of Padsevonil in healthy Chinese subjects and comparison of two sampling methods for Padsevonil quantification — Li et al., European review for medical and pharmacological sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2023
A VAMS method using Mitra devices for whole blood lead quantification showed no significant difference compared with the centre's routine method, supporting VAMS as a practical alternative for blood lead and other trace element analyses.
Method development for the quantification of lead levels in whole blood sampled on Mitra<sup>®</sup> with VAMS<sup>®</sup> tips by inductively coupled plasma-MS/MS — Breton et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- toxicology
2023
Capillary blood collected with the Mitra® device showed correlation with venous samples for paclitaxel therapeutic drug monitoring, but wide confidence intervals suggest the methods may not be interchangeable. While plasma and whole blood concentrations were more closely aligned, the variability raises questions about using self-collected capillary samples for dose individualisation without further validation.
Paclitaxel and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring with Microsampling in Clinical Practice — Radovanovic et al., Pharmaceuticals
- blood
- liquid
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- oncology
2023
The authors developed and validated a workflow that couples Mitra volumetric absorptive microsampling with hybridisation LC-MS/MS to quantify the antisense oligonucleotide fomivirsen in human blood. Quantitative recovery was achieved irrespective of haematocrit level or sample age, and the method demonstrated sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and four-month stability, supporting its use for therapeutic drug monitoring of biologic candidates in decentralised trials.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling coupled with hybridization LC-MS/MS for quantitation of antisense oligonucleotides — Chen et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- haematocrit
2023
Early at-home VAMS samples allowed Bayesian forecasting of steady-state adalimumab concentrations with modest bias (mean prediction error -2.6%) and acceptable precision (normalised RMSE 24.0%), correctly classifying 75% of predictions within the therapeutic window and identifying 8.3% of patients who developed anti-adalimumab antibodies, supporting decentralised precision dosing during induction.
Early At-Home Measurement of Adalimumab Concentrations to Guide Anti-TNF Precision Dosing: A Pilot Study — de Klaver et al., European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- tdm
- biologics
2023
The study found that blood concentrations of padsevonil measured using Mitra devices can reliably predict plasma concentrations with less than 9% mean bias, supporting the use of VAMS as a patient-centric alternative to venous sampling in decentralised trials. This validation strengthens confidence in microsampling for therapeutic drug monitoring where venous draws are impractical.
Clinical Bridging Studies and Modeling Approach for Implementation of a Patient Centric Sampling Technique in Padsevonil Clinical Development — Kramer et al., The AAPS journal (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- dct
2023
In participants 11 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, the nano-immunoassay achieved 98.33% sensitivity and 97.62% specificity on venous serum. When combined with dried capillary microsampling, sensitivity was 95.05% with Mitra, 61.11% with repurposed glucose strips and 83.16% with HemaXis (91.49% after automated extraction), with no loss of specificity, supporting home-based sampling for serology.
Clinical sensitivity and specificity of a high-throughput microfluidic nano-immunoassay combined with capillary blood microsampling for the identification of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG serostatus — Michielin et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2023
VAMS finger-prick microsampling showed reliable agreement with venous blood sampling for measuring tacrolimus and creatinine after correction for systematic differences, supporting its use in therapeutic drug monitoring. This offers a patient-centric, decentralised alternative to frequent venipunctures in kidney transplant recipients.
Serum Creatinine and Tacrolimus Assessment With VAMS Finger-Prick Microsampling: A Diagnostic Test Study — Scuderi et al., Kidney medicine
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2023
VAMS capillary samples from 32 liver transplant recipients showed strong agreement with venous blood for everolimus measurement, with a correlation of r squared 0.92 and no proportional or constant bias on Bland Altman analysis. No effect of haematocrit or sampling time was observed, supporting VAMS as a virtually painless decentralised alternative to venous draws for immunosuppressant monitoring in transplant patients.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Everolimus in Patients Who Have Undergone Liver Transplant — Yoo et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2023
Researchers developed and validated a volumetric absorptive microsampling method for cariprazine therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatric patients. The approach showed strong agreement with conventional plasma analysis, offering a minimally invasive alternative that could support decentralised monitoring programmes.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling for the therapeutic drug monitoring of psychiatric patients treated with cariprazine — Millán-Santiago et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2023
The study validated a VAMS based LC-MS/MS assay for perampanel in saliva, demonstrating linear calibration, acceptable accuracy and precision, and stability across storage conditions, and showed clinical applicability in patients with epilepsy, supporting at-home therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic Salivary Monitoring of Perampanel in Patients with Epilepsy Using a Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Technique — Palmisani et al., Pharmaceutics
- saliva
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2023
The study developed and validated an HPLC-DAD method for quantifying favipiravir in whole blood collected via VAMS, meeting FDA 2018 guidelines with a lower limit of quantification of 0.5 micrograms per millilitre. This supports the use of VAMS for therapeutic drug monitoring of favipiravir in decentralised settings.
HPLC-DAD quantification of favipiravir in whole blood after extraction from volumetric absorptive microsampling devices — Azzahra Rahmadhani et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2023
The study found that VAMS dried blood sampling provides blood phenylalanine measurements highly concordant with venous plasma, with over 88% of results within 20% difference, supporting its use in patient-centric monitoring. This validates a decentralised, microsampling-based approach for therapeutic drug monitoring in phenylketonuria, including in children.
Validation and application of volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) dried blood method for phenylalanine measurement in patients with phenylketonuria — Gao et al., Clinical biochemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
2023
Jacobs et al. validated a VAMS-based LC-HRMS/MS method for therapeutic drug monitoring of antihypertensive drugs in finger-prick blood, demonstrating acceptable accuracy and precision across haematocrit levels and stable analyte recovery for two weeks at ambient temperature. Whole-blood VAMS concentrations cannot be used interchangeably with plasma, requiring class-specific reference ranges, yet the approach is suitable for decentralised adherence assessment.
Closing the gap - development of an analytical methodology using volumetric absorptive microsampling of finger prick blood followed by LC-HRMS/MS for adherence monitoring of antihypertensive drugs — Jacobs et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2023
Researchers developed and validated a UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of favipiravir and remdesivir from VAMS blood samples, meeting FDA and EMA validation criteria. The method uses simple protein precipitation and supports therapeutic drug monitoring of COVID-19 antivirals in settings where small sample volumes and simplified processing are advantageous.
Development and validation of method for analysis of favipiravir and remdesivir in volumetric absorptive microsampling with ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometry — Harahap et al., Frontiers in medicine
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2023
The study describes a protocol for measuring the low-abundance cancer biomarker progastrin-releasing peptide in dried serum spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling devices, finding that VAMS yielded higher signal intensities than dried serum spots.
Microsampling in Targeted Mass Spectrometry-Based Protein Analysis of Low-Abundance Proteins — Ngo et al., Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- biomarkers
2023
Targeted DNA methylation analysis accurately estimated relative and absolute leukocyte subset counts from dried capillary blood collected with Mitra devices, showing strong correlation with conventional venous blood methods (r=0.72–0.97). This enables self-sampling by finger prick, facilitating easier access to leukocyte testing for patients with haematological disorders.
Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis Facilitates Leukocyte Counts in Dried Blood Samples — Hubens et al., Clinical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- biomarkers
2023
In whole blood spiked with 90 drugs, the VAMS method using the Neoteryx Mitra device confirmed 87 compounds with identification limits below 12.5 ng/mL for 82.2% of drugs and extraction yields of 80.6 to 108.7%. In 15 poisoned patients, 98% of plasma compounds were detected in VAMS with satisfactory concordance (R2 = 0.827), supporting its use for decentralised toxicology screening.
New Trend in Toxicological Screening Using Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HR/MS) Combination — Houzé et al., Molecules
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- toxicology
2023
Researchers validated a microsampling method for measuring baricitinib levels in children aged 2–18 years using the Mitra device. The approach showed good agreement with conventional plasma sampling and was well received by clinical sites, suggesting it could support paediatric therapeutic drug monitoring and trial enrolment.
Microsampling in pediatric studies: pharmacokinetic sampling for baricitinib (Olumiant™) in global pediatric studies — Wickremsinhe et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
2023
In adult kidney transplant patients, fingerprick VAMS and dried blood spot microsampling achieved accurate simultaneous measurement of tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, and prednisolone compared with venepuncture. The authors noted an overall preference for VAMS over conventional dried blood spots.
Fingerprick Microsampling Methods Can Replace Venepuncture for Simultaneous Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus, Mycophenolic Acid, and Prednisolone Concentrations in Adult Kidney Transplant Patients — Scuderi et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2023
Microsampling assays for immunosuppressant monitoring showed three- to fourfold higher imprecision across 14 laboratories than conventional whole-blood analysis, with coefficients of variation of 11.7 to 18.6 percent versus 3.9 to 4.9 percent. In a patient specimen, this analytical scatter produced a different clinical decision, proving that current microsampling practice lacks the standardisation required for safe home-based therapeutic drug monitoring.
Results From a Proficiency Testing Pilot for Immunosuppressant Microsampling Assays — Veenhof et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2023
The study developed and validated a LC-MS/MS assay for imatinib and its metabolite using volumetric absorptive microsampling, enabling reliable home blood collection by patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Therapeutic drug concentrations measured from VAMS were comparable across adherence groups, supporting the use of VAMS for routine decentralised monitoring of imatinib therapy.
Volumetric dried blood microsampling for monitoring imatinib mesylate therapy: Method development and clinical application in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia — Krützmann et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2023
Room temperature storage of dried blood on VAMS devices caused significant losses in 13 of 21 cytokine analytes after five months compared to storage at 4 °C. Storing devices at 4 °C or colder preserved the majority of tested cytokines, demonstrating that cold storage is essential for reliable longitudinal cytokine profiling in decentralised studies.
Stability of inflammation markers in human blood collected using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) under typical laboratory storage temperatures — McMahon et al., Cytokine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- biomarkers
2023
The review found that volumetric absorptive microsampling can reliably assay tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid for therapeutic drug monitoring, though correction factors are often required to meet regulatory agreement standards. This supports the use of microsampling for decentralised trials and dose optimisation in transplant recipients.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling to Enhance the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus and Mycophenolic Acid: A Systematic Review and Critical Assessment — Leino et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2023
This review surveyed the use of VAMS devices for analysing endogenous metabolites and biomarkers across the full analytical workflow, finding them reliable for biological analysis with improved analyte stability over liquid blood at ambient temperature and a straightforward acquisition model well suited to decentralised diagnostics.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling in the Analysis of Endogenous Metabolites — de Sá E Silva et al., Metabolites
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- metabolome
- biomarkers
2023
Volumetric absorptive microsampling improves precision over dried blood spots by collecting a standardised blood volume, making it suitable for pharmacokinetic studies in special populations, though each assay requires clinical validation before routine use.
Applications of Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Technique: A Systematic Critical Review — Dodeja et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
2022
A single VAMS run quantified two immunosuppressants plus creatinine with minimal haematocrit effect: combined drug-and-organ-function monitoring from one dried tip.
A VAMS UPLC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Tacrolimus, Mycophenolic Acid and Creatinine in Whole Blood of Renal Transplant Recipients — Wang et al., Pharmaceutics
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2022
This review shows that patient-centric Mitra microsampling devices accurately collect fixed blood volumes for immunosuppressant monitoring, reducing haematocrit bias compared to classic dried blood spots. While ideal for paediatric adherence, wider decentralised adoption requires further multicentre validation and cross-laboratory harmonisation to address current analytical and cost limitations.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressive Drugs — From Sampling and Analytical Issues to Clinical Application — Kocur & Pawiński, Int. J. Molecular Sciences
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2022
Clinical validation for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid monitoring showed that while volumetric absorptive microsampling met analytical criteria after concentration correction, conventional dried blood spots achieved superior adherence to strict clinical criteria, sample quality, and cost efficiency without significant haematocrit bias.
Comparison of conventional dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid determination — Paniagua-González et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- economics
- haematocrit
2022
Validated a dried blood spot assay for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid therapeutic drug monitoring and creatinine-based kidney function in kidney transplant recipients. DBS showed excellent agreement with venous sampling for tacrolimus trough and AUC, adequate agreement for creatinine-based GFR trend monitoring, but suboptimal agreement for mycophenolic acid AUC and inadequate performance for iohexol-based GFR. VAMS was generally inferior. This enables remote, simultaneous immunosuppressant and kidney function monitoring in outpatients, reducing clinic visits.
Volumetric microsampling for simultaneous remote immunosuppressant and kidney function monitoring in outpatient kidney transplant recipients — Zwart et al., British journal of clinical pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2022
A validated LC-MS/MS assay for furosemide in whole blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling (10 µL) showed stability for 161 days when stored dried at -78°C, enabling decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring in neonates and children.
A whole blood microsampling furosemide assay: development, validation and use in a pediatric pharmacokinetic study — Bamat et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
2022
The study found that acetylsalicylic acid recovered poorly from VAMS blood samples dried at room temperature, reaching only about 31% of the concentration measured in venous control samples, but humidity-controlled drying raised recovery above 85%. A household vacuum sealer achieved adequate humidity control at home, supporting the feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric blood sampling for acetylsalicylic acid monitoring.
Stability of acetylsalicylic acid in human blood collected using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) under various drying conditions — Moon et al., Translational and clinical pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- dct
2022
LC-MS/MS assays successfully validated the quantitation of giredestrant in dried whole blood across 1 to 1000 ng/ml using Mitra and Tasso-M20 microsampling devices. Quantitation was unaffected by haematocrit, hyperlipidaemia or anticoagulants, with ambient stability documented for 84 days on Mitra and 28 days on Tasso-M20.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling-LC-MS/MS assays for quantitation of giredestrant in dried human whole blood — Johnson et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
- haematocrit
2022
Neoteryx Mitra sticks and Noviplex cards agreed more closely with venous plasma and gave more repeatable N-glycoprofiling results than dried blood spots, with relative deviance from plasma of 0.092 and 0.069 respectively compared with 0.674 for dried blood spots, and coefficient of variation values of 7.098 per cent and 4.831 per cent against 14.305 per cent for dried blood spots. The findings support these self-sampling devices for decentralised glycoanalysis, though the authors call for larger cohort validation.
Comparison of self-sampling blood collection for N-glycosylation analysis — Cvetko et al., BMC research notes
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
2022
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) using Neoteryx Mitra devices yields equivalent results to conventional serum samples for aflatoxin B1-lysine analysis when samples are digested with sufficient Pronase at 50 °C. This enables reliable public health exposure assessment from self-collected dried blood samples.
Optimization of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>-Lysine Analysis for Public Health Exposure Studies — Renaud et al., Toxins
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- toxicology
2022
The study found that automating sample preparation for tacrolimus testing on VAMS devices reduced operator time and improved workflow consistency without compromising agreement with manual methods. This supports the scalability of decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring using patient-centric microsampling.
Automation of tacrolimus measurement on volumetric absorptive microsampling devices by tandem mass spectrometry — Carling et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2022
The study developed and validated a laboratory technique to accurately quantify tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid from the Neoteryx Mitra device in human whole blood, supporting its use for home-based therapeutic drug monitoring in transplant patients.
Application of a new volumetric microsampling device for quantitative bioanalysis of immunosuppression — Leino et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2022
The authors validated an LC-MS and LC-MS/MS method for quantifying axitinib from 10 microlitre capillary blood collected by VAMS, demonstrating within- and between-run precision within 14% CV and accuracy between 81 and 116% against plasma as the gold standard, making the approach suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring in ambulatory and clinical care.
Development and validation of a bioanalytical method for the quantification of axitinib from plasma and capillary blood using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) and on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) LC-MS — Opitz et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- oncology
2022
The study developed and validated a UPLC-MS/MS assay using volumetric absorptive microsampling to measure cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, achieving lower limits of quantification of 5 ng/mL for cyclophosphamide and 2.5 ng/mL for the metabolite and meeting FDA validation criteria, which supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology.
Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method with volumetric absorptive microsampling to quantitate cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide — Harahap et al., Frontiers in pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2022
Capillary VAMS combined with direct mercury analysis demonstrated strong correlation with venous blood mercury concentrations in adult volunteers, with acceptable accuracy and precision above 1.0 µg/l. Storage in pre-cleaned glass vials following two hours of desiccator drying maintained analyte stability for at least four weeks.
Mercury biomonitoring in German adults using volumetric absorptive microsampling — Koutsimpani-Wagner et al., Environmental monitoring and assessment
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- toxicology
2022
In a small substudy of psoriasis patients, lateral flow testing for adalimumab agreed very well with ELISA (r=0.95, R2=0.89) and capillary VAMS from finger prick correlated strongly with serum (r=0.87), while patients found home microsampling acceptable, indicating promise for decentralised TDM of biologics and warranting larger validation.
Promising Tools to Facilitate the Implementation of TDM of Biologics in Clinical Practice — Soenen et al., Journal of clinical medicine
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- biologics
2022
Finger-prick VAMS sampling gives results that agree well with venous blood for paracetamol and three of its four metabolites, offering a less burdensome method for pharmacokinetic studies in obese and non-obese patients. Concentrations of APAP-cysteine in dried blood require careful interpretation, as this metabolite showed the largest differences between capillary and venous samples.
Application of a Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS)-Based Method for the Determination of Paracetamol and Four of its Metabolites as a Tool for Pharmacokinetic Studies in Obese and Non-Obese Patients — Boffel et al., Clinical pharmacokinetics (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2022
Volumetric absorptive microsampling with mass spectrometry correlated well with reference methods for haemoglobin A1c, but imprecision fell short of clinical quality standards. The platform successfully identified haemoglobin variants, indicating promise for decentralised proteomic testing while requiring precision improvements for routine use.
Evaluation of Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling and Mass Spectrometry Data-Independent Acquisition of Hemoglobin-Related Clinical Markers — Lima et al., Journal of proteome research (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- biomarkers
2022
Researchers validated an LC-MS/MS method for measuring 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine and metabolites from Neoteryx Mitra VAMS devices, achieving acceptable precision (3.0–8.1% intra-day, 6.3–13.3% inter-day) and accuracy (95–114%). Enabling at-home blood collection for therapeutic drug monitoring could reduce toxicity and improve outcomes in oncology patients by supporting individualised dosing.
Measurement of 5- fluorouracil, capecitabine and its metabolite concentrations in blood using volumetric absorptive microsampling technology and LC-MS/MS — Radovanovic et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2022
The study validated dried microsampling methods for clozapine therapeutic drug monitoring using VAMS and microfluidic blood spot devices. With extraction yields around 85% and satisfactory precision, these approaches could support decentralised monitoring of psychiatric patients, improving compliance and safety.
Dried Volumetric Microsampling Approaches for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Psychiatric Patients Undergoing Clozapine Treatment — Marasca et al., Frontiers in psychiatry
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2022
The study validated an LC-MS/MS method for measuring eight tyrosine kinase inhibitors in dried blood samples collected via VAMS, showing good accuracy, precision and haematocrit independence. It demonstrated agreement with venous sampling, supporting the use of decentralised, patient-centric microsampling for oncology drug monitoring.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling as a suitable tool to monitor tyrosine kinase inhibitors — Verougstraete & Stove, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- oncology
- haematocrit
2022
The study validated a method to measure cannabidiol, THC and their metabolites in small blood samples collected via VAMS from epilepsy patients, showing it is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring in a decentralised setting using a virtually painless technique.
Cannabidiol, ∆<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol, and metabolites in human blood by volumetric absorptive microsampling and LC-MS/MS following controlled administration in epilepsy patients — Pigliasco et al., Frontiers in pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- toxicology
2022
A validated VAMS method quantified ten kinase inhibitors from 20 µL dried capillary blood with linearity (R² 0.994) and six-week room-temperature stability. In vitro VAMS-to-plasma conversion factors were established, and the method proved applicable for clinical routine and home self-collection by patients, enabling remote therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) for the quantification of ten kinase inhibitors and determination of their in vitro VAMS-to-plasma ratio — Zimmermann et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
- haematocrit
2022
LC-MS/MS assay validation for monitoring tacrolimus and creatinine in renal transplant patients demonstrated that volumetric absorptive microsampling is the preferred single-sampling approach compared to traditional dried blood spots and venous sampling.
Analytical and clinical validation of dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling for measurement of tacrolimus and creatinine after renal transplantation — Mathew et al., Clinical biochemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2021
The honest counterpoint in children: VAMS predicted plasma vancomycin only modestly, venous/arterial VAMS was more accurate than capillary, and 29% of capillary samples were unusable for collection issues: collection technique and training matter as much as the assay.
Comparison of antibiotic sampling techniques: predicting plasma vancomycin from VAMS capillary versus venous/arterial whole blood — Downes et al., Open Forum Infect. Dis.
- vams
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- antimicrobials
- capillary
- pediatric
- validation
2021
Fully remote, home-collected fingerstick Mitra VAMS samples from 54 participants measured IgG/IgA/IgM against spike and nucleocapsid across seven coronaviruses, cleanly separating pre-pandemic, convalescent and vaccinated groups, supporting VAMS for at-home serosurveillance.
Antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and human coronaviruses: multiplex beads assay and VAMS to generate immune-repertoire cartography — Wang et al., Frontiers in Immunology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- serology
- self-collection
2021
This review found that decentralised, patient-centric home microsampling using Mitra devices is an effective alternative for COVID-19 serosurveillance and clinical trials, enabling high-quality self-collection without clinic visits.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling: its use in COVID-19 research and testing — Rudge, Bioanalysis
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- serology
- self-collection
- validation
2021
A review of VAMS and DBS microsampling for TDM of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, adalimumab, infliximab and others, in inflammatory disease: a convenient, home-friendly alternative to venepuncture that can preserve analytical accuracy, subject to assay-specific validation.
The evolving role of microsampling in therapeutic drug monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory diseases — Mingas et al., Molecules
- vams
- biologics
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2021
A study of 39 paediatric transplant recipients found capillary VAMS microsampling agreed closely with venous sampling for tacrolimus, with 92% of predose and 88% of postdose pairs within ±20% difference. Although sampling was performed in-clinic rather than at home, VAMS shows feasibility for patient-centric, decentralised monitoring.
Tacrolimus Measured in Capillary Volumetric Microsamples in Pediatric Patients-A Cross-Validation Study — Kindem et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2021
The authors validated a VAMS method for hydroxychloroquine that meets FDA bioanalytical standards, achieving a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/mL. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring for patients on long-term therapy, enabling microsampling at home rather than venous draws in clinics.
Development and Validation of the Quantification Method for Hydroxychloroquine in Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array — Harahap et al., Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
2021
The study validated UPLC-MS/MS methods for both dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling to quantify tamoxifen and three metabolites in breast cancer patients, finding that VAMS extraction recovery was slightly higher than DBS while both showed satisfactory recovery with low variability, samples were stable for two months, and mean patient concentrations did not differ significantly between the two methods. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring of tamoxifen using either microsampling format.
Analysis of tamoxifen and its metabolites in dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling: comparison and clinical application — Maggadani et al., Heliyon
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2021
The study validated a VAMS-based LC-MS/MS method for measuring tamoxifen and its active metabolites in breast cancer patients, showing good accuracy, precision and stability at room temperature for 30 days. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology by enabling reliable, patient-collected sampling.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as a New Biosampling Tool for Monitoring of Tamoxifen, Endoxifen, 4-OH Tamoxifen and N-Desmethyltamoxifen in Breast Cancer Patients — Maggadani et al., Drug design, development and therapy
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2021
The study found that daclizumab and trastuzumab showed encouraging recovery from VAMS after short term storage at room temperature and long term storage at -80 degrees Celsius, supporting the use of VAMS for therapeutic drug monitoring of biologics in decentralised settings.
Whole blood stability evaluation of monoclonal antibody therapeutics using volumetric absorptive microsampling — Li et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- biologics
2021
The study validated a sensitive LC-MS/MS method to measure rosuvastatin in 10 µL of blood collected using VAMS, with acceptable accuracy and precision across multiple days. Rosuvastatin remained stable in VAMS samples for 10 days at room temperature without pH buffer, supporting its use in decentralised clinical trials and patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring.
Validation of LC-MS/MS method for determination of rosuvastatin concentration in human blood collected by volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) — Moon et al., Translational and clinical pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2021
Volumetric absorptive microsampling with Mitra devices permits minimally invasive, finger-prick blood collection for therapeutic drug monitoring of antiseizure medications without trained staff. The review concluded that stability, accuracy and precision are acceptable for specific drugs and haematocrit effects are minimised, but evidence is drug-specific and further validation is required for decentralised clinical use.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiseizure Medications Using Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling: Where Are We? — D'Urso et al., Pharmaceuticals
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
Dried capillary blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling provides linear agreement with serum for lamotrigine, lacosamide and levetiracetam, enabling conversion factors to estimate serum trough concentrations for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Lamotrigine, Lacosamide, and Levetiracetam in Dried Capillary Blood-Determination of Conversion Factors for Serum-Based Reference Ranges — Klimpel et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2021
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) achieved excellent correlation with conventional venous sampling for iohexol quantification and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) derivation in twenty children, showing minimal bias overall. Accuracy was lower for GFR values under 60 mL/min/1.73 m², but the method proved stable for 245 days and valid across a 20–60 % haematocrit range, offering a viable decentralised alternative for paediatric renal function assessment.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling as alternative sampling technique for renal function assessment in the paediatric population using iohexol — Dhondt et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- haematocrit
2021
Preanalytical variables significantly affect therapeutic drug monitoring accuracy, where traditional dried blood spots face challenges with haematocrit bias and filter paper fragility. Volumetric absorptive microsampling provides a fixed-volume alternative that overcomes haematocrit dependency and facilitates self-collection workflows.
Review of the Preanalytical Errors That Impact Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Peck Palmer & Dasgupta, Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
The study validated a VAMS method for measuring ten antihypertensive drugs in finger prick blood, showing acceptable accuracy and precision for most analytes, though concentrations in VAMS samples cannot be used interchangeably with plasma and require specific reference ranges. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring using patient-centric microsampling.
Evaluation and analytical applicability of a novel volumetric absorptive microsampling strategy for adherence monitoring of antihypertensive drugs by means of LC-HRMS/MS — Jacobs et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2021
The study developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method for moxidectin and showed that capillary Mitra® microsampling in Strongyloides-infected adults yielded pharmacokinetic profiles in close agreement with venous sampling, with identical time to maximal concentration of 4.0 hours and similar maximal concentrations of 83.9–88.5 ng/mL. This demonstrates the method and device are suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of anthelmintics in decentralised field settings.
Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of the anthelmintic drug moxidectin in a volumetric absorptive microsample, blood, and plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study of adults infected with Strongyloides stercoralis in Laos — Hofmann et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2021
VAMS coupled with LC-MS/MS showed good correlation with conventional serum sampling for monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys, but a subsequent clinical study revealed that EDTA anticoagulant in standard and quality control samples caused anomalous internal standard responses in patient fingerstick samples, compromising accuracy. The authors recommend specific best practices during method development and validation to detect such anticoagulant effects early before deploying VAMS in clinical studies.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS®) in therapeutic protein quantification by LC-MS/MS: Investigation of anticoagulant impact on assay performance and recommendations for best practices in method development — Gao et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- biologics
2021
The study compared VAMS capillary finger prick samples with venous liquid and venous VAMS samples from 50 healthy volunteers for thiamine diphosphate measurement, finding 94 to 100 per cent of results within 20 per cent of their mean across all comparisons with no significant bias. VAMS microsamples also remained stable when sent through regular post without affecting results, supporting their use for decentralised thiamine status assessment in both developed and remote settings.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) as a reliable tool to assess thiamine status in dried blood microsamples: a comparative study — Verstraete & Stove, The American journal of clinical nutrition (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- dct
- biomarkers
2021
Protti and colleagues developed and validated a VAMS-based workflow for enantioselective analysis of clenbuterol in urine microsamples. The method achieved good linearity, a limit of quantification of 0.3 ng/mL, and 87% extraction yield, supporting its potential for decentralised doping control and toxicology screening.
VAMS and StAGE as innovative tools for the enantioselective determination of clenbuterol in urine by LC-MS/MS — Protti et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- urine
- vams
- validation
- doping
- toxicology
2021
A VAMS method for 24 mycotoxins was validated against FDA and European Commission guidelines, showing no haematocrit bias and acceptable stability for 21 days at room temperature. Comparison with liquid whole blood from 20 samples revealed no missed exposed cases and comparable levels of key mycotoxins, supporting VAMS as an alternative to venous sampling in resource-limited settings.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as an Alternative Tool for Biomonitoring of Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Resource-Limited Areas — Vidal et al., Toxins
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- haematocrit
- toxicology
2021
The authors validated an LC-MS/MS method for measuring thiamine diphosphate in dried blood collected by VAMS, achieving accuracy within 6.5% bias and imprecision below 13% CV. The method was unaffected by haematocrit variation and showed superior stability, with samples remaining stable for one week at 60°C or high humidity and for at least one month at room temperature, enabling thiamine screening without cold chain logistics.
Patient-Centric Assessment of Thiamine Status in Dried Blood Volumetric Absorptive Microsamples Using LC-MS/MS Analysis — Verstraete & Stove, Analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- haematocrit
- biomarkers
2021
Capillary blood collected by fingerstick with the Mitra volumetric absorptive microsampling device showed near identical sensitivity and specificity for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies compared with venous serum when analysed with the Roche Elecsys assay. This validation enables decentralised, patient-centric serology testing for remote or at-home use and large-scale community seroprevalence studies.
Remote Fingerstick Blood Collection for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibody Testing — Garcia-Beltran et al., Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2021
This proof-of-concept study compared VAMS and dried blood spot microsamples with fluid blood for untargeted lipidomic profiling using high-resolution LC-MS/MS, finding that VAMS is a viable option for untargeted lipidomics with the advantage of haematocrit independence over traditional dried blood spots.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling of Blood for Untargeted Lipidomics — Marasca et al., Molecules
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- haematocrit
- biomarkers
2021
Dried urine microsampling with volumetric absorptive microsampling and dried urine spot improved the stability of peptide hormones and growth factors during drying, storage and transport, enabling reliable LC-MS/MS quantitation for anti-doping testing.
Enhanced urinary stability of peptide hormones and growth factors by dried urine microsampling — Protti et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- vams
- validation
- hormones
- doping
- toxicology
2021
A VAMS method for quantifying 13 antipsychotics in finger prick blood was validated across three haematocrit values, showing coherent results with matched plasma samples. Five antipsychotics degraded after one week at room temperature, indicating stability limits for decentralised adherence monitoring.
Development, validation, and application of a quantitative volumetric absorptive microsampling-based method in finger prick blood by means of LC-HRMS/MS applicable for adherence monitoring of antipsychotics — Jacobs et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
Capillary blood collected with the Neoteryx Mitra device showed a high correlation with venous samples for tacrolimus monitoring in transplant recipients, but yielded concentrations that were on average 22.5% higher. This minimally invasive method offers a convenient alternative to venepuncture for therapeutic drug monitoring, provided the consistent positive bias is accounted for in clinical interpretation.
Validation of a Capillary Dry Blood Sample MITRA-Based Assay for the Quantitative Determination of Systemic Tacrolimus Concentrations in Transplant Recipients — Undre et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2021
The authors developed and fully validated LC-MS/MS methods for paracetamol and four metabolites in plasma, whole blood and 10 microlitre VAMS dried blood microsamples, including assessment of haematocrit effects on VAMS recovery. Successful analysis of patient samples collected from both venous and capillary blood confirmed the methods are fit for purpose and can support future pharmacokinetic studies using decentralised microsampling.
Determination of paracetamol and its metabolites via LC-MS/MS in dried blood volumetric absorptive microsamples: A tool for pharmacokinetic studies — Delahaye et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
A bioanalytical method for tacrolimus quantitation from MITRA capillary blood samples met all FDA and EMA validation criteria, showing accuracy and precision across 1–50 ng/mL. Haematocrit and hyperlipidaemia did not affect quantitation, and samples remained stable for up to 96 days, supporting minimally invasive therapeutic drug monitoring from a fingerprick.
Quantitation of Tacrolimus in Human Whole Blood Samples Using the MITRA Microsampling Device — Undre et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2021
This review summarises liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry assays using dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling for quantifying antimicrobial drugs in children, highlighting that VAMS reduces haematocrit bias and offers a viable alternative to traditional plasma sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Microsampling Assays for Pharmacokinetic Analysis and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antimicrobial Drugs in Children: A Critical Review — Moorthy et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2021
A quantitative VAMS method for PEth 16:0/18:1 was developed and validated across two laboratories, showing good comparability (average bias −0.4%, 85% of differences within 20%) and reproducibility over one year; this supports reliable decentralised alcohol monitoring using finger‑prick dried blood microsamples.
Quantitation of phosphatidylethanol in dried blood after volumetric absorptive microsampling — Van Uytfanghe et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- toxicology
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