The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 101–200 of 255 labelled “tdm”, newest first.
2023
In 28 healthy adults, alectinib concentrations from capillary microsamples were generally similar to venous ones, which supports the method for therapeutic drug monitoring; the study tested a paediatric-friendly suspension, and the authors point to children, for whom venepuncture is difficult, as the intended use.
Relative bioavailability and food effect study of an oral suspension of alectinib in healthy volunteers using venipuncture and capillary microsampling — Liu et al., Clinical and translational science
- blood
- capillary
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- oncology
2023
A validated LC-MS/MS method successfully quantified vincristine in paediatric patient-centric whole blood collected via VAMS microsampling, spanning 1 to 50 ng/mL with intra- and inter-accuracy and precision within ±10.3% and ≤7.3%. Whole blood concentrations showed a non-linear relationship to plasma concentrations, which was described by a saturable binding model.
A sensitive liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry method for the quantification of vincristine in whole blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling — van et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- vams
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- oncology
2023
A study of 50 paediatric renal transplant recipients found that a UHPLC-MS/MS method successfully quantified mycophenolic acid in VAMS microsampling samples over a 0.10-15 µg/mL range. However, converting microsampling results to plasma equivalents using haematocrit-based regression is required for clinical interpretation, supporting patient-centric decentralised monitoring.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA) using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) in pediatric renal transplant recipients: ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analytical method development, cross-validation, and clinical application — Kocur et al., Pharmacological reports : PR
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2023
A study of 37 kidney transplant recipients found Capitainer and Mitra microsampling feasible for decentralised monitoring. Capitainer showed consistent sampling success, 92%-96%, and higher analytical accuracy than Mitra, 52%-88% success. Proportions within ±15% of venous reference for creatinine and haemoglobin were 92%-100% and 93%-100% for Capitainer, versus 79%-96% and 67%-92% for Mitra, despite small cohorts.
Clinical performance of volumetric finger-prick sampling for the monitoring of tacrolimus, creatinine and haemoglobin in kidney transplant recipients — Vethe et al., British journal of clinical pharmacology (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- qdbs
- volumetric
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2023
Volumetric absorptive microsampling of whole blood did not provide a reliable basis for calculating meropenem plasma concentrations in critically ill children, so a validated low volume plasma method was required for paediatric therapeutic drug monitoring.
Developing a Method for Quantifying Meropenem in Children-Volumetric Adsorptive Microsampling Versus Plasma Sampling — Ramadan et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2023
The authors validated a simultaneous LC-MS/MS assay for hydroxychloroquine, its metabolites, and azithromycin from self-collected dried blood spots. Requiring only ten microlitres of blood and achieving a sensitivity of one nanogram per millilitre, the method enabled remote therapeutic drug monitoring in more than two thousand specimens during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Simultaneous LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of Azithromycin, Hydroxychloroquine and its metabolites in SARS-CoV-2(-/ +) populations using dried blood spots — Chhonker et al., Scientific reports
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
2023
The study found that serum concentrations of lacosamide and levetiracetam can be accurately estimated from dried capillary blood samples using simple ratio conversion, with high agreement to measured serum levels, supporting their use in decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring. For lamotrigine, the method is acceptable at low to medium concentrations but less reliable at higher levels, indicating a need for cautious interpretation in clinical practice.
Validation of Conversion Factors for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Lacosamide, Lamotrigine, and Levetiracetam in Dried Capillary Blood — Hagemann et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2023
In healthy Chinese adults a single oral dose of padsevonil showed rapid absorption and a favourable safety profile. VAMS dried blood concentrations of padsevonil and its metabolites were generally lower than plasma but were comparable at some time points by Passing‑Bablok regression, indicating that VAMS is promising for therapeutic drug monitoring of this novel antiepileptic drug and warrants further validation.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of Padsevonil in healthy Chinese subjects and comparison of two sampling methods for Padsevonil quantification — Li et al., European review for medical and pharmacological sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2023
Dried blood spot sampling shows moderate agreement with plasma for therapeutic drug monitoring across evaluated drugs, and home based DBS achieves high yield and adherence with patient preference around three quarters; DBS is a reliable and feasible option for decentralised TDM but needs careful design and evaluation before use.
Reliability and feasibility of home-based dried blood spot in therapeutic drug monitoring: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Xiaoyong et al., European journal of clinical pharmacology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
2023
Capillary blood collected with the Mitra® device showed correlation with venous samples for paclitaxel therapeutic drug monitoring, but wide confidence intervals suggest the methods may not be interchangeable. While plasma and whole blood concentrations were more closely aligned, the variability raises questions about using self-collected capillary samples for dose individualisation without further validation.
Paclitaxel and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring with Microsampling in Clinical Practice — Radovanovic et al., Pharmaceuticals
- blood
- liquid
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- oncology
2023
Early at-home VAMS samples allowed Bayesian forecasting of steady-state adalimumab concentrations with modest bias (mean prediction error -2.6%) and acceptable precision (normalised RMSE 24.0%), correctly classifying 75% of predictions within the therapeutic window and identifying 8.3% of patients who developed anti-adalimumab antibodies, supporting decentralised precision dosing during induction.
Early At-Home Measurement of Adalimumab Concentrations to Guide Anti-TNF Precision Dosing: A Pilot Study — de Klaver et al., European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- tdm
- biologics
2023
The study found that blood concentrations of padsevonil measured using Mitra devices can reliably predict plasma concentrations with less than 9% mean bias, supporting the use of VAMS as a patient-centric alternative to venous sampling in decentralised trials. This validation strengthens confidence in microsampling for therapeutic drug monitoring where venous draws are impractical.
Clinical Bridging Studies and Modeling Approach for Implementation of a Patient Centric Sampling Technique in Padsevonil Clinical Development — Kramer et al., The AAPS journal (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- dct
2023
Automated dried blood spot analysis achieved clinical and analytical acceptance criteria for tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus and cyclosporin A after haematocrit correction. This validates a method that could enable decentralised, patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring for transplant recipients.
Application of a Fully Automated Dried Blood Spot Method for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressants: Another Step Toward Implementation of Dried Blood Spot Analysis — Deprez & Stove, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2023
VAMS finger-prick microsampling showed reliable agreement with venous blood sampling for measuring tacrolimus and creatinine after correction for systematic differences, supporting its use in therapeutic drug monitoring. This offers a patient-centric, decentralised alternative to frequent venipunctures in kidney transplant recipients.
Serum Creatinine and Tacrolimus Assessment With VAMS Finger-Prick Microsampling: A Diagnostic Test Study — Scuderi et al., Kidney medicine
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2023
VAMS capillary samples from 32 liver transplant recipients showed strong agreement with venous blood for everolimus measurement, with a correlation of r squared 0.92 and no proportional or constant bias on Bland Altman analysis. No effect of haematocrit or sampling time was observed, supporting VAMS as a virtually painless decentralised alternative to venous draws for immunosuppressant monitoring in transplant patients.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Everolimus in Patients Who Have Undergone Liver Transplant — Yoo et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2023
Researchers developed and validated a volumetric absorptive microsampling method for cariprazine therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatric patients. The approach showed strong agreement with conventional plasma analysis, offering a minimally invasive alternative that could support decentralised monitoring programmes.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling for the therapeutic drug monitoring of psychiatric patients treated with cariprazine — Millán-Santiago et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2023
The study validated a VAMS based LC-MS/MS assay for perampanel in saliva, demonstrating linear calibration, acceptable accuracy and precision, and stability across storage conditions, and showed clinical applicability in patients with epilepsy, supporting at-home therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic Salivary Monitoring of Perampanel in Patients with Epilepsy Using a Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Technique — Palmisani et al., Pharmaceutics
- saliva
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2023
The study developed and validated an HPLC-DAD method for quantifying favipiravir in whole blood collected via VAMS, meeting FDA 2018 guidelines with a lower limit of quantification of 0.5 micrograms per millilitre. This supports the use of VAMS for therapeutic drug monitoring of favipiravir in decentralised settings.
HPLC-DAD quantification of favipiravir in whole blood after extraction from volumetric absorptive microsampling devices — Azzahra Rahmadhani et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2023
Jacobs et al. validated a VAMS-based LC-HRMS/MS method for therapeutic drug monitoring of antihypertensive drugs in finger-prick blood, demonstrating acceptable accuracy and precision across haematocrit levels and stable analyte recovery for two weeks at ambient temperature. Whole-blood VAMS concentrations cannot be used interchangeably with plasma, requiring class-specific reference ranges, yet the approach is suitable for decentralised adherence assessment.
Closing the gap - development of an analytical methodology using volumetric absorptive microsampling of finger prick blood followed by LC-HRMS/MS for adherence monitoring of antihypertensive drugs — Jacobs et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2023
Researchers developed and validated a UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of favipiravir and remdesivir from VAMS blood samples, meeting FDA and EMA validation criteria. The method uses simple protein precipitation and supports therapeutic drug monitoring of COVID-19 antivirals in settings where small sample volumes and simplified processing are advantageous.
Development and validation of method for analysis of favipiravir and remdesivir in volumetric absorptive microsampling with ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometry — Harahap et al., Frontiers in medicine
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2023
Researchers validated a microsampling method for measuring baricitinib levels in children aged 2–18 years using the Mitra device. The approach showed good agreement with conventional plasma sampling and was well received by clinical sites, suggesting it could support paediatric therapeutic drug monitoring and trial enrolment.
Microsampling in pediatric studies: pharmacokinetic sampling for baricitinib (Olumiant™) in global pediatric studies — Wickremsinhe et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
2023
This review surveys published LC-MS/MS methods that use dried blood microsampling for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants in transplantation, chemotherapy and autoimmune disease, finding that volumetric dried blood samples can replace conventional venous draws for home sampling and improve patient quality of life. The authors discuss pre-analytical considerations, clinical applicability, cost-effectiveness, harmonisation gaps and patient perception, concluding that obstacles to routine clinical implementation remain despite growing methodological maturity.
Dried blood microsampling-assisted therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants: An overview — Deprez & Stove, Journal of chromatography. A (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- acceptability
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- economics
2023
In adult kidney transplant patients, fingerprick VAMS and dried blood spot microsampling achieved accurate simultaneous measurement of tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, and prednisolone compared with venepuncture. The authors noted an overall preference for VAMS over conventional dried blood spots.
Fingerprick Microsampling Methods Can Replace Venepuncture for Simultaneous Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus, Mycophenolic Acid, and Prednisolone Concentrations in Adult Kidney Transplant Patients — Scuderi et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2023
Microsampling assays for immunosuppressant monitoring showed three- to fourfold higher imprecision across 14 laboratories than conventional whole-blood analysis, with coefficients of variation of 11.7 to 18.6 percent versus 3.9 to 4.9 percent. In a patient specimen, this analytical scatter produced a different clinical decision, proving that current microsampling practice lacks the standardisation required for safe home-based therapeutic drug monitoring.
Results From a Proficiency Testing Pilot for Immunosuppressant Microsampling Assays — Veenhof et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2023
The study developed and validated a UHPLC-MS/MS method to measure eight antibiotics in quantitative dried blood spots collected from neonates using a capillary microsampling device. This patient-centric approach enables robust pharmacokinetic monitoring in children where blood volume is limited, supporting decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring.
A Validated UHPLC-MS/MS Method to Quantify Eight Antibiotics in Quantitative Dried Blood Spots in Support of Pharmacokinetic Studies in Neonates — Liu et al., Antibiotics
- blood
- dried
- qdbs
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2023
The study developed and validated a LC-MS/MS assay for imatinib and its metabolite using volumetric absorptive microsampling, enabling reliable home blood collection by patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Therapeutic drug concentrations measured from VAMS were comparable across adherence groups, supporting the use of VAMS for routine decentralised monitoring of imatinib therapy.
Volumetric dried blood microsampling for monitoring imatinib mesylate therapy: Method development and clinical application in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia — Krützmann et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2023
A method for tacrolimus quantification from volumetric dried blood spots collected with a hemaPEN device was validated using automated LC-MS/MS extraction. The assay was linear from 1 to 100 µg/L and met all analytical and clinical validation criteria, enabling decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants through home-based capillary blood sampling.
New perspectives for the therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus: Quantification in volumetric DBS based on an automated extraction and LC-MS/MS analysis — Rosé et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2023
The review found that volumetric absorptive microsampling can reliably assay tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid for therapeutic drug monitoring, though correction factors are often required to meet regulatory agreement standards. This supports the use of microsampling for decentralised trials and dose optimisation in transplant recipients.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling to Enhance the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus and Mycophenolic Acid: A Systematic Review and Critical Assessment — Leino et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2023
Volumetric dried blood spots from finger-prick correlated strongly with venous serum lithium concentrations (Pearson’s R=0.95, ratio 0.78) in thirty-nine patients. This patient-centric microsampling method could enable home-based therapeutic drug monitoring for bipolar disorder, improving compliance and safety where venous sampling is impractical.
Determination of lithium concentration in capillary blood using volumetric dried blood spots — Wikström et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- volumetric
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2023
Volumetric absorptive microsampling improves precision over dried blood spots by collecting a standardised blood volume, making it suitable for pharmacokinetic studies in special populations, though each assay requires clinical validation before routine use.
Applications of Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Technique: A Systematic Critical Review — Dodeja et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
2023
Deprez et al. validated LC‑MS/MS methods for four immunosuppressants and creatinine from a single 10 μL quantitative dried blood spot. With biases under 10 % and CVs below 8 %, the approach enables accurate patient‑centric therapeutic drug monitoring from capillary blood at home, mitigating the haematocrit effect through volumetric collection.
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants and creatinine from a single dried blood spot using the Capitainer® qDBS device — Deprez et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- qdbs
- volumetric
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2022
A review of dried blood microsampling for tyrosine kinase inhibitor monitoring, covering the analytical and clinical requirements for moving oral cancer-drug TDM out of hospital.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Using Dried Blood Microsamples — Verougstraete et al., Frontiers in Oncology
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- oncology
- pediatric
- validation
2022
A single VAMS run quantified two immunosuppressants plus creatinine with minimal haematocrit effect: combined drug-and-organ-function monitoring from one dried tip.
A VAMS UPLC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Tacrolimus, Mycophenolic Acid and Creatinine in Whole Blood of Renal Transplant Recipients — Wang et al., Pharmaceutics
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2022
This review shows that patient-centric Mitra microsampling devices accurately collect fixed blood volumes for immunosuppressant monitoring, reducing haematocrit bias compared to classic dried blood spots. While ideal for paediatric adherence, wider decentralised adoption requires further multicentre validation and cross-laboratory harmonisation to address current analytical and cost limitations.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressive Drugs — From Sampling and Analytical Issues to Clinical Application — Kocur & Pawiński, Int. J. Molecular Sciences
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- pediatric
- immunosuppressants
- validation
2022
Clinical validation for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid monitoring showed that while volumetric absorptive microsampling met analytical criteria after concentration correction, conventional dried blood spots achieved superior adherence to strict clinical criteria, sample quality, and cost efficiency without significant haematocrit bias.
Comparison of conventional dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid determination — Paniagua-González et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- economics
- haematocrit
2022
Validated a dried blood spot assay for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid therapeutic drug monitoring and creatinine-based kidney function in kidney transplant recipients. DBS showed excellent agreement with venous sampling for tacrolimus trough and AUC, adequate agreement for creatinine-based GFR trend monitoring, but suboptimal agreement for mycophenolic acid AUC and inadequate performance for iohexol-based GFR. VAMS was generally inferior. This enables remote, simultaneous immunosuppressant and kidney function monitoring in outpatients, reducing clinic visits.
Volumetric microsampling for simultaneous remote immunosuppressant and kidney function monitoring in outpatient kidney transplant recipients — Zwart et al., British journal of clinical pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2022
The dried blood spot method via fingerprick showed greater variability than venipuncture for antipsychotic drug concentrations but was feasible in children and adolescents with behavioural problems, and higher risperidone trough concentrations correlated with both increased weight gain and greater effectiveness, enabling definition of a therapeutic window for safer dosing in this population.
[Improving the safety of antipsychotic drugs in children and adolescents by antipsychotic drug concentration measurements using a fingerprick] — Kloosterboer et al., Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
2022
A validated LC-MS/MS assay for furosemide in whole blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling (10 µL) showed stability for 161 days when stored dried at -78°C, enabling decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring in neonates and children.
A whole blood microsampling furosemide assay: development, validation and use in a pediatric pharmacokinetic study — Bamat et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
2022
The study found that acetylsalicylic acid recovered poorly from VAMS blood samples dried at room temperature, reaching only about 31% of the concentration measured in venous control samples, but humidity-controlled drying raised recovery above 85%. A household vacuum sealer achieved adequate humidity control at home, supporting the feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric blood sampling for acetylsalicylic acid monitoring.
Stability of acetylsalicylic acid in human blood collected using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) under various drying conditions — Moon et al., Translational and clinical pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- dct
2022
LC-MS/MS assays successfully validated the quantitation of giredestrant in dried whole blood across 1 to 1000 ng/ml using Mitra and Tasso-M20 microsampling devices. Quantitation was unaffected by haematocrit, hyperlipidaemia or anticoagulants, with ambient stability documented for 84 days on Mitra and 28 days on Tasso-M20.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling-LC-MS/MS assays for quantitation of giredestrant in dried human whole blood — Johnson et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
- haematocrit
2022
The study found that automating sample preparation for tacrolimus testing on VAMS devices reduced operator time and improved workflow consistency without compromising agreement with manual methods. This supports the scalability of decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring using patient-centric microsampling.
Automation of tacrolimus measurement on volumetric absorptive microsampling devices by tandem mass spectrometry — Carling et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2022
The study developed and validated a laboratory technique to accurately quantify tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid from the Neoteryx Mitra device in human whole blood, supporting its use for home-based therapeutic drug monitoring in transplant patients.
Application of a new volumetric microsampling device for quantitative bioanalysis of immunosuppression — Leino et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2022
The authors validated an LC-MS and LC-MS/MS method for quantifying axitinib from 10 microlitre capillary blood collected by VAMS, demonstrating within- and between-run precision within 14% CV and accuracy between 81 and 116% against plasma as the gold standard, making the approach suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring in ambulatory and clinical care.
Development and validation of a bioanalytical method for the quantification of axitinib from plasma and capillary blood using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) and on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) LC-MS — Opitz et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- oncology
2022
The study developed and validated a UPLC-MS/MS assay using volumetric absorptive microsampling to measure cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, achieving lower limits of quantification of 5 ng/mL for cyclophosphamide and 2.5 ng/mL for the metabolite and meeting FDA validation criteria, which supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology.
Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method with volumetric absorptive microsampling to quantitate cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide — Harahap et al., Frontiers in pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2022
The authors validated a quadratic calibration model for automated UV-Vis-based haematocrit prediction from dried blood spots, achieving bias below 0.025 L L-1 and total precision of 2.7%. In therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus, predicted haematocrit values showed good concordance with reference Sysmex measurements, supporting the use of this patient-centric microsampling approach for decentralised immunosuppressant monitoring.
In-depth evaluation of automated non-contact reflectance-based hematocrit prediction of dried blood spots — Boffel et al., The Analyst (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
- haematocrit
2022
An LC-MS/MS method for dried blood spots simultaneously quantifies four therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and estimates haematocrit from haemoglobin peptides with >0.9 correlation to laboratory values, enabling accurate therapeutic drug monitoring from self-collected samples for decentralised care.
Development of an LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify therapeutic mAbs and estimate hematocrit values in dried blood spot samples — Chiu et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- tdm
- biologics
- haematocrit
2022
In a small substudy of psoriasis patients, lateral flow testing for adalimumab agreed very well with ELISA (r=0.95, R2=0.89) and capillary VAMS from finger prick correlated strongly with serum (r=0.87), while patients found home microsampling acceptable, indicating promise for decentralised TDM of biologics and warranting larger validation.
Promising Tools to Facilitate the Implementation of TDM of Biologics in Clinical Practice — Soenen et al., Journal of clinical medicine
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- biologics
2022
Finger-prick VAMS sampling gives results that agree well with venous blood for paracetamol and three of its four metabolites, offering a less burdensome method for pharmacokinetic studies in obese and non-obese patients. Concentrations of APAP-cysteine in dried blood require careful interpretation, as this metabolite showed the largest differences between capillary and venous samples.
Application of a Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS)-Based Method for the Determination of Paracetamol and Four of its Metabolites as a Tool for Pharmacokinetic Studies in Obese and Non-Obese Patients — Boffel et al., Clinical pharmacokinetics (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2022
A new LC-MS/MS method quantifies four immunosuppressants from one 3.2 mm dried blood spot using cold-induced phase separation, achieving accurate results and favourable interchangeability with a certified whole blood method in 120 paired clinical samples, supporting decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring.
Quantification of immunosuppressants from one 3.2 mm dried blood spot by a novel cold-induced phase separation based LC-MS/MS method — Le et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2022
Researchers validated an LC-MS/MS method for measuring 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine and metabolites from Neoteryx Mitra VAMS devices, achieving acceptable precision (3.0–8.1% intra-day, 6.3–13.3% inter-day) and accuracy (95–114%). Enabling at-home blood collection for therapeutic drug monitoring could reduce toxicity and improve outcomes in oncology patients by supporting individualised dosing.
Measurement of 5- fluorouracil, capecitabine and its metabolite concentrations in blood using volumetric absorptive microsampling technology and LC-MS/MS — Radovanovic et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2022
The study validated dried microsampling methods for clozapine therapeutic drug monitoring using VAMS and microfluidic blood spot devices. With extraction yields around 85% and satisfactory precision, these approaches could support decentralised monitoring of psychiatric patients, improving compliance and safety.
Dried Volumetric Microsampling Approaches for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Psychiatric Patients Undergoing Clozapine Treatment — Marasca et al., Frontiers in psychiatry
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2022
The study validated an LC-MS/MS method for measuring eight tyrosine kinase inhibitors in dried blood samples collected via VAMS, showing good accuracy, precision and haematocrit independence. It demonstrated agreement with venous sampling, supporting the use of decentralised, patient-centric microsampling for oncology drug monitoring.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling as a suitable tool to monitor tyrosine kinase inhibitors — Verougstraete & Stove, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- oncology
- haematocrit
2022
The study validated a method to measure cannabidiol, THC and their metabolites in small blood samples collected via VAMS from epilepsy patients, showing it is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring in a decentralised setting using a virtually painless technique.
Cannabidiol, ∆<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol, and metabolites in human blood by volumetric absorptive microsampling and LC-MS/MS following controlled administration in epilepsy patients — Pigliasco et al., Frontiers in pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- toxicology
2022
This review outlines practical considerations for using dried blood spot microsampling in therapeutic drug monitoring, including patient selection, sampling technique, transport and laboratory analysis, to support its adoption in clinical practice and reduce the need for hospital-based venous sampling.
Best Practices to Implement Dried Blood Spot Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Clinical Practice — Francke et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- tdm
2022
A validated VAMS method quantified ten kinase inhibitors from 20 µL dried capillary blood with linearity (R² 0.994) and six-week room-temperature stability. In vitro VAMS-to-plasma conversion factors were established, and the method proved applicable for clinical routine and home self-collection by patients, enabling remote therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) for the quantification of ten kinase inhibitors and determination of their in vitro VAMS-to-plasma ratio — Zimmermann et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
- haematocrit
2022
LC-MS/MS assay validation for monitoring tacrolimus and creatinine in renal transplant patients demonstrated that volumetric absorptive microsampling is the preferred single-sampling approach compared to traditional dried blood spots and venous sampling.
Analytical and clinical validation of dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling for measurement of tacrolimus and creatinine after renal transplantation — Mathew et al., Clinical biochemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2021
The honest counterpoint in children: VAMS predicted plasma vancomycin only modestly, venous/arterial VAMS was more accurate than capillary, and 29% of capillary samples were unusable for collection issues: collection technique and training matter as much as the assay.
Comparison of antibiotic sampling techniques: predicting plasma vancomycin from VAMS capillary versus venous/arterial whole blood — Downes et al., Open Forum Infect. Dis.
- vams
- blood
- tdm
- haematocrit
- dried
- antimicrobials
- capillary
- pediatric
- validation
2021
A review of VAMS and DBS microsampling for TDM of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, adalimumab, infliximab and others, in inflammatory disease: a convenient, home-friendly alternative to venepuncture that can preserve analytical accuracy, subject to assay-specific validation.
The evolving role of microsampling in therapeutic drug monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory diseases — Mingas et al., Molecules
- vams
- biologics
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- validation
2021
A study of 39 paediatric transplant recipients found capillary VAMS microsampling agreed closely with venous sampling for tacrolimus, with 92% of predose and 88% of postdose pairs within ±20% difference. Although sampling was performed in-clinic rather than at home, VAMS shows feasibility for patient-centric, decentralised monitoring.
Tacrolimus Measured in Capillary Volumetric Microsamples in Pediatric Patients-A Cross-Validation Study — Kindem et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2021
Delahaye et al reviewed dried-blood microsampling devices for home therapeutic drug monitoring, concluding that while patient willingness and feasibility have been demonstrated, clinical adoption remains limited. They emphasised that more extensive analytical and clinical evaluation is essential to prove real-world utility and enable routine integration.
Alternative Sampling Devices to Collect Dried Blood Microsamples: State-of-the-Art — Delahaye et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- volumetric
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- economics
- haematocrit
2021
Microsampling enables remote, contactless self-collection for Covid-19 serology and therapeutic drug monitoring, reducing infection risk and clinical staff burden while maintaining accuracy through validated assays. This supports decentralised clinical trials and population-level surveillance during a pandemic.
Microsampling: A role to play in Covid-19 diagnosis, surveillance, treatment and clinical trials — Rajadhyaksha & Londhe, Drug testing and analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- dct
- serology
2021
In paediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients, infliximab levels measured from dried capillary blood spots strongly correlated with venous serum concentrations, with a mean difference of -0.14 μg/mL and excellent interclass correlation coefficient of 0.998. This demonstrates that finger-prick microsampling is a patient-friendly alternative to venepuncture for therapeutic drug monitoring of biologics in children.
Infliximab Level Between Venous and Capillary Blood Using Novel Device Strongly Correlate in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients — Zijlstra et al., Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- neoteryx-mitra
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
- biologics
2021
The authors validated a VAMS method for hydroxychloroquine that meets FDA bioanalytical standards, achieving a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/mL. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring for patients on long-term therapy, enabling microsampling at home rather than venous draws in clinics.
Development and Validation of the Quantification Method for Hydroxychloroquine in Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array — Harahap et al., Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
2021
The study validated UPLC-MS/MS methods for both dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling to quantify tamoxifen and three metabolites in breast cancer patients, finding that VAMS extraction recovery was slightly higher than DBS while both showed satisfactory recovery with low variability, samples were stable for two months, and mean patient concentrations did not differ significantly between the two methods. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring of tamoxifen using either microsampling format.
Analysis of tamoxifen and its metabolites in dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling: comparison and clinical application — Maggadani et al., Heliyon
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2021
A microfluidic DBS device using hydrophobic burst valves meters 5-15 μL blood accurately across 25-70% haematocrit and, in a therapeutic drug monitoring validation with adalimumab-spiked samples, achieves higher recovery than traditional DBS (86% versus 62%), supporting precise home or low-resource sampling.
Precise sample metering method by coordinated burst action of hydrophobic burst valves applied to dried blood spot collection — Vloemans et al., Lab on a chip (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- biologics
- haematocrit
2021
The study validated a VAMS-based LC-MS/MS method for measuring tamoxifen and its active metabolites in breast cancer patients, showing good accuracy, precision and stability at room temperature for 30 days. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology by enabling reliable, patient-collected sampling.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as a New Biosampling Tool for Monitoring of Tamoxifen, Endoxifen, 4-OH Tamoxifen and N-Desmethyltamoxifen in Breast Cancer Patients — Maggadani et al., Drug design, development and therapy
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- oncology
2021
The study found that daclizumab and trastuzumab showed encouraging recovery from VAMS after short term storage at room temperature and long term storage at -80 degrees Celsius, supporting the use of VAMS for therapeutic drug monitoring of biologics in decentralised settings.
Whole blood stability evaluation of monoclonal antibody therapeutics using volumetric absorptive microsampling — Li et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- biologics
2021
The study validated a sensitive LC-MS/MS method to measure rosuvastatin in 10 µL of blood collected using VAMS, with acceptable accuracy and precision across multiple days. Rosuvastatin remained stable in VAMS samples for 10 days at room temperature without pH buffer, supporting its use in decentralised clinical trials and patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring.
Validation of LC-MS/MS method for determination of rosuvastatin concentration in human blood collected by volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) — Moon et al., Translational and clinical pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2021
Volumetric absorptive microsampling with Mitra devices permits minimally invasive, finger-prick blood collection for therapeutic drug monitoring of antiseizure medications without trained staff. The review concluded that stability, accuracy and precision are acceptable for specific drugs and haematocrit effects are minimised, but evidence is drug-specific and further validation is required for decentralised clinical use.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiseizure Medications Using Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling: Where Are We? — D'Urso et al., Pharmaceuticals
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
Dried capillary blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling provides linear agreement with serum for lamotrigine, lacosamide and levetiracetam, enabling conversion factors to estimate serum trough concentrations for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Lamotrigine, Lacosamide, and Levetiracetam in Dried Capillary Blood-Determination of Conversion Factors for Serum-Based Reference Ranges — Klimpel et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2021
Preanalytical variables significantly affect therapeutic drug monitoring accuracy, where traditional dried blood spots face challenges with haematocrit bias and filter paper fragility. Volumetric absorptive microsampling provides a fixed-volume alternative that overcomes haematocrit dependency and facilitates self-collection workflows.
Review of the Preanalytical Errors That Impact Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Peck Palmer & Dasgupta, Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
The study validated a VAMS method for measuring ten antihypertensive drugs in finger prick blood, showing acceptable accuracy and precision for most analytes, though concentrations in VAMS samples cannot be used interchangeably with plasma and require specific reference ranges. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring using patient-centric microsampling.
Evaluation and analytical applicability of a novel volumetric absorptive microsampling strategy for adherence monitoring of antihypertensive drugs by means of LC-HRMS/MS — Jacobs et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2021
The study developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method for moxidectin and showed that capillary Mitra® microsampling in Strongyloides-infected adults yielded pharmacokinetic profiles in close agreement with venous sampling, with identical time to maximal concentration of 4.0 hours and similar maximal concentrations of 83.9–88.5 ng/mL. This demonstrates the method and device are suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of anthelmintics in decentralised field settings.
Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of the anthelmintic drug moxidectin in a volumetric absorptive microsample, blood, and plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study of adults infected with Strongyloides stercoralis in Laos — Hofmann et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
2021
VAMS coupled with LC-MS/MS showed good correlation with conventional serum sampling for monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys, but a subsequent clinical study revealed that EDTA anticoagulant in standard and quality control samples caused anomalous internal standard responses in patient fingerstick samples, compromising accuracy. The authors recommend specific best practices during method development and validation to detect such anticoagulant effects early before deploying VAMS in clinical studies.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS®) in therapeutic protein quantification by LC-MS/MS: Investigation of anticoagulant impact on assay performance and recommendations for best practices in method development — Gao et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- biologics
2021
A VAMS method for quantifying 13 antipsychotics in finger prick blood was validated across three haematocrit values, showing coherent results with matched plasma samples. Five antipsychotics degraded after one week at room temperature, indicating stability limits for decentralised adherence monitoring.
Development, validation, and application of a quantitative volumetric absorptive microsampling-based method in finger prick blood by means of LC-HRMS/MS applicable for adherence monitoring of antipsychotics — Jacobs et al., Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
This review finds that sensitive assays and novel microsampling designs have largely overcome traditional dried blood spot limitations, establishing feasibility for routine therapeutic drug monitoring. Patient self-sampling remains uncommon but feedback is largely positive, indicating microsampling will become increasingly important in decentralised care.
Microsampling Devices for Routine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring-Are We There Yet? — Morgan, Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dbs
- volumetric
- validation
- acceptability
- tdm
2021
Capillary blood collected with the Neoteryx Mitra device showed a high correlation with venous samples for tacrolimus monitoring in transplant recipients, but yielded concentrations that were on average 22.5% higher. This minimally invasive method offers a convenient alternative to venepuncture for therapeutic drug monitoring, provided the consistent positive bias is accounted for in clinical interpretation.
Validation of a Capillary Dry Blood Sample MITRA-Based Assay for the Quantitative Determination of Systemic Tacrolimus Concentrations in Transplant Recipients — Undre et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2021
The authors developed and fully validated LC-MS/MS methods for paracetamol and four metabolites in plasma, whole blood and 10 microlitre VAMS dried blood microsamples, including assessment of haematocrit effects on VAMS recovery. Successful analysis of patient samples collected from both venous and capillary blood confirmed the methods are fit for purpose and can support future pharmacokinetic studies using decentralised microsampling.
Determination of paracetamol and its metabolites via LC-MS/MS in dried blood volumetric absorptive microsamples: A tool for pharmacokinetic studies — Delahaye et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- haematocrit
2021
A bioanalytical method for tacrolimus quantitation from MITRA capillary blood samples met all FDA and EMA validation criteria, showing accuracy and precision across 1–50 ng/mL. Haematocrit and hyperlipidaemia did not affect quantitation, and samples remained stable for up to 96 days, supporting minimally invasive therapeutic drug monitoring from a fingerprick.
Quantitation of Tacrolimus in Human Whole Blood Samples Using the MITRA Microsampling Device — Undre et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2021
This review summarises liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry assays using dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling for quantifying antimicrobial drugs in children, highlighting that VAMS reduces haematocrit bias and offers a viable alternative to traditional plasma sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Microsampling Assays for Pharmacokinetic Analysis and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antimicrobial Drugs in Children: A Critical Review — Moorthy et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
- haematocrit
2021
Two feasibility studies assessed low-volume blood sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring. In patients receiving an anti-A therapeutic, drug levels were measured from finger-prick whole blood collected with Neoteryx Mitra and from capillary plasma collected with TASSO OnDemand, and compared with venipuncture samples. The work outlines practical considerations for adopting these patient-centric microsampling methods in decentralised trials and clinical care.
Assessment of low volume sampling technologies: utility in nonclinical and clinical studies — Williams et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- biologics
2021
The HPLC-MS/MS assay on dried capillary blood collected with VAMS was linear, precise and stable, and showed strong agreement with liquid venous tacrolimus measurements, supporting its use for therapeutic drug monitoring in transplant recipients.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling for the quantification of tacrolimus in capillary blood by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry — Tron et al., Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2020
In 33 patients, dried blood spots showed high correlation with venipuncture for adalimumab, Pearson ≥0.96, whereas home sampling showed moderate correlation with predicted concentrations, Pearson 0.51.
Monitoring of Adalimumab Concentrations at Home in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Dried Blood Samples — Berends et al., Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- biologics
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
- capillary
2020
Urine VAMS quantified doxycycline with 96–106% accuracy and 31-day room-temperature stability, supporting cold-chain-free adherence monitoring.
A validated VAMS-LC-MS/MS method to quantify doxycycline in urine: monitoring malaria-chemoprophylaxis compliance — Penot, Linard & Taudon, J. Analytical Methods in Chemistry
- vams
- tdm
- dried
- antimicrobials
- urine
- validation
2020
Using a patient-centric saliva microsampling kit, the study found that genetic variants, VKORC1 and CYP2C9, and smoking explained 39.2% of warfarin dose variability in a Qatari population, supporting decentralised sampling for pharmacogenomic profiling.
The effect of genetic and nongenetic factors on warfarin dose variability in Qatari population — Bader et al., The pharmacogenomics journal (paywalled)
- tdm
- dna-genotek-oragene
- self-collection
- saliva
- genotyping
2020
This study validated a method using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) for therapeutic drug monitoring of antidepressants in whole blood and oral fluid. The method showed good extraction yield (84%), precision (relative standard deviation under 15%), and stability (over 85% after three months), with results agreeing well with conventional sampling. By enabling self-collection at home, VAMS simplifies sampling, improves analyte stability, and reduces costs, making decentralised monitoring of antidepressant treatment feasible.
Whole blood and oral fluid microsampling for the monitoring of patients under treatment with antidepressant drugs — Marasca et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- saliva
- vams
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
2020
Fingerprick blood collected with Neoteryx Mitra devices showed minimal bias compared to venous sampling for tacrolimus (-5.6%) and creatinine (-6.5%) in renal transplant patients. This validated method could enable home-based therapeutic drug monitoring and kidney function testing, reducing the need for hospital visits.
Assessment of tacrolimus and creatinine concentration collected using Mitra microsampling devices — Marshall et al., Annals of clinical biochemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2020
The authors developed and validated a VAMS method for quantifying immunosuppressants from venous whole blood using LC-MS/MS with a novel UniSpray ionisation probe. This supports patient-centric microsampling for transplant recipients requiring therapeutic drug monitoring.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) for assaying immunosuppressants from venous whole blood by LC-MS/MS using a novel atmospheric pressure ionization probe (UniSpray™) — Paniagua-González et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- vams
- validation
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
2020
This mixed-method study demonstrated that 97% of parents successfully collected dried blood spot samples from their children, with 72% reporting the process was easy and 80% preferring home collection. The results suggest that decentralised self-sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring is feasible and can reduce stress for families managing paediatric epilepsy.
Parents' perspectives on dried blood spot self-sampling from children with epilepsy: A mixed-method study — Linder et al., Acta paediatrica (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- pediatric
- tdm
2020
The study developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method to measure selumetinib in whole blood collected via VAMS, showing the approach is reliable and stable under various conditions. This supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring, particularly in paediatric populations where less invasive sampling is beneficial.
Novel LC-MS/MS method for the determination of selumetinib (AZD6244) in whole blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling — Voggu et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
2020
The authors developed and validated high-sensitivity LC-MS/MS methods for tranexamic acid quantification in human whole blood, using either liquid samples or dried samples on volumetric absorptive microsampling devices. The methods performed excellently across clinically relevant concentrations, showed stability for up to one month at +50°C, and were validated with clinical samples, supporting decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring of this antifibrinolytic.
Tranexamic acid quantification in human whole blood using liquid samples or volumetric absorptive microsampling devices — Lamy et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2020
Capillary blood collected by VAMS gave cannabidiol concentrations that agreed strongly with venous plasma (R² 0.93) in five paediatric and young adult patients with Dravet syndrome. This validates VAMS as a less invasive method for therapeutic drug monitoring of cannabidiol, enabling personalised therapy in refractory epilepsy within decentralised settings.
A Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling Technique to Monitor Cannabidiol Levels in Epilepsy Patients — Dubois et al., Frontiers in pharmacology
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
2020
In children with epilepsy in remote African settings, dried blood microsampling enabled therapeutic drug monitoring but showed most patients had subtherapeutic antiepileptic drug concentrations. Volumetric absorptive microsampling gave inexplicably higher results than dried blood spots, and drug levels did not correlate with seizure control.
Dried Blood Microsampling-Based Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs in Children With Nodding Syndrome and Epilepsy in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo — Velghe et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- pediatric
- tdm
2020
The authors developed and validated a volumetric absorptive microsampling assay for vancomycin in whole blood that is suitable for paediatric therapeutic drug monitoring. Vancomycin remained stable in dried VAMS samples for at least 160 days at -78°C, enabling reliable quantification in clinical studies using minimal blood volumes.
A whole blood microsampling assay for vancomycin: development, validation and application for pediatric clinical study — Moorthy et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- pediatric
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2020
Volumetric absorptive microsampling provides accurate quantification of 16 anti-epileptic drugs within two days of collection, showing less than ten percent deviation from conventional serum sampling and no haematocrit effect across the clinical range. This supports home-based therapeutic drug monitoring for epilepsy patients, though temperature-sensitive drugs require careful storage.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-epileptic drugs - a clinical verification of volumetric absorptive micro sampling — Canisius et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- tdm
- haematocrit
2020
A VAMS method for 14 antidepressants, antipsychotics and active metabolites was validated on HPLC-MS and conversion factors from capillary blood to plasma were derived from 49 patient samples using Passing-Bablok and Bland-Altman analysis, enabling routine therapeutic drug monitoring.
Validation and clinical application of a volumetric absorptive microsampling method for 14 psychiatric drugs — Stern et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- tdm
2020
A multiplex LC-MS/MS method for dried plasma spots was fully validated for accuracy, precision, selectivity and sensitivity across seven antipsychotics, with limits of quantification ranging from 0.12 to 5.70 µg/L; this enables convenient therapeutic drug monitoring from a simple dried sample.
Multiplexed therapeutic drug monitoring of antipsychotics in dried plasma spots by LC-MS/MS — Ruggiero et al., Journal of separation science (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- validation
- tdm
2020
Capillary blood sampling using volumetric absorptive microsampling demonstrated non-significant differences in cannabidiol concentrations compared to venous blood and plasma in pediatric patients treated with Epidiolex. The method requires 30 µL of sample, achieves linear quantification between 1 and 800 µg/L, and ensures analyte stability on VAMS devices for up to four weeks at room temperature.
Cannabidiol Determination on Peripheral Capillary Blood Using a Microsampling Method and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry with On-Line Sample Preparation — Pigliasco et al., Molecules
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- tdm
2020
Capillary volumetric dried blood microsampling with hemaPEN provides a patient friendly way to obtain multiple identical samples for LC-MS/MS analysis of CNS drugs and metabolites, with satisfactory validation metrics and practical advantages for storage and extraction, enabling decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring.
Assessment of capillary volumetric blood microsampling for the analysis of central nervous system drugs and metabolites — Protti et al., The Analyst (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- volumetric
- tdm
2020
The Mitra microsampling device showed high clinical concordance with venous blood for tacrolimus (89%) and cyclosporin A (98%) monitoring, with inter- and intra-precision within 11.5% CV and samples stable for up to 7 days at room temperature. Transplant patients preferred collecting capillary samples at home for their immunosuppressant monitoring, supporting decentralised TDM.
Volumetric Microsampling of Capillary Blood Spot vs Whole Blood Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporin A: Accuracy and Patient Satisfaction — Mbughuni et al., The journal of applied laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- vams
- volumetric
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- immunosuppressants
Read from the corpus on .