The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 101–200 of 377 labelled “urine”, newest first.
2025
Gargling was less sensitive than throat swabbing for detecting pharyngeal gonorrhoea (85.9% versus 97.2%), though patients preferred gargle samples. This suggests gargle samples can be used as an alternative specimen in decentralised STI screening but with reduced sensitivity compared to throat swabs.
Pharyngeal gonococcal infection and the sensitivity of oral gargle samples in comparison to self-collected throat swabs for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae in persons in Tyrol, Austria — Kitchen et al., Infection (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- sti
2025
The SHERLOCK assay detected Mycoplasma genitalium in first-void urine with a limit of detection of 10 copies per reaction and achieved 91.4% overall agreement with the cobas TV/MG PCR test (positive agreement 79.6%, negative agreement 100%), supporting its potential as a rapid point-of-care test for MG.
Development and clinical evaluation of a novel SHERLOCK test for <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> — Omachi et al., Microbiology spectrum
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2025
First-void urine self-collection achieved almost perfect agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples for high-risk HPV detection (prevalence-adjusted kappa 0.95 for HPV16). The method showed comparable sensitivity and specificity ratios for identifying cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade two or worse, supporting its use as a decentralised screening alternative.
A United States study of self-collected urine vs clinician-collected cervical sample for HPV and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade two or worse detection: Cross-sectional agreement and diagnostic accuracy study — Young et al., Preventive medicine reports
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
The study found that levels of an acrylamide metabolite in first-void urine were significantly and inversely associated with testosterone, puberty stage and facial hair growth in boys aged 13 to 14, but not in girls, suggesting that acrylamide exposure may disrupt pubertal development in males through effects on testosterone.
Acrylamide exposure, sex hormones, and pubertal status in Japanese adolescents — Nagata et al., International journal of environmental health research (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- pediatric
- hormones
- toxicology
2025
Urine-based HPV testing demonstrated 74% sensitivity and 52% specificity for detecting CIN2+, with performance improving when first-void collection and PCR-based assays were used. Although less sensitive than clinician-collected cervical samples, urine testing was preferred by over 90% of women, indicating potential as a complementary screening strategy to improve uptake.
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
A randomised trial of 13,061 under-screened French women found that mailing vaginal or first-void urine self-sampling kits for HPV testing increased participation in cervical cancer screening to 23.5 to 23.6 per cent, compared with 12.9 per cent for conventional physician invitation letters. This demonstrates that decentralised, patient-centric screening can substantially improve population coverage.
Mailing Vaginal or Urine Self-Sampling Kits versus Conventional Invitation Letters: A Randomized Trial to Assess the Effect on Cervical Cancer Screening Attendance — Lefeuvre et al., Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
2025
Researchers validated a UHPLC-MS/MS assay for citrinin in capillary blood collected with Neoteryx Mitra VAMS devices, plus feces and urine, achieving quantification limits of 0.05 ng/mL. The study derived human toxicokinetic parameters from 48-hour sample collection after a single oral dose, demonstrating that microsampling enables robust population-level exposure assessment for mycotoxins.
Derivation of Human Toxicokinetic Parameters and Chemical-Specific Adjustment Factor of Citrinin Through a Human Intervention Trial and Hierarchical Bayesian Population Modeling — Visintin et al., Toxins
- blood
- urine
- stool
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- toxicology
2025
All five at-home urine ovulation predictor kits demonstrated high accuracy (92–97%) when compared with blood LH levels, though sensitivity varied widely from 38% to 77% with Clinical Guard the lowest. Patient experience was comparable across kits, though Clinical Guard was slightly less favoured for future use.
Similar accuracy and patient experience with different one-step ovulation predictor kits — Vanderhoff et al., Fertility and sterility (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2024
Confirms urine is the second-most-applied VAMS matrix in forensics, collecting a consistent volume regardless of viscosity and enabling room-temperature storage and shipping.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling in Toxicology — Review, Toxics
- vams
- volumetric
- blood
- dried
- toxicology
- urine
- validation
- saliva
2024
An independent VALHUDES evaluation found HPV screening on Colli-Pee first-void urine detected high-grade cervical lesions with sensitivity comparable to clinician-collected cervical samples, reinforcing urine self-sampling for cervical screening.
Clinical Performance of the OncoPredict HPV Screening Assay on Self-Collected Vaginal and Urine Specimens (VALHUDES) — Giubbi et al., J. Medical Virology
- colli-pee
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- liquid
- urine
- validation
2024
Self-collected rectal and pharyngeal specimens showed high agreement and diagnostic accuracy compared to clinician-taken samples for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The approach was highly acceptable to participants, the majority of whom preferred self-sampling to clinician-sampling.
Performance and acceptability of self-collected specimens for diagnosis of rectal and pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men who have sex with men in China: a randomized controlled trial — Jiang et al., BMC infectious diseases
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- urine
2024
In 102 patients, Mitra and Capitainer microsamples gave urine albumin-to-creatinine ratios at 102% and 95% of the clinical analyser's, and both stayed within 98% to 103% after three weeks at room temperature, which supports either device for decentralised urine collection.
Patient-Centric Quantitative Microsampling for Accurate Determination of Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (UACR) in a Clinical Setting — Löfgren et al., The journal of applied laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- dct
- volumetric
- neoteryx-mitra
- urine
- validation
- biomarkers
2024
This review found saliva comparable to blood and urine for detecting viral genetic material and antibodies, supporting patient-centric monitoring and decentralised surveillance. The authors state that standardised protocols and further validation are required for routine clinical use.
The Emergence of Saliva as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for Viral Infections — Oliveira et al., Viruses
- blood
- self-collection
- serology
- hpv
- urine
- validation
- saliva
- biomarkers
2024
This retrospective case series found that a protocol combining home-based urinary hormone testing with a smartphone application supported fertility management and family planning without unintended pregnancies. The findings suggest that integrating self-collected urinary data with digital tools offers a viable decentralised approach for ovulation prediction.
Helping Patients to Predict and Confirm Ovulation with the Use of Combined Urinary Hormonal and Smartphone Technology: A Proof-of-Concept Retrospective Descriptive Case Series — Leiva & Ecochard, Seminars in reproductive medicine
- multimodal
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
- urine
2024
In subfertile women, urinary microbiota profiles correlated strongly with vaginal profiles but contained fewer species, indicating that vaginal sampling is preferable for predicting fertility treatment outcomes.
Clinical Applicability of Microbiota Sampling in a Subfertile Population: Urine versus Vagina — Koedooder et al., Microorganisms
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- microbiome
2024
Transgender women in Uganda initially anxious about point-of-care urine tenofovir testing for PrEP adherence monitoring found it acceptable after counselling, though test interpretation caused confusion as two lines indicated non-adherence rather than positivity as with HIV self-tests. Some participants avoided clinic visits to prevent detection of non-adherence, a behaviour termed 'white coat dosing', highlighting the need for tailored adherence strategies in this population.
Urine tenofovir testing for real-time PrEP adherence feedback: a qualitative study involving transgender women in Uganda — Mujugira et al., Journal of the International AIDS Society
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- tdm
2024
Among 195 men who have sex with men in Shenzhen, self-reported sexual positioning proved unreliable for guiding chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening. Urine testing alone would have missed 69.2 per cent of rectal chlamydia and 85.7 per cent of rectal gonorrhoea infections even in participants who reported exclusively insertive anal sex, demonstrating that self-collected rectal swabs are essential for comprehensive decentralised STI screening programmes.
Using Self-Reported Sexual Positioning as an Indicator for Rectal Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in China: A Missed Opportunity — Weng et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2024
This randomised trial found that peer-delivered HIV self-testing and sexually transmitted infection self-sampling did not improve oral pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence among transgender women in Uganda compared to standard care. Adherence was monitored using dried blood spots and urine, which showed a strong correlation in tenofovir detection.
Peer-Delivered HIV Self-Testing, Sexually Transmitted Infection Self-Sampling, and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for Transgender Women in Uganda: A Randomized Trial — Mujugira et al., Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes
- blood
- saliva
- urine
- dbs
- self-collection
- tdm
- dct
- sti
2024
Four years after vaccination, HPV-16/18 prevalence in schoolgirls fell from 3–6% to under 0.6% for both single-dose and two-dose regimens, with single-dose effectiveness at 90.6% proving non-inferior to the two-dose schedule. This validates first-void urine sampling for community-based vaccine effectiveness monitoring in decentralised screening programmes.
Community intervention of a single-dose or 2-dose regimen of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in schoolgirls in Thailand: vaccine effectiveness 2 years and 4 years after vaccination — Jiamsiri et al., Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs
- urine
- first-void
- pediatric
- hpv
2024
In pregnant women, first-void urine collected at midgestation detected HPV in 38%, with high-risk genotypes and high viral loads associated with placental HPV infection at delivery (prevalence 3%). No increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes was observed with placental HPV. This demonstrates urine-based HPV screening can identify placental infection risk non-invasively.
Placental human papillomavirus infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes — Værnesbranden et al., Placenta (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- genotyping
- hpv
2024
A time-resolved fluorescence assay detected HPV16-specific IgG in first-void urine with strong correlation to paired serum across four immunoassays in 225 healthy women, supporting first-void urine as a non-invasive alternative to venous blood for HPV antibody monitoring.
Time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) for total IgG and HPV16-specific antibody detection in first-void urine and serum: A comparative study — Lipovac et al., Journal of virological methods
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
- hpv
2024
Self-collected urine samples matched clinician-collected cervical samples in detecting all seven CIN3 lesions among hrHPV-positive women when extended HPV typing was used, showing 82% concordance for hrHPV detection. This indicates urine self-collection could serve as a patient-centric, decentralised screening option for cervical precancer without compromising diagnostic yield.
Performance of urine samples compared to cervical samples for detection of precancer lesions among HPV-positive women attending colposcopy clinic in Mexico City — Meneses-León et al., Cancer causes & control : CCC
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2024
Self-collected urine samples detected high-risk HPV DNA in 25.5 per cent of women and 8 per cent of men by qPCR, while oral gargle samples detected HPV in 7 per cent of women and 5 per cent of men. With good diagnostic accuracy against Pap smear, qPCR on self-collected specimens offers a viable decentralised approach to HPV screening in remote populations.
Evaluating different samples & techniques for hr-HPV DNA genotyping to improve the efficiency of risk profiling for oral & cervical cancers in Sikkim, India — Gupta et al., The Indian journal of medical research
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- genotyping
- hpv
- sti
2024
First-void urine IgG remained stable for at least 14 days at room temperature when stored with conservation medium. Amicon filtration with Melon Gel purification enriched HPV16-specific IgG that correlated strongly with serum levels, supporting non-invasive disease monitoring and vaccine impact assessment.
Stability, enrichment, and quantification of total and HPV16-specific IgG present in first-void urine — Téblick et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- serology
- hpv
2024
A dried urine spot method for measuring 14 amino acids was validated using filter paper and mass spectrometry, offering a stable alternative to liquid urine that supports patient self-collection and remote analysis.
Dried urine spot (DUS) applied for sampling prior to the accurate HILIC-MS/MS determination of 14 amino acids — Meikopoulos et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- validation
- dct
2024
In a Vietnamese HIV PrEP cohort, self-collected urine, rectal and pharyngeal specimens tested with the Alinity m STI Assay showed a 10.9% prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium, highest in rectal sites, and 71% of infections were asymptomatic. This supports decentralised, patient-collected sampling for STI screening to identify asymptomatic infections and guide pathogen directed therapy.
Mycoplasma genitalium Infections Among Participants in an HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Program in Hanoi, Vietnam — Nguyen et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2024
Fourteen of 15 under-screened women said they would be more likely to participate in cervical screening if they could self-collect samples, indicating that self-sampling could improve uptake among those who rarely or never attend screening.
Experiences and Perceptions of Cervical Cancer Screening Using Self-Sampling among Under-Screened Women in Flanders — Buelens et al., Healthcare
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
2024
Self-directed STI testing kits were requested by some people who use drugs but few were returned, indicating the approach is acceptable yet highlighting logistical and behavioural barriers that need targeted support to realise decentralised testing.
Evaluation of self-directed specimen collection for chlamydia and gonorrhea testing among people who use drugs — Scheidell et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2024
Adding polyethylene glycol to first-void urine before centrifugation markedly improved cell-free DNA recovery in the pellet, whereas low-speed centrifugation alone removed cellular DNA while keeping cell-free DNA in the supernatant. Pseudovirions pelleted reliably under all conditions, but the study revealed substantial variation between self-collected samples, highlighting the need for standardised protocols in decentralised HPV screening programmes.
Concentration strategies for spiked and naturally present biomarkers in non-invasively collected first-void urine — Téblick et al., European journal of medical research
- urine
- first-void
- hpv
- biomarkers
- liquid-biopsy
2024
Urinary HPV testing offers comparable detection to cervical samples and high patient acceptability, making it a viable noninvasive option for decentralised cervical cancer screening and vaccine surveillance. However, the absence of standardised protocols for sample collection and processing currently limits its widespread clinical adoption.
A review of urinary HPV testing for cervical cancer management and HPV vaccine surveillance: rationale, strategies, and limitations — Cheng et al., European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2024
LiFT, a low-cost yarn-based sensor, measured lithium in saliva and urine with FDA-required accuracy, achieving a detection limit of 0.97 µM and a sodium-corrected linear range to 0.5 mM. By transmitting results to patients' smartphones for sharing with clinicians, the device supports at-home therapeutic drug monitoring to minimise lithium toxicity in bipolar disorder.
LiFT (a Lithium Fiber-Based Test): An At-Home Companion Diagnostics for a Safer Lithium Therapy in Bipolar Disorder — Amirghasemi et al., Advanced healthcare materials (paywalled)
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- tdm
2024
The bivalent HPV vaccine showed 100 percent effectiveness against vaccine types 16 and 18 seven years post-vaccination in Thai schoolgirls, but only 32.8 percent effectiveness against other high-risk types, indicating limited cross-protection. The study used first-void urine self-collection for HPV DNA detection, demonstrating a scalable, non-invasive approach for vaccine effectiveness monitoring in decentralised settings.
Effectiveness of HPV vaccine as part of national immunization program for preventing HPV infection in Thai schoolgirls after seven years post-vaccination — Nilyanimit et al., Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
- urine
- first-void
- hpv
2024
First-void urine testing detected HPV with 87% sensitivity and 89% specificity, and participants reported feeling comfortable with this self-collection method. This approach could improve uptake of cervical cancer screening in decentralised settings.
The Impact of Urine-Sample HPV Testing on the Effectiveness of Screening for Cervical Cancer: An Umbrella Review — Miazga et al., Cancers
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
2024
The study validated an LC-HRMS method for measuring breast cancer drugs in plasma, urine, VAMS and oral fluid, showing that all matrices except oral fluid for certain drugs can support decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring. VAMS and oral fluid faced practical challenges in collection due to patient conditions, but the method enables patient-centric monitoring with dried blood and other self-collected samples.
Towards clinical adherence monitoring of oral endocrine breast cancer therapies by LC-HRMS-method development, validation, comparison of four sample matrices, and proof of concept — Jacobs et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
- blood
- saliva
- urine
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2024
Self-sampled multi-anatomic site testing for CT/NG in community MSM uncovered a substantial burden of undiagnosed infection, with 21% positivity overall and higher yields from rectal and pharyngeal swabs than urine, indicating that decentralised self-sampling can complement clinic-based screening.
Self-sampled multi-anatomic site testing for uncovering the community burden of undiagnosed Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in men who have sex with men — Wong et al., Infection (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2024
The study found that HPV16-specific neutralizing antibodies can be reliably detected in first-void urine samples, with strong correlation to serum levels, supporting the use of this virtually painless, self-collected sample for monitoring immune response in a decentralised setting.
HPV-specific antibodies in female genital tract secretions captured via first-void urine retain their neutralizing capacity — Téblick et al., Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- hpv
2024
Routine clinic-based cervical sampling generated 3670 g CO2e per sample, whereas vaginal self-sampling produced 423 g CO2e and first-void urine collection produced 570 g CO2e. Decentralised self-collection approaches substantially lowered emissions by eliminating primary care clinic visits.
A comparison of the carbon footprint of alternative sampling approaches for cervical screening in the UK: A descriptive study — Whittaker et al., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- economics
- hpv
- sti
2024
The OncoPredict HPV Quantitative Typing assay achieved clinical sensitivity ratios of 0.99 for urine and 1.00 for vaginal self-samples versus clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting CIN2+, and after cut-off optimisation showed similar accuracy on self-collected and cervical specimens, supporting decentralised cervical screening through urine self-collection with Colli-Pee.
Clinical accuracy of OncoPredict HPV Quantitative Typing (QT) assay on self-samples — Latsuzbaia et al., Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2024
Self-collected first-void urine using the Colli-Pee device detected high-risk HPV with 96.7 per cent concordance compared with clinician-collected cervical swabs in 240 women, with a Cohen's kappa of 0.87, indicating strong agreement and supporting urine self-collection as an acceptable approach for HPV screening.
Comparable detection of HPV using real-time PCR in paired cervical samples and concentrated first-stream urine collected with Colli-Pee device — Nilyanimit et al., Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2024
The Xpert CT/NG assay showed high specificity and moderate-to-high sensitivity for chlamydia and gonorrhoea in urine and rectal specimens, though pharyngeal sensitivity was lower. High acceptability among men who have sex with men and rapid turnaround support its use for decentralised STI screening with immediate treatment initiation.
Clinic-based evaluation of the dual Xpert CT/NG assay on the GeneXpert System for screening for extragenital chlamydial and gonococcal infections amongst men who have sex with men — Cordioli et al., BMC infectious diseases
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- acceptability
- sti
2024
Among 105 women with grade 1 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia followed for a median 20 months, 29.3% experienced disease progression or persistence, which was significantly predicted by HPV positivity in physician- and self-collected samples. In 59 women with grade 2 disease followed for a median 12 months, half showed progression or persistence, but HPV status from physician-, self-, or urine-collected samples did not predict outcomes. Self-collection may enable decentralised risk stratification for CIN 1 surveillance.
Human papillomavirus self-sampling and urine-sampling tests and the management and short-term outcomes of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A prospective observational study — Matsuura et al., The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2024
Self-collected saliva samples for SARS-CoV-2 testing yielded higher viral loads than nasal or urine specimens and showed moderate agreement (kappa 0.52) with nasal swabs. A colourimetric LAMP assay achieved 90% concordance with RT-PCR, offering a rapid alternative deployable in clinics, workplaces, and homes for decentralised surveillance.
Evaluation of self-collected nasal, urine, and saliva samples for molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 using an EUA approved RT-PCR assay and a laboratory developed LAMP SARS-CoV-2 test — Purcell-Wiltz et al., Immunity, inflammation and disease
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2024
Two cases of sexually acquired reactive arthritis secondary to Chlamydia trachomatis were diagnosed by PCR on first-void urine. This demonstrates that urine-based molecular testing can identify the infectious trigger in reactive arthritis, supporting decentralised STI screening and subsequent rheumatology referral.
Chronic sexually acquired reactive arthritis secondary to Chlamydiatrachomatis — Basu et al., Indian journal of medical microbiology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2024
Molecular point-of-care testing on self-collected urine proved feasible and achieved high linkage to treatment among street-based female sex workers in Madrid, with an overall STI prevalence of 66 per cent and a strong association between recent drug use and STI infection.
On-site testing and treatment of sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers using molecular point-of-care testing integrated into harm reduction services in Madrid, Spain — Valencia et al., The International journal on drug policy (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2024
This literature review found that DNA methylation markers on self-collected urine or cervicovaginal swabs detected cervical intraepithelial neoplasia as well as cytology. The combination could improve screening uptake and reduce loss to follow-up, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, though more evidence is needed to identify the most efficacious methylation tests.
The current state of DNA methylation biomarkers in self-collected liquid biopsies for the early detection of cervical cancer: a literature review — Sumiec et al., Infectious agents and cancer
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
- biomarkers
- liquid-biopsy
2024
A systematic review of 70 studies found that 94.7% of accuracy studies reported comparable sensitivity and specificity between self-sampling and clinician collection for HPV detection, with patient acceptability ranging from 84.2% to 100% for devices including Colli-Pee. This evidence endorses decentralised cervical screening to improve uptake.
Comparison of diagnostic accuracy and acceptability of self-sampling devices for human Papillomavirus detection: A systematic review — Aimagambetova et al., Preventive medicine reports
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
2024
First-void urine collected with the Colli-pee device detected high-grade cervical precancer with 90.3% sensitivity, substantially better than the 73.4% sensitivity of standard-pot urine, and was acceptable to colposcopy attendees. The device achieved 92% relative sensitivity compared with clinician-collected cervical samples, showing promise for decentralised HPV screening.
Urine high-risk human papillomavirus testing as an alternative to routine cervical screening: A comparative diagnostic accuracy study of two urine collection devices using a randomised study design trial — Davies et al., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2024
The novel lateral flow assay demonstrated excellent clinical sensitivity and specificity for detecting Neisseria gonorrhoeae in first-void urine and vaginal swabs, meeting the target product profile for a rapid point-of-care test. This decentralised diagnostic tool could optimise clinical management and reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in primary care settings lacking laboratory infrastructure.
Novel lateral flow assay for point-of-care detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in syndromic management settings: a cross-sectional performance evaluation — Peters et al., Lancet
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2023
Dried urine spots with automated extraction detected over 95% of the drugs found in paired liquid urine by LC-Q-TOF.
Application of dried urine spots for non-targeted quadrupole time-of-flight drug screening — Stöth et al., J. Analytical Toxicology (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- toxicology
2023
Over three years after HPV vaccination in 58 women, HPV-specific IgG was detected in 84% to 100% of first-void urine samples against 98% to 100% of serum samples, and the two correlated strongly; the authors support self-collected urine for follow-up of vaccine-induced immunity, with the caveat that only women were studied.
Follow-up of humoral immune response after HPV vaccination using first-void urine: A longitudinal cohort study — Téblick et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- dct
- colli-pee
- first-void
- serology
- hpv
- urine
2023
In a national probability survey of Croatian emerging adults, chlamydia prevalence was 2.5% in women and 1.0% in men, with low prior testing rates and gaps in knowledge; self-collected urine testing proved feasible and supports decentralised STI screening strategies.
Knowledge about and prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in a population-based sample of emerging Croatian adults — Bozicevic et al., PloS one
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2023
In a survey of 88 young people assigned female at birth, 69% preferred at-home self-collection for gonorrhoea and chlamydia screening, and lower educational attainment was associated with reduced preference, suggesting that at-home sampling is broadly acceptable but may need tailored support to address educational and other social determinants.
At-Home Self-Collection of Urine or Vaginal Samples for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Screening Among Young People Who Were Assigned Female at Birth — Chongsuwat & Cody, AJPM focus
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2023
This multisite diagnostic accuracy study evaluated pooling strategies for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae using self-collected first-void urine and clinician-collected swabs from 437 men who have sex with men. Both ex-ante and ex-post pooling approaches showed high sensitivity and specificity compared with single-specimen testing, with ex-post pooling achieving 100% sensitivity for gonorrhoea, supporting decentralised screening programmes.
Using pooled urogenital, anorectal and oropharyngeal specimens to detect <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> among men who have sex with men in China: a multisite diagnostic accuracy study — Jiang et al., BMJ open
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2023
In a review of 91 human adenovirus-associated urethritis cases, dysuria occurred in 84% and meatitis in 34% of patients, with adenovirus type D being the most common subtype identified in first-void urine and urethral smears. Multiplex PCR screening for adenovirus in non-gonococcal urethritis can help establish accurate diagnoses and avoid unnecessary treatments.
Adenovirus-Associated Urethritis, a Not So Uncommon Entity. A Review of 91 Cases — Idigoras et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
2023
Quantitative at-home urine monitors clearly demarcated luteal phase transitions, luteinisation, progestation, and luteolysis, and identified anovulation across three clinical scenarios. This proof-of-concept suggests self-collected urine hormone measurements could help women target fertility interventions without clinic visits.
Using Quantitative Hormonal Fertility Monitors to Evaluate the Luteal Phase: Proof of Concept Case Study — Bouchard, Medicina
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2023
Self-collected first-void urine showed substantial agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples for high-risk HPV detection in 54 women with confirmed cervical precancer or cancer, with a Cohen's kappa of 0.70 and 86 per cent overall agreement, supporting urine self-sampling as a potential alternative for cervical cancer screening where pelvic examination is not feasible or acceptable.
Study to Determine Concordance between High-Risk Human Papilloma Virus DNA Detection in Self Collected First Voided Urine Samples and Health-Care Worker Collected Cervical Samples in a Subset of Women with Proven Histopathological Precancerous and Cancerous Lesions of the Cervix — Purwar et al., Journal of mid-life health
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2023
This study used first-void urine samples to detect mutations associated with antibiotic resistance in gonorrhoea, showing high prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance and low prevalence of azithromycin resistance. Molecular testing on urine samples enables decentralised, non-invasive screening for drug-resistant infections.
Prevalence of mutations associated with macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae with Allplex NG-DR Assay (Seegene) in a tertiary hospital from Madrid, Spain — Maldonado-Barrueco et al., Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2023
Daily remote urine hormone monitoring of LH and PdG, together with age and cycle start day, can identify menstrual cycle phase and day with 95% confidence; this supports precise, patient-centric cycle tracking outside clinic settings.
Using Hormone Data and Age to Pinpoint Cycle Day within the Menstrual Cycle — Hills et al., Medicina (paywalled)
- urine
- fertility
- hormones
2023
Urine sampling with the Colli-Pee device revealed a substantial burden of high-risk HPV infection among unvaccinated Thai schoolgirls, with prevalence increasing from 8.6% in grade 10 to 12.4% in grade 12, demonstrating the feasibility of decentralised screening to guide immunisation policy.
Prevalence of HPV infection among Thai schoolgirls in the north-eastern provinces in 2018: implications for HPV immunization policy — Vongpunsawad et al., IJID regions
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- serology
- hpv
2023
In adults given EPA or DHA for 12 weeks, first-void urine analysed by MSI-CE-MS showed increased S-carboxypropylcysteamine and other candidate metabolites that correlated with the Omega-3 Index measured in erythrocytes, suggesting urine could support non-invasive monitoring of omega-3 status.
Urinary Metabolite Profiling to Non-Invasively Monitor the Omega-3 Index: An Exploratory Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial in Young Adults — MacIntyre et al., Metabolites
- urine
- first-void
- metabolome
- biomarkers
2023
At-home urine oestrone-3-glucuronide measured with the Mira Fertility Tracker during gonadotropin stimulation correlated well with paired serum oestradiol (r = 0.761) and predicted mature oocyte yield to a similar degree, suggesting that patient-centric oestrogen monitoring could reduce reliance on clinic-based venous draws during fertility treatment.
At-home urine estrone-3-glucuronide quantification predicts oocyte retrieval outcomes comparably with serum estradiol — Nakhuda et al., F&S reports
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- fertility
- hormones
2023
University branding increased trust and confidence in results, plain packaging promoted discretion, and colour‑coded bags with matching instructions reduced confusion; participants recommended instructional videos, tailored test options, real‑time introductions and personalised reminders to maximise return rates.
Lessons Learned From the Implementation of a Pilot Study on Self-collected Specimen Return by Sexual Minority Men (Project Caboodle!): Qualitative Exploration — Sallabank et al., JMIR formative research
- blood
- urine
- capillary
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2023
Optimisation of a commercial PCR assay for macrolide resistance in Mycoplasmoides genitalium achieved 100% specificity and 90.9% concordance with sequencing. The assay detected resistance in 67% of positive clinical specimens, with comparable performance from first-void urine and swabs, supporting its use for decentralised STI diagnostics and targeted antibiotic therapy.
Optimization and Clinical Evaluation of an Automated Commercial Analyte-Specific Reagent Assay for <i>Mycoplasmoides genitalium</i> Macrolide Resistance Detection in Primary Clinical Specimens — Munson et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2023
Most chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections in asymptomatic men who have sex with men using online self-testing were extragenital, meaning urine-only screening would miss the majority of cases; therefore, three-site testing should remain standard and free screening services should be expanded.
Three-site screening for STIs in men who have sex with men using online self-testing in an English sexual health service — Charin et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2023
The review found no consistent evidence that midstream urine collection with or without cleansing reduces contamination compared with other non-invasive methods, and only limited data suggested first-void urine had higher contamination than midstream in one study; this matters for decentralised diagnostics because it questions the universal recommendation of midstream collection and supports evaluating simpler, patient-collected methods such as first-void urine for home testing.
Best methods for urine sample collection for diagnostic accuracy in women with urinary tract infection symptoms: a systematic review — Llor et al., Family practice (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
2023
First-void urine tested on the GeneXpert platform detected high-risk HPV DNA with 84.8 per cent sensitivity and 92.3 per cent specificity compared with clinician-collected cervical samples, with substantial agreement (kappa 0.77) and high patient acceptability among 100 HIV-positive women in Zambia, suggesting that decentralised urine self-sampling with an EDTA preservative could widen cervical cancer screening coverage where invasive methods deter uptake.
Utilizing first void urine for high-risk HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in HIV-positive women in Katete, Zambia — Kaoma et al., BMC women's health
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
2023
Healthcare professionals in underserved French regions viewed home-based HPV self-sampling as a viable solution to low screening coverage, trusting vaginal sampling while accepting urine as an alternative for women with conditions such as vaginismus. They identified kit design flaws, instruction complexity, and patient anatomical knowledge gaps as implementation barriers requiring attention in decentralised screening programmes.
Acceptability to Healthcare Professionals of Home-Based HPV Self-Sampling for Cervical Screening: A French Qualitative Study Conducted in an Area with Low Access to Health Services — Le Goff et al., Cancers
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2023
In patients with abnormal Pap smears, HPV testing on random urine achieved about 60% sensitivity compared with clinician-collected cervical samples after adjusting the detection cutoff, and about 50% sensitivity for CIN2+; urine-based HPV testing requires further development to match the performance of clinician-collected samples.
Can HPV Test on Random Urine Replace Self-HPV Test on Vaginal Self-Samples or Clinician-Collected Cervical Samples? — Shih et al., International journal of women's health
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2023
Most young women found self-collected vaginal swabs easy and acceptable for STI testing, with 60.9% preferring them to urine samples when both were offered. The method was feasible in a community-based Zimbabwean setting, with high rates of understanding, privacy, and sense of control, suggesting it could expand access to STI screening.
Acceptability of self-collected vaginal swabs for sexually transmitted infection testing among youth in a community-based setting in Zimbabwe — Rochford et al., International journal of STD & AIDS
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2023
This pilot study of women with HPV-positive cervical swabs found urine samples detected high-risk HPV genotypes in 94% (16/17) of cases, achieving 98.8% diagnostic accuracy compared with self-collected cervical swabs. The strong agreement suggests urine testing could support decentralised cervical cancer screening, though larger studies are needed.
Comparison of Human Papillomavirus Genotype Detection in Paired Urine and Self-Collected Cervical Swabs: A Pilot Study — Patel et al., Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2023
In 20 women providing 73 paired samples across menstrual‑cycle phases, urinary metabolites measured at home correlated strongly with serum hormone concentrations (estradiol R²=0.96, progesterone R²=0.95, LH R²=0.98). When the derived equations were applied to a separate set of 20 users, predicted serum values correlated 0.92–0.94 with actual measurements. This suggests home urine testing could substitute for clinic blood draws in routine fertility monitoring, though the cohort was limited to women with normal cycles.
Predicting serum hormone concentration by estimation of urinary hormones through a home-use device — Pattnaik et al., Human reproduction open
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
2023
The study found that the Premom and Easy@Home urine-based luteinizing hormone testing systems provided estimates of peak fertility that were highly correlated with the Clearblue Fertility Monitor, suggesting they are accurate tools for ovulation detection and easy to use at home.
A Comparison of Two Hormonal Fertility Monitoring Systems for Ovulation Detection: A Pilot Study — Mu & Fehring, Medicina
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2023
First-void urine samples from 85 Austrian school children aged six to ten showed frequent low-level exposure to mycotoxins and phytoestrogens, with 22 percent exceeding the tolerable daily intake for deoxynivalenol and some facing possible health risks from ochratoxin A. The results support urine microsampling for decentralised exposome monitoring in paediatric populations.
The Austrian children's biomonitoring survey 2020 Part B: Mycotoxins, phytotoxins, phytoestrogens and food processing contaminants — Ayeni et al., Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- pediatric
- toxicology
- biomarkers
2023
Sexual minority men found finger-stick blood and rectal swabs more challenging to self-collect than other specimens. Barriers to returning samples included low confidence in self-collection and concerns about transit delays, while motivators were status confirmation and limited clinic access; real-time video support could improve uptake in future decentralised testing programmes.
Perceptions and Experiences of Returning Self-collected Specimens for HIV, Bacterial STI and Potential PrEP Adherence Testing among Sexual Minority Men in the United States — Sharma et al., AIDS and behavior
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2023
The Inito Fertility Monitor demonstrated strong agreement with laboratory ELISA for measuring urinary estrone-3-glucuronide, pregnanediol glucuronide and luteinising hormone, with coefficients of variation around 5%. It identified a novel ovulation confirmation criterion that distinguished ovulatory from anovulatory cycles with 100% specificity and an area under the curve of 0.98, supporting accurate decentralised fertility monitoring.
Validation of urinary reproductive hormone measurements using a novel smartphone connected reader — Pattnaik et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
2023
First-void urine identified merely 15.8% of HPV types in circumcised men with genital warts, the lowest detection rate of six sampling methods. Combining wart biopsy with swabs from four genital anatomical sites achieved 98.9% detection, demonstrating that multi-site collection is necessary for accurate decentralised HPV screening in this population.
Evaluation of the optimal sampling approach for HPV genotyping in circumcised heterosexual men with genital warts — Sarier et al., Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- genotyping
- hpv
- sti
2023
First-void urine self-sampling for HPV screening cost £38.57 per complete screen compared with £56.81 for clinician-collected samples, with potential NHS savings of £19.2 million annually if uptake improved among non-attenders. This shows self-sampling is substantially cheaper and could expand screening reach to under-screened women, supporting decentralised diagnostic programmes.
Two self-sampling strategies for HPV primary cervical cancer screening compared with clinician-collected sampling: an economic evaluation — Huntington et al., BMJ open
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- economics
- hpv
- sti
2023
This review summarises progress toward integrating automated sample preparation with on-chip nucleic acid amplification for home testing of self-collected blood, urine, saliva and stool specimens. It identifies that user-friendly, combined systems may enable rapid, accurate molecular diagnostics outside central laboratories, which is relevant for decentralised infectious disease screening.
Toward Rapid and Accurate Molecular Diagnostics at Home — Liu & Lee, Advanced materials (paywalled)
- blood
- saliva
- urine
- stool
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2023
In north-western Tanzania, self-collected cervical-vaginal swabs and urine were used for PCR detection of Female Genital Schistosomiasis; self-sampling was highly acceptable and detected more cases than operator-collected swabs, supporting its use in decentralised screening programmes.
Assessing the prevalence of Female Genital Schistosomiasis and comparing the acceptability and performance of health worker-collected and self-collected cervical-vaginal swabs using PCR testing among women in North-Western Tanzania: The ShWAB study — Ursini et al., PLoS neglected tropical diseases
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
2023
In a colposcopy referral population, the Alinity m HR HPV assay showed similar sensitivity for CIN2+ on home-collected first-void urine and vaginal self-samples compared with clinician-collected cervical samples, with comparable specificity for first-void urine and variable specificity across vaginal devices; adjusting signal thresholds improved assay accuracy across all self-sample types.
Clinical Accuracy of Alinity m HR HPV Assay on Self- versus Clinician-Taken Samples Using the VALHUDES Protocol — Latsuzbaia et al., The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2023
In women referred to colposcopy, self-collected urine and vaginal samples showed substantial to near-perfect concordance with clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting high-risk HPV (k=0.715 and k=0.898 respectively). This supports using patient-centric self-sampling to expand cervical cancer screening coverage and aligns with WHO elimination targets.
Accuracy of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Testing on Urine and Vaginal Self-Samples Compared to Clinician-Collected Cervical Sample in Women Referred to Colposcopy — Martinelli et al., Viruses
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2023
First-void urine is established as a reliable self-collected specimen for human papillomavirus screening, triage, and post-vaccination surveillance. The use of specialised collection devices and advanced molecular assays supports the integration of non-invasive sampling into routine cervical cancer prevention strategies.
Testing for Human Papillomaviruses in Urine, Blood, and Oral Specimens: an Update for the Laboratory — Poljak et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- blood
- saliva
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2022
Glyphosate was quantifiable in 99.8% of first-void urine samples from 6848 French adults and children, with higher levels in men and children and lower levels associated with organic food intake and filtered water; occupational exposure was higher in farmers, indicating widespread environmental contamination relevant to decentralised exposure monitoring.
Quantifiable urine glyphosate levels detected in 99% of the French population, with higher values in men, in younger people, and in farmers — Grau et al., Environmental science and pollution research international
- first-void
- toxicology
- pediatric
- urine
2022
Home-collected first-void urine testing for high-risk HPV showed sensitivity equivalent to clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting CIN2+ and CIN3, but with marginally lower specificity. This supports urine self-sampling as a viable decentralised screening method to improve coverage among unscreened women.
Analytical and clinical performance of extended HPV genotyping with BD Onclarity HPV Assay in home-collected first-void urine: A diagnostic test accuracy study — Van Keer et al., Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2022
Patients offered the 3-anatomic-site panel (urine, oropharynx and rectum) had higher odds of testing positive for chlamydia and gonorrhoea than those receiving usual care, suggesting that adding patient-collected rectal testing improves detection.
Patient Demographics and the Utilization of a Novel 3-Anatomic-Site Testing Panel Including Rectal Self-Collection as Compared With Usual Care Testing — Horberg et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2022
Among 446 STI clinic attendees in British Columbia, 73% were willing to self-collect urine samples outside clinics, 67% throat swabs and 65% anogenital swabs. Willingness was higher in those aged 35–54 years and lower among heterosexual compared with gay and lesbian participants, suggesting decentralised self-collection is acceptable and could extend STI screening beyond clinical settings.
Attitudes and Preferences Regarding Non-Clinic-Based Self-Collection for Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Among Clinic Attendees in British Columbia, Canada — Gottschlich et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2022
Urine self-collection was acceptable to participants, but high-risk HPV mRNA detection in urine was less sensitive for high-grade cervical lesions than self- or provider-collected cervical samples. This suggests that while urine sampling may improve participation in decentralised screening programmes, it could miss more disease.
High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Messenger RNA Testing Using Urine, Cervicovaginal Self-Collected and Provider-Collected Cervical Samples Among Women in Mombasa, Kenya — Grabert et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
The pilot study provided evidence that a dry-stored, self-collected vaginal swab could assist detection of Chlamydia trachomatis when compared with clinician-collected discharge, first-catch urine and blood serology, potentially reducing privacy barriers and removing cold-chain requirements for screening in remote areas.
A pilot clinical validation study of a self-collected vaginal swab device for the detection of <i>chlamydia trachomatis</i> in women — Muljadi et al., Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2022
Patients ranked pregnancy chance as the key facilitator for home-based LH urine testing in frozen embryo transfer cycles, while fear of missing ovulation was their main barrier. Healthcare providers agreed on pregnancy rates but cited laboratory capacity as their primary constraint, highlighting that decentralised fertility monitoring must address both patient confidence and system logistics to succeed.
Facilitators and barriers for home-based monitoring to time frozen embryo transfers in IVF among women and healthcare providers — Zaat et al., Human reproduction open
- urine
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2022
The study found comparable seropositivity for Chlamydia trachomatis and Toxoplasma gondii among male partners of infertile couples in Odisha, with 28 per cent showing anti-Chlamydia IgA and 28 per cent anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies. This demonstrates that first-void urine and seminal fluid can detect relevant infections, supporting their use in decentralised fertility screening programmes.
Seropositivity of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis & Toxoplasma gondii</i> among male partners of infertile couples in Odisha, India: A facility-based exploratory study — Naik et al., The Indian journal of medical research
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- serology
- sti
2022
Women with chlamydial infection show reduced microbial diversity in first-void urine, with depletion of Mycoplasmataceae and Ureaplasma parvum and elevated hippurate and lactulose. This demonstrates that urine microbiome and metabolome analysis can reveal infection signatures, supporting decentralised STI screening approaches.
First-Void Urine Microbiome in Women with <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> Infection — Gaspari et al., International journal of molecular sciences
- urine
- first-void
- microbiome
- metabolome
- sti
2022
Women using a connected urine ovulation test in this home-based randomised trial achieved a live birth rate of 16.4% in the first cycle versus 8.5% in controls (odds ratio 2.12, p=0.001). The result demonstrates that decentralised hormone monitoring improves fertility outcomes, with 78% of all pregnancies ending in live birth.
Increased Chance of Live Birth Following Use of Connected Ovulation Test System: Outcome Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial — Johnson et al., Women's health reports
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2022
An algorithm using the ratio of area under the curve for daily urinary E3G and PDG, together with a cycle-specific rise in PDG, correctly identified the luteal transition in all 78 cycles and predicted the start of the safe period from day +2 to +6 with a mean of 10.3 safe luteal days. This offers a practical, self-collection based approach to time the menstrual cycle for natural family planning and clinical assessment of ovarian function.
Algorithms with Area under the Curve for Daily Urinary Estrone-3-Glucuronide and Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide to Signal the Transition to the Luteal Phase — Usala et al., Medicina
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2022
Self-collected urine NAAT detected a 9.0% prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among 8324 clinic attendees in Southern China, with higher rates in men, indicating that urine based self-collection can support STI screening and targeted public health interventions.
High chlamydia infection and its associated factors among patients seeking clinic-based STI services in Southern China: A preliminary cross-sectional study — Wang et al., Frontiers in public health
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2022
In a rural Ecuadorian community, both urine and vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing were rated as more comfortable, more private, less painful and less difficult than clinician sampling. Vaginal self-sampling was the overall preferred method, suggesting that community training could increase uptake of decentralised cervical cancer screening.
Evaluation of Urine and Vaginal Self-Sampling versus Clinician-Based Sampling for Cervical Cancer Screening: A Field Comparison of the Acceptability of Three Sampling Tests in a Rural Community of Cuenca, Ecuador — Vega Crespo et al., Healthcare
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
The study found that higher urinary levels of certain pesticide metabolites were significantly associated with increased risk of acute lower and upper respiratory infections in children under five, particularly in those older than two years. This supports the use of decentralised urine microsampling for environmental exposure and child health studies.
Urinary Pesticide Residual Levels and Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Under 5 Years of Age: Findings From the Offinso North Farm Health Study — Akyeampong et al., Environmental health insights
- urine
- first-void
- pediatric
- toxicology
2022
At a rural Ugandan HIV clinic, most women preferred nurse-led cervical screening to urine HPV self-sampling, yet self-collection proved feasible and detected high HPV prevalence, indicating that decentralised screening programmes must address acceptability through patient-centric education.
The preference of women living with HIV for the HPV self-sampling of urine at a rural HIV clinic in Uganda — Nyabigambo et al., Southern African journal of infectious diseases
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
First-void urine sampling detected Mycoplasma genitalium in 8% of 493 men with non-gonococcal urethritis at a Hong Kong STI clinic. With antimicrobial-resistance mutations in 63% of isolates, including dual-class resistance in 37%, the results support decentralised screening to guide therapy.
Emergence of antibiotic-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium as the cause of non-gonococcal urethritis in male patients at a sexually transmitted infection clinic — Lee et al., International journal of antimicrobial agents (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2022
Urine testing for high-risk HPV achieved 86.2% sensitivity for detecting high-grade cervical lesions, slightly below the 94.8% sensitivity of cervical samples, while patient satisfaction was significantly higher with self-collected urine. High agreement for HPV 16/18 genotypes between the two methods supports urine as a viable alternative for decentralised cervical screening.
A comparison of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA detection between urine and cervical sample testing in women with abnormal Pap smears — Punyashthira et al., The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
Among asymptomatic individuals with gonorrhoea, 71.3% of infections were pharyngeal and 23.1% rectal, with only 4.7% genital. The study evaluated culture recovery from self-collected first-void urine and swabs, demonstrating that decentralised screening must address extragenital sites to enable antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture growth rates from asymptomatic individuals with a positive nucleic acid amplification test — Nadal-Baron et al., Letters in applied microbiology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
Read from the corpus on .