The Library

1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.

Papers 101–200 of 267 labelled “sti”, newest first.

2023
This multisite diagnostic accuracy study evaluated pooling strategies for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae using self-collected first-void urine and clinician-collected swabs from 437 men who have sex with men. Both ex-ante and ex-post pooling approaches showed high sensitivity and specificity compared with single-specimen testing, with ex-post pooling achieving 100% sensitivity for gonorrhoea, supporting decentralised screening programmes.
Using pooled urogenital, anorectal and oropharyngeal specimens to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men who have sex with men in China: a multisite diagnostic accuracy study — Jiang et al., BMJ open
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2023
In a review of 91 human adenovirus-associated urethritis cases, dysuria occurred in 84% and meatitis in 34% of patients, with adenovirus type D being the most common subtype identified in first-void urine and urethral smears. Multiplex PCR screening for adenovirus in non-gonococcal urethritis can help establish accurate diagnoses and avoid unnecessary treatments.
Adenovirus-Associated Urethritis, a Not So Uncommon Entity. A Review of 91 Cases — Idigoras et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
2023
Self-collected first-void urine showed substantial agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples for high-risk HPV detection in 54 women with confirmed cervical precancer or cancer, with a Cohen's kappa of 0.70 and 86 per cent overall agreement, supporting urine self-sampling as a potential alternative for cervical cancer screening where pelvic examination is not feasible or acceptable.
Study to Determine Concordance between High-Risk Human Papilloma Virus DNA Detection in Self Collected First Voided Urine Samples and Health-Care Worker Collected Cervical Samples in a Subset of Women with Proven Histopathological Precancerous and Cancerous Lesions of the Cervix — Purwar et al., Journal of mid-life health
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2023
This study used first-void urine samples to detect mutations associated with antibiotic resistance in gonorrhoea, showing high prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance and low prevalence of azithromycin resistance. Molecular testing on urine samples enables decentralised, non-invasive screening for drug-resistant infections.
Prevalence of mutations associated with macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae with Allplex NG-DR Assay (Seegene) in a tertiary hospital from Madrid, Spain — Maldonado-Barrueco et al., Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2023
Internet-based self-sampling of dried blood spots for HIV total nucleic acid testing was feasible, with a 95% qualification rate and good confidentiality, and it complemented sentinel surveillance.
A novel internet sampling for HIV surveillance: feasibility of self-sampling and preparation of DBS for delivery detection of HIV total nucleic acid and complementarity to sentinel surveillance — Su et al., BMC infectious diseases
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
- sti
2023
University branding increased trust and confidence in results, plain packaging promoted discretion, and colour‑coded bags with matching instructions reduced confusion; participants recommended instructional videos, tailored test options, real‑time introductions and personalised reminders to maximise return rates.
Lessons Learned From the Implementation of a Pilot Study on Self-collected Specimen Return by Sexual Minority Men (Project Caboodle!): Qualitative Exploration — Sallabank et al., JMIR formative research
- blood
- urine
- capillary
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2023
The Ser-Col dried blood device with automated elution matched plasma gold-standard results for HIV and showed comparable performance to conventional DBS for HBV, HCV and syphilis across 378 miners at remote sites in French Guiana, with full HIV concordance and 87 per cent sensitivity for treponemal antibodies, supporting automated dried blood testing for large-scale infectious disease screening in remote populations.
Automated and combined HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis testing among illegal gold miners in French Guiana using a standardized dried blood device — Pisoni et al., Acta tropica (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
- sti
2023
Optimisation of a commercial PCR assay for macrolide resistance in Mycoplasmoides genitalium achieved 100% specificity and 90.9% concordance with sequencing. The assay detected resistance in 67% of positive clinical specimens, with comparable performance from first-void urine and swabs, supporting its use for decentralised STI diagnostics and targeted antibiotic therapy.
Optimization and Clinical Evaluation of an Automated Commercial Analyte-Specific Reagent Assay for Mycoplasmoides genitalium Macrolide Resistance Detection in Primary Clinical Specimens — Munson et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2023
Most chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections in asymptomatic men who have sex with men using online self-testing were extragenital, meaning urine-only screening would miss the majority of cases; therefore, three-site testing should remain standard and free screening services should be expanded.
Three-site screening for STIs in men who have sex with men using online self-testing in an English sexual health service — Charin et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2023
Healthcare professionals in underserved French regions viewed home-based HPV self-sampling as a viable solution to low screening coverage, trusting vaginal sampling while accepting urine as an alternative for women with conditions such as vaginismus. They identified kit design flaws, instruction complexity, and patient anatomical knowledge gaps as implementation barriers requiring attention in decentralised screening programmes.
Acceptability to Healthcare Professionals of Home-Based HPV Self-Sampling for Cervical Screening: A French Qualitative Study Conducted in an Area with Low Access to Health Services — Le Goff et al., Cancers
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2023
In patients with abnormal Pap smears, HPV testing on random urine achieved about 60% sensitivity compared with clinician-collected cervical samples after adjusting the detection cutoff, and about 50% sensitivity for CIN2+; urine-based HPV testing requires further development to match the performance of clinician-collected samples.
Can HPV Test on Random Urine Replace Self-HPV Test on Vaginal Self-Samples or Clinician-Collected Cervical Samples? — Shih et al., International journal of women's health
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2023
Most young women found self-collected vaginal swabs easy and acceptable for STI testing, with 60.9% preferring them to urine samples when both were offered. The method was feasible in a community-based Zimbabwean setting, with high rates of understanding, privacy, and sense of control, suggesting it could expand access to STI screening.
Acceptability of self-collected vaginal swabs for sexually transmitted infection testing among youth in a community-based setting in Zimbabwe — Rochford et al., International journal of STD & AIDS
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2023
A qualitative study found that an online PrEP pathway incorporating postal self-sampling for HIV and STIs was highly acceptable to users and clinicians, offering convenience and service capacity benefits, though blood self-sampling was a barrier for some participants. The model suits established PrEP users with adequate digital literacy and requires integration with in-clinic support.
Delivering HIV prevention medication online: Findings from a qualitative study exploring the acceptability of an online HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care pathway among service users and healthcare professionals — Kincaid et al., Digital health
- blood
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2023
This pilot study of women with HPV-positive cervical swabs found urine samples detected high-risk HPV genotypes in 94% (16/17) of cases, achieving 98.8% diagnostic accuracy compared with self-collected cervical swabs. The strong agreement suggests urine testing could support decentralised cervical cancer screening, though larger studies are needed.
Comparison of Human Papillomavirus Genotype Detection in Paired Urine and Self-Collected Cervical Swabs: A Pilot Study — Patel et al., Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2023
This protocol paper describes a decentralised HIV self-testing trial that enrolled 2093 Black and Hispanic men who have sex with men across 11 US states. The study incorporates laboratory analysis of participant-returned dried blood spot cards to verify self-reported HIV status, illustrating how patient-centric microsampling can be integrated into remote serology screening for underserved populations.
Engaging Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men for HIV Testing and Prevention Services Through Technology: Protocol for the iSTAMP Comparative Effectiveness Trial — Dana et al., JMIR research protocols
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- dct
- serology
- sti
2023
Sexual minority men found finger-stick blood and rectal swabs more challenging to self-collect than other specimens. Barriers to returning samples included low confidence in self-collection and concerns about transit delays, while motivators were status confirmation and limited clinic access; real-time video support could improve uptake in future decentralised testing programmes.
Perceptions and Experiences of Returning Self-collected Specimens for HIV, Bacterial STI and Potential PrEP Adherence Testing among Sexual Minority Men in the United States — Sharma et al., AIDS and behavior
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2023
First-void urine identified merely 15.8% of HPV types in circumcised men with genital warts, the lowest detection rate of six sampling methods. Combining wart biopsy with swabs from four genital anatomical sites achieved 98.9% detection, demonstrating that multi-site collection is necessary for accurate decentralised HPV screening in this population.
Evaluation of the optimal sampling approach for HPV genotyping in circumcised heterosexual men with genital warts — Sarier et al., Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- genotyping
- hpv
- sti
2023
The Xpert HPV assay showed similar sensitivity for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse on vaginal self-collected samples compared with clinician-collected cervical samples, but clinical specificity was lower when self-samples were collected with the Qvintip device.
Comparison of the Clinical Accuracy of Xpert HPV Assay on Vaginal Self-Samples and Cervical Clinician-Taken Samples within the VALHUDES Framework — Latsuzbaia et al., The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD (paywalled)
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2023
Sexual health service providers in Ontario found self-sampling and virtual models for STBBI testing highly acceptable during COVID-19, viewing them as more convenient, accessible and safer than clinic-based testing while filling critical service gaps caused by pandemic resource reallocation. This real-world experience demonstrates the feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric STBBI testing and supports sustaining these models as essential healthcare.
Disruptions of sexually transmitted and blood borne infections testing services during the COVID-19 pandemic: accounts of service providers in Ontario, Canada — Ryu et al., BMC health services research
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2023
First-void urine self-sampling for HPV screening cost £38.57 per complete screen compared with £56.81 for clinician-collected samples, with potential NHS savings of £19.2 million annually if uptake improved among non-attenders. This shows self-sampling is substantially cheaper and could expand screening reach to under-screened women, supporting decentralised diagnostic programmes.
Two self-sampling strategies for HPV primary cervical cancer screening compared with clinician-collected sampling: an economic evaluation — Huntington et al., BMJ open
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- economics
- hpv
- sti
2023
In women referred to colposcopy, self-collected urine and vaginal samples showed substantial to near-perfect concordance with clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting high-risk HPV (k=0.715 and k=0.898 respectively). This supports using patient-centric self-sampling to expand cervical cancer screening coverage and aligns with WHO elimination targets.
Accuracy of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Testing on Urine and Vaginal Self-Samples Compared to Clinician-Collected Cervical Sample in Women Referred to Colposcopy — Martinelli et al., Viruses
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2023
First-void urine is established as a reliable self-collected specimen for human papillomavirus screening, triage, and post-vaccination surveillance. The use of specialised collection devices and advanced molecular assays supports the integration of non-invasive sampling into routine cervical cancer prevention strategies.
Testing for Human Papillomaviruses in Urine, Blood, and Oral Specimens: an Update for the Laboratory — Poljak et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- blood
- saliva
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2022
Patients offered the 3-anatomic-site panel (urine, oropharynx and rectum) had higher odds of testing positive for chlamydia and gonorrhoea than those receiving usual care, suggesting that adding patient-collected rectal testing improves detection.
Patient Demographics and the Utilization of a Novel 3-Anatomic-Site Testing Panel Including Rectal Self-Collection as Compared With Usual Care Testing — Horberg et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2022
Among 446 STI clinic attendees in British Columbia, 73% were willing to self-collect urine samples outside clinics, 67% throat swabs and 65% anogenital swabs. Willingness was higher in those aged 35–54 years and lower among heterosexual compared with gay and lesbian participants, suggesting decentralised self-collection is acceptable and could extend STI screening beyond clinical settings.
Attitudes and Preferences Regarding Non-Clinic-Based Self-Collection for Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Among Clinic Attendees in British Columbia, Canada — Gottschlich et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2022
Urine self-collection was acceptable to participants, but high-risk HPV mRNA detection in urine was less sensitive for high-grade cervical lesions than self- or provider-collected cervical samples. This suggests that while urine sampling may improve participation in decentralised screening programmes, it could miss more disease.
High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Messenger RNA Testing Using Urine, Cervicovaginal Self-Collected and Provider-Collected Cervical Samples Among Women in Mombasa, Kenya — Grabert et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
The pilot study provided evidence that a dry-stored, self-collected vaginal swab could assist detection of Chlamydia trachomatis when compared with clinician-collected discharge, first-catch urine and blood serology, potentially reducing privacy barriers and removing cold-chain requirements for screening in remote areas.
A pilot clinical validation study of a self-collected vaginal swab device for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis in women — Muljadi et al., Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2022
The study found comparable seropositivity for Chlamydia trachomatis and Toxoplasma gondii among male partners of infertile couples in Odisha, with 28 per cent showing anti-Chlamydia IgA and 28 per cent anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies. This demonstrates that first-void urine and seminal fluid can detect relevant infections, supporting their use in decentralised fertility screening programmes.
Seropositivity of Chlamydia trachomatis & Toxoplasma gondii among male partners of infertile couples in Odisha, India: A facility-based exploratory study — Naik et al., The Indian journal of medical research
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- serology
- sti
2022
Women with chlamydial infection show reduced microbial diversity in first-void urine, with depletion of Mycoplasmataceae and Ureaplasma parvum and elevated hippurate and lactulose. This demonstrates that urine microbiome and metabolome analysis can reveal infection signatures, supporting decentralised STI screening approaches.
First-Void Urine Microbiome in Women with Chlamydia trachomatis Infection — Gaspari et al., International journal of molecular sciences
- urine
- first-void
- microbiome
- metabolome
- sti
2022
Self-collected urine NAAT detected a 9.0% prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among 8324 clinic attendees in Southern China, with higher rates in men, indicating that urine based self-collection can support STI screening and targeted public health interventions.
High chlamydia infection and its associated factors among patients seeking clinic-based STI services in Southern China: A preliminary cross-sectional study — Wang et al., Frontiers in public health
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2022
In a rural Ecuadorian community, both urine and vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing were rated as more comfortable, more private, less painful and less difficult than clinician sampling. Vaginal self-sampling was the overall preferred method, suggesting that community training could increase uptake of decentralised cervical cancer screening.
Evaluation of Urine and Vaginal Self-Sampling versus Clinician-Based Sampling for Cervical Cancer Screening: A Field Comparison of the Acceptability of Three Sampling Tests in a Rural Community of Cuenca, Ecuador — Vega Crespo et al., Healthcare
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
At a rural Ugandan HIV clinic, most women preferred nurse-led cervical screening to urine HPV self-sampling, yet self-collection proved feasible and detected high HPV prevalence, indicating that decentralised screening programmes must address acceptability through patient-centric education.
The preference of women living with HIV for the HPV self-sampling of urine at a rural HIV clinic in Uganda — Nyabigambo et al., Southern African journal of infectious diseases
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
First-void urine sampling detected Mycoplasma genitalium in 8% of 493 men with non-gonococcal urethritis at a Hong Kong STI clinic. With antimicrobial-resistance mutations in 63% of isolates, including dual-class resistance in 37%, the results support decentralised screening to guide therapy.
Emergence of antibiotic-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium as the cause of non-gonococcal urethritis in male patients at a sexually transmitted infection clinic — Lee et al., International journal of antimicrobial agents (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2022
Urine testing for high-risk HPV achieved 86.2% sensitivity for detecting high-grade cervical lesions, slightly below the 94.8% sensitivity of cervical samples, while patient satisfaction was significantly higher with self-collected urine. High agreement for HPV 16/18 genotypes between the two methods supports urine as a viable alternative for decentralised cervical screening.
A comparison of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA detection between urine and cervical sample testing in women with abnormal Pap smears — Punyashthira et al., The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
Among asymptomatic individuals with gonorrhoea, 71.3% of infections were pharyngeal and 23.1% rectal, with only 4.7% genital. The study evaluated culture recovery from self-collected first-void urine and swabs, demonstrating that decentralised screening must address extragenital sites to enable antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture growth rates from asymptomatic individuals with a positive nucleic acid amplification test — Nadal-Baron et al., Letters in applied microbiology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
2022
In men with urinary symptoms, first-void urine multiplex PCR detected Gardnerella vaginalis in 15.9%, making it the most common pathogen, and it often co-occurred with other agents; including G. vaginalis in panels can increase detection of causes of unexplained urinary or urethral symptoms.
Gardnerella vaginalis: Is it an Underestimated Cause of Urinary Symptoms in Males? — Kılıç et al., Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2022
Among 246 asymptomatic undergraduate students, 12.2% had Trichomonas vaginalis infection when tested by TV in-pouch versus 8.5% by wet preparation, indicating higher sensitivity of the in-pouch method and supporting screening of young people for this common STI.
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS INFECTION AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN A PRIVATE UNIVERSITY IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA — Ajani et al., Annals of Ibadan postgraduate medicine
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2022
Self-collection of extragenital swabs identified Chlamydia or gonorrhoea in 7.3 per cent of people with HIV, all missed by urine testing alone. Sixty-three per cent of these infections were asymptomatic, self- and provider-collected samples yielded equivalent error rates, and participant satisfaction was high, demonstrating that decentralised, patient-led STI screening is both accurate and acceptable.
Automated Sexual History and Self-Collection of Extragenital Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Improve Detection of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections in People with HIV — Chapman et al., AIDS patient care and STDs (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2022
A cross-sectional survey of 1,087 men who have sex with men in Jiangsu province, China found a syphilis prevalence of 6.3% and chlamydia prevalence of 4.2%, with higher odds among those recruited online and with recent STI diagnosis. The use of first-void urine for nucleic acid amplification testing demonstrates the utility of decentralised sampling for STI screening in high-risk populations.
Prevalence of syphilis and chlamydia trachomatis infection among men who have sex with men in Jiangsu province, China: A cross-sectional survey — Hu et al., Frontiers in public health
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
2022
Dried blood spot testing achieved high acceptability among Métis community members in a culturally tailored pilot. Participants valued the ease of self-collection, the reduction of logistical barriers and stigma through event-based delivery, and the provision of Métis-specific services, suggesting that community-centred microsampling can expand HIV and sexually transmitted infection screening in decentralised diagnostics.
Assessing the acceptability of dried blood spot testing for HIV and STBBI among Métis people in a community driven pilot project in Alberta, Canada — Landy et al., BMC health services research
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2022
Self-collected urine or penile-meatal swabs identified Mycoplasma genitalium in 12.8% of Ugandan men with urethritis, with macrolide resistance in 10.7% of positive cases. This supports decentralised STI screening in settings where clinic-based collection is limited.
Retrospective Analysis of Ugandan Men with Urethritis Reveals Mycoplasma genitalium and Associated Macrolide Resistance — Melendez et al., Microbiology spectrum
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2022
First-void urine from women with recurrent spontaneous abortion showed that Chlamydia trachomatis infection was associated with upregulated SOD2 and downregulated SOD1 expression, alongside increased oxidative stress markers 8-hydroxyguanosine and 8-isoprostane, suggesting a role for antioxidant imbalance and ROS detoxification pathways in RSA pathogenesis.
Aberrant gene expression of superoxide dismutases in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected recurrent spontaneous aborters — Ray et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2022
Among 108 gender-diverse youth of colour aged 16-24, this study documented high rates of housing instability (30%), limited healthcare access (26% had no place to go for healthcare), and elevated substance use and sexual risk behaviours. The protocol included self-collection of rectal, frontal, and throat swabs for STI testing alongside urine and blood sampling, demonstrating decentralised diagnostic methods in a marginalised population with poor healthcare access.
Health and service utilization among a sample of gender-diverse youth of color: the TRUTH study — Rusow et al., BMC public health
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2022
In women with abnormal cervical cytology, self-collected vaginal samples showed substantial agreement with physician-collected samples for HPV detection, particularly for high-risk types 16 and 18. Urine samples yielded moderate agreement but remained effective for high-risk types, suggesting both self-collection methods could support decentralised cervical screening programmes.
Human papillomavirus testing and cytology using physician-collected uterine cervical samples vs. self-collected vaginal samples and urine samples — Terada et al., International journal of clinical oncology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2022
Higher engagement in regular HIV and STI testing was associated with incident STIs and health seeking behaviours, and participants rated self-sampling as convenient.
Regular Testing of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections With Self-Collected Samples From Multiple Anatomic Sites to Monitor Sexual Health in Men Who Have Sex With Men: Longitudinal Study — Wong et al., JMIR formative research
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2022
Fifty-one per cent of racially and ethnically diverse gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men returned at least one self-collected specimen, blood, urine, pharyngeal or rectal swabs, or hair, within six weeks when offered for remote HIV and STI screening and pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence testing; most specimens were adequate for laboratory processing. Non-return was associated with lower education, employment, and lower HIV/STI knowledge and concern, indicating that while self-collection is feasible for decentralised diagnostics, targeted engagement strategies are needed.
Study Evaluating Self-Collected Specimen Return for HIV, Bacterial STI, and Potential Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Testing Among Sexual Minority Men in the United States — Sharma et al., American journal of men's health
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- serology
- sti
2022
In a cohort of transgender women in São Paulo, self-collection of urine and other genital samples for STI screening was highly acceptable, with most participants preferring self-collection over provider collection for reasons of privacy and comfort; this supports the feasibility of decentralised, patient-centric sampling for STI diagnosis.
Acceptability of self-sampling for etiological diagnosis of mucosal sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among transgender women in a longitudinal cohort study in São Paulo, Brazil — McCartney et al., The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2022
Among 92 patients on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, 79.3 per cent returned home-collected kits comprising dried blood spots, urine, and oropharyngeal swabs. Nearly 87.7 per cent were extremely to moderately satisfied with avoiding clinic visits, and mean turnaround fell from 17 to 5 days, showing self-collection is a feasible, patient-centric model for decentralised sexual health and SARS-CoV-2 screening.
Feasibility and Acceptability of Home-Collected Samples for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Laboratory Tests in San Francisco Primary Care Clinics — Saberi et al., Open forum infectious diseases
- blood
- urine
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2022
Vaginal self-sampling detected HPV with 94.4% sensitivity and 92.1% specificity against clinician collection, while urine self-sampling achieved 88.8% sensitivity and 94.1% specificity. Both methods yielded high negative predictive values, showing that self-sampling can provide accurate HPV screening in rural settings without clinician involvement.
Role of Self-Sampling for Cervical Cancer Screening: Diagnostic Test Properties of Three Tests for the Diagnosis of HPV in Rural Communities of Cuenca, Ecuador — Vega Crespo et al., International journal of environmental research and public health
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2022
Self-collected urine HPV testing in 195 transpeople showed 19.0% overall HPV positivity, with 79.0% preferring urine tests to provider-collected screening, indicating high acceptability and potential to reach an under-screened group.
HPV screening in the urine of transpeople - A prevalence study — Pils et al., EClinicalMedicine
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2022
Self-collected vaginal and first-void urine samples achieved substantial agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples for HPV detection using the BD Onclarity™ assay, with vaginal samples showing 95.3% overall positive agreement (kappa 0.890) and urine samples 90.6% agreement (kappa 0.776) when no clinical cut-off was applied. This supports decentralised, patient-centric cervical screening programmes.
Evaluation of BD Onclarity™ HPV Assay on Self-Collected Vaginal and First-Void Urine Samples as Compared to Clinician-Collected Cervical Samples: A Pilot Study — Martinelli et al., Diagnostics
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2022
The Tasso OnDemand device was well accepted by participants, with nearly all finding it easy to use and feeling confident they could self-sample at home, and paired self-collected and clinician-collected specimens showed high agreement for HIV, syphilis and creatinine tests. While most users collected enough serum for two monitoring tests, only a third produced sufficient volume for three tests, suggesting a larger-volume device may be preferable for full guideline-recommended PrEP monitoring.
Feasibility of a novel self-collection method for blood samples and its acceptability for future home-based PrEP monitoring — Cannon et al., BMC infectious diseases
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2022
Online postal self-sampling services for sexually transmitted infections are highly acceptable to users and increase overall testing access, but uptake is socially patterned with under-representation of groups disproportionately affected by poor sexual health, and return rates for blood samples are low.
Access to, usage and clinic outcomes of, online postal sexually transmitted infection services: a scoping review — Sumray et al., Sexually transmitted infections
- blood
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
Among 515 women, 93% believed HPV self-sampling could improve screening uptake and 95% found instructions clear and felt confident, yet 41% still preferred clinician collection and 9-19% found it unpleasant. This shows urine-based screening with Colli-Pee is well accepted but not universally preferred, a crucial insight for patient-centric decentralised programmes.
Cervical cancer screening using HPV tests on self-samples: attitudes and preferences of women participating in the VALHUDES study — De Pauw et al., Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2021
First-void urine and anatomical-site swabs identified multiple STI coinfections in an HIV-positive homosexual man, with rectal swabs detecting all four pathogens. The case supports decentralised screening of high-risk groups for concurrent sexually transmitted infections.
Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma spp. Coinfection in an HIV-Positive Homosexual Man — Khullar et al., Journal of laboratory physicians
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2021
The study found that first-void urine PCR detected urogenital mycoplasmas DNA in 28.2% of men with genitourinary diseases versus 14% in healthy controls (p=0.05). This demonstrates the clinical utility of first-void urine sampling for identifying STI-associated pathogens in patients with genitourinary conditions, supporting its use in decentralised diagnostic workflows.
Occurrence of urogenital mycoplasmas in men with the common genitourinary diseases — Smolec et al., Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2021
Self-sampled vaginal swabs and urine can identify women with recurrent CIN2+ after treatment for high-grade CIN, with vaginal self-sampling showing high sensitivity and substantial agreement with clinician sampling, while urine shows moderate agreement; this supports home-based follow-up to maximise participation.
Self-sampling for high-risk human papillomavirus as a follow-up alternative after treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia — Östensson et al., Oncology letters
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2021
Residual pooled rectal/pharyngeal/first-void urine specimens and residual rectal swabs showed 89% and 88% concordance respectively with dedicated anal swabs for HPV DNA detection, with marginally higher positivity rates. This demonstrates that leftover STI test material can reliably be repurposed for HPV prevalence monitoring in men who have sex with men, enabling decentralised public health surveillance without additional patient burden.
Performance of human papillomavirus DNA detection in residual specimens taken for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae nucleic acid amplification testing in men who have sex with men — Nugent et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2021
NAAT on first-void urine is essential for identifying the cause of urethritis; dysuria is the most common symptom and purulent discharge is typical of gonococcal infection whereas transparent discharge suggests non-gonococcal pathogens, guiding decentralised diagnostic pathways.
Clinical profile and co-infections of urethritis in males — Bellinato et al., Italian journal of dermatology and venereology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2021
Intervention mapping identified stigma, privacy, and time constraints as key barriers to self-sampling for HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men. Developing tailored digital outreach, role-model narratives, and peer-to-peer test distribution addresses these barriers to support uptake of remote home self-collection programs.
Systematic Development of an Intervention to Promote Self-Sampling for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections for Men Who Have Sex With Men: An Intervention Mapping Approach — Leenen et al., Frontiers in reproductive health
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
The study identified differential expression of urine-circulating microRNAs in five Chlamydia trachomatis-positive women with recurrent spontaneous abortion versus controls, with miR-16 showing 4.3-fold upregulation. This supports first-void urine as a viable non-invasive specimen for molecular screening of infection-related reproductive complications in decentralised settings.
Differential expression of urine-circulating micro-RNAs in Chlamydia trachomatis-induced recurrent spontaneous aborters — Ray et al., Microbial pathogenesis (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- sti
- biomarkers
2021
This systematic review found that chlamydia screening may reduce pelvic inflammatory disease in young women, and that testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea is accurate using urine samples and self-collected vaginal specimens, with self-collected samples showing 90 to 100 percent sensitivity compared with clinician-collected samples.
Screening for Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: A Systematic Review Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force — Cantor et al., Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), Rockville
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2021
The Xpert CT/NG test demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in first-void urine and cervical swab specimens against reference methods. The 90-minute point-of-care turnaround time could enable decentralised, patient-centric testing with prompt treatment for sexually transmitted infections.
Clinical Performance of the Xpert® CT/NG Test for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Multicenter Evaluation in Chinese Urban Hospitals — Han et al., Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2021
Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis was low overall among pregnant women and their male partners in Dutch midwifery practices, but Chlamydia trachomatis was notably more common in women aged 20 years or younger. The findings suggest that targeted screening of young pregnant women may be warranted while routine screening of all pregnant women and partners may not be justified in this setting.
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections among pregnant women and male partners in Dutch midwifery practices: prevalence, risk factors, and perinatal outcomes — Op de Coul et al., Reproductive health
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2021
In Ugandan PLHIV, asymptomatic STIs were found in 3.9% overall and 5.7% in women, with risk higher under 25 years and with multiple partners. Self-sampling was highly acceptable, with over 95% finding it easy and comfortable and 83.8% believing the results, supporting decentralised STI screening using self-collected urine.
Prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a Ugandan population most at risk of HIV transmission — Mabonga et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
Urine self-sampling for HPV detection showed good agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples (Kappa 0.72) under optimised conditions of 40 mM EDTA preservative, storage at 25°C, and processing within 72 hours. With a cost of USD 1.10 and high acceptability among women and healthcare workers, this method offers a practical decentralised screening approach for resource-limited settings.
Performance of an affordable urine self-sampling method for human papillomavirus detection in Mexican women — Hernández-López et al., PloS one
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- economics
- hpv
- sti
2021
People with mild learning disabilities found STI/BBV self-sampling packs challenging due to complex instructions and manual dexterity required for blood sampling, yet welcomed privacy and avoiding clinic visits. Providing easy-read formats and retaining face-to-face options are essential to avoid widening health inequalities in decentralised screening.
How can we make self-sampling packs for sexually transmitted infections and bloodborne viruses more inclusive? A qualitative study with people with mild learning disabilities and low health literacy — Middleton et al., Sexually transmitted infections
- blood
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
Thai transgender women showed high acceptability and satisfaction for self-collection of CT/NG testing, with 100% performance agreement in a small subset compared with provider collection, supporting wider implementation especially during physical distancing.
Acceptability and satisfaction towards self-collection for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing among transgender women in Tangerine Clinic, Thailand: shifting towards the new normal — Hiransuthikul et al., Journal of the International AIDS Society
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
The study found that HPV detection in first-void urine samples was feasible in a decentralised setting, with high rates of type-specific persistence from mid-pregnancy to delivery and clear associations with behavioural risk factors. This supports the use of urine-based microsampling for monitoring sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy in a patient-centric way.
Maternal human papillomavirus infections at mid-pregnancy and delivery in a Scandinavian mother-child cohort study — Værnesbranden et al., International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- hpv
- sti
2021
Modified pooled sampling using gargle and first-void urine achieved sensitivities of 94.2% for Chlamydia trachomatis and 98.3% for Neisseria gonorrhoeae with near-perfect concordance to single-site testing, supporting its use as a decentralised screening approach in asymptomatic men who have sex with men.
Modified self-obtained pooled sampling to screen for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in men who have sex with men — Ando et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2021
In 1793 participants, self-taken rectal and pharyngeal swabs matched clinician-taken samples for diagnostic accuracy of gonorrhoea and chlamydia detection. The study demonstrated that most infected men who have sex with men would be missed by urogenital testing alone, supporting extragenital self-sampling as a viable component of decentralised STI screening programmes.
Swab-yourself Trial With Economic Monitoring and Testing for Infections Collectively (SYSTEMATIC): Part 1. A Diagnostic Accuracy and Cost-effectiveness Study Comparing Clinician-taken vs Self-taken Rectal and Pharyngeal Samples for the Diagnosis of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia — Wilson et al., Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- economics
- sti
2021
Among women referred for colposcopy after abnormal cytology, self-collected vaginal samples demonstrated comparable diagnostic accuracy to clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting high-risk HPV and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse. Self-collected urine samples were markedly less accurate, indicating vaginal but not urine self-sampling is suitable for decentralised HPV screening.
Performance and Diagnostic Accuracy of Human Papillomavirus Testing on Self-Collected Urine and Vaginal Samples in a Referral Population — Cho et al., Cancer research and treatment
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2021
Two dry vaginal self-sampling devices and a first-void urine collector detected over 90% of high-grade cervical lesions (CIN 3+) and all invasive cancers, with sensitivity comparable to clinician-taken smears. Participants found the devices easy to use and self-sampling was well accepted, which could improve uptake of cervical screening.
CoCoss-Trial: Concurrent Comparison of Self-Sampling Devices for HPV-Detection — Ertik et al., International journal of environmental research and public health
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2020
Vaccine-induced HPV antibodies from cervicovaginal secretions were detectable in first-void urine and correlated with serum levels, so one self-collected urine sample can monitor both HPV infection and immunogenicity without a blood draw; the authors see promise for decentralised follow-up after vaccination.
Non-invasive Assessment of Vaccine-Induced HPV Antibodies via First-Void Urine — Pattyn et al., Frontiers in Immunology
- first-void
- sti
- serology
- hpv
- liquid-biopsy
- liquid
- urine
- biomarkers
2020
Urine samples produced lower cycle threshold values than urethral swabs for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae positives, but the two methods yielded highly consistent results with only four discordant findings among 100 male outpatients. This validates clinician-collected swabs as an alternative to first-void urine on the cobas 4800 platform, which could aid decentralised diagnostics where urine collection is impractical.
Clinician-collected urethra swab: A good alternative sample type using cobas 4800 system for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men — Wang et al., Journal of clinical laboratory analysis
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2020
The study found only fair agreement between self-collected urine and vaginal samples for HPV DNA detection, with an overall agreement of 64.04% and a kappa value of 0.29. This suggests that urine self-sampling may not be a reliable substitute for vaginal self-sampling in this high-prevalence population for HPV screening.
Comparison of two self-sampling methods for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing among women with high prevalence rates — Kuriakose et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2020
A head-to-head comparison of three commercial assays on self-collected vaginal swabs and first-void urine from 300 women showed Aptima MG achieved 100% sensitivity for Mycoplasma genitalium on both specimen types, while ResistancePlus MG sensitivity fell to 83.3% on urine versus 100% on swabs, and Seeplex STD6 ACE performed poorly on both. This demonstrates that for decentralised STI diagnostics, both assay choice and specimen type profoundly affect accuracy, with vaginal swabs proving more reliable than urine for two of the three tests.
Comparison of Assays for the Diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium and Macrolide Resistance Mutations in Self-Collected Vaginal Swabs and Urine — Chernesky et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- sti
2020
The study compared detection rates and concordance of HPV16/18 E6 oncoprotein in urine, self-collected vaginal, and cervical specimens, demonstrating the potential for patient-collected samples to support decentralised cervical cancer screening in low-resource settings.
Detection of HPV E6 oncoprotein from urine via a novel immunochromatographic assay — Oliveira et al., PloS one
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2020
Among 181 HIV-positive men who have sex with men, four nucleic acid amplification assays showed variable sensitivity for detecting chlamydia and gonorrhea from self-collected rectal and urine specimens, with the ProbeTec GCQ assay significantly less sensitive for rectal gonorrhea. Urine-only screening would have missed more than 80 per cent of infections, underscoring the need for extragenital self-sampling in decentralised sexually transmitted infection diagnostics for this population.
Performance of 4 Molecular Assays for Detection of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in a Sample of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men — Footman et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2020
The study found that pooling self-collected urine, pharyngeal and rectal specimens for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing on GeneXpert near the point of care reduced sensitivity to around 90 per cent compared with individual specimen testing, missing nine infections across 388 participants, but pooling remained feasible and could save time and cost when screening at-risk populations.
Reduced sensitivity from pooled urine, pharyngeal and rectal specimens when using a molecular assay for the detection of chlamydia and gonorrhoea near the point of care — Badman et al., Sexual health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2020
Pooled testing of pharyngeal, anorectal and urine samples detected most Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in men who have sex with men, missing only one chlamydia-positive urine specimen, and yielded less PCR inhibition than single-site testing. Two self-collected anorectal swabs were inadequately sampled, indicating that pooling can streamline decentralised STI screening but self-collection quality must be assured.
Take three, test one: a cross-sectional study to evaluate the molecular detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in pooled pharyngeal, anorectal and urine samples versus single-site testing among men who have sex with men in Belgium — De Baetselier et al., Acta clinica Belgica (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2020
Nearly four in five women (79 per cent) had positive feelings about urine-based HPV testing, and more than three-quarters (78 per cent) preferred urine self-collection to cervico-vaginal sampling, with preference varying by race and ethnicity. Sixteen per cent worried about correct cervico-vaginal collection. Urine self-collection is highly acceptable across diverse United States populations and offers a decentralised approach that could improve cervical cancer screening coverage.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Acceptability of Urine and Cervico-Vaginal Sample Self-Collection for HPV-Based Cervical Cancer Screening — Rohner et al., Journal of women's health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2019
At-home first-void urine self-collection with Colli-Pee was feasible, well accepted, and gave chlamydia/gonorrhoea detection comparable to routine clinic-based urine, supporting home first-void sampling for populations needing frequent STI testing.
Evaluation of Colli-Pee first-void urine self-sampling at home versus clinic-based collection for sexually transmitted infections in MSM — De Baetselier et al., BMJ Open
- colli-pee
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- liquid
- urine
2019
In women with HPV, first-void urine collected with the Colli-Pee device had higher HPV DNA concentrations than urine collected with a standard cup, although this advantage disappeared at high HPV DNA loads. Timing of collection (morning versus later) did not affect HPV DNA copies.
Human papillomavirus detection in urine: Effect of a first-void urine collection device and timing of collection — Pattyn et al., Journal of virological methods (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2019
This study shows wide variation across existing CT load quantification methods and demonstrates that normalising CT load to human cell load is inappropriate because molecular techniques cannot exclude inflammatory cells, supporting the need for standardisation in decentralised STI diagnostics.
Standardisation is necessary in urogenital and extragenital Chlamydia trachomatis bacterial load determination by quantitative PCR: a review of literature and retrospective study — Dirks et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2019
Molecular tests that use urine or self-collected swabs may make STI screening more acceptable to patients, which could increase testing opportunities and enable faster, more accurate diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and Mycoplasma genitalium infection.
STI update: Testing, treatment, and emerging threats — Hlatshwayo et al., Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
Treating first-void urine with Aptima Transfer Solution increased HPV mRNA positivity from about 21-28% to 34-46%, with good overall agreement (81.1%, kappa 0.63) compared with cervical samples; however, cervical specimens detected more HPV in women with abnormal cytology or histopathology, indicating that urine may be less sensitive in this subgroup.
Treatment of first-void urine with Aptima Transfer Solution increases detection of high-risk HPV E6/E7 mRNA — Arias et al., Journal of virological methods (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2019
Among 800 pregnant women in Vietnam, self-collection of urine or vaginal swabs for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomonas screening proved highly acceptable and feasible, with chlamydia prevalence of 6.0%. This supports patient-centric decentralised STI screening in antenatal care, particularly in settings without established programmes.
Acceptability and feasibility of sexually transmissible infection screening among pregnant women in Hanoi, Vietnam — Nguyen et al., Sexual health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
In Shenzhen sexual and reproductive health clinics, 10.3% of attendees tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis by NAAT on self-collected urine, with similar prevalence in men and women; younger age, prior never testing and co-infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae were independent risk factors, indicating the need for comprehensive CT screening and treatment programmes.
Chlamydia trachomatis infection among patients attending sexual and reproductive health clinics: A cross-sectional study in Bao'an District, Shenzhen, China — Yan et al., PloS one
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2019
First-void urine PCR showed strong correlations between Ureaplasma urealyticum and most bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria in men with non-gonococcal urethritis. This indicates first-void urine can identify organisms potentially involved in male urethral inflammation, supporting its use for decentralised STI screening.
Detection of ureaplasmas and bacterial vaginosis associated bacteria and their association with non-gonococcal urethritis in men — Frølund et al., PloS one
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2019
Self-collected first-void urine and vaginal swabs performed at home showed high prevalence and perfect clinic concordance for Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, enabling accurate decentralised STI testing.
Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Detected With Aptima Assays Performed on Self-Obtained Vaginal Swabs and Urine Collected at Home and in a Clinic — Chernesky et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- sti
2019
Evaluation of the cobas® TV/MG assay showed 100% sensitivity and at least 99.2% specificity for detecting Trichomonas vaginalis in urine and vaginal swabs. Self-collected vaginal swabs performed equivalently to clinician-collected samples, confirming the test supports decentralised, patient-centric STI screening.
Trichomonas vaginalis Detection in Female Specimens with cobas® TV/MG for use on the cobas® 6800/8800 Systems — Marlowe et al., European journal of microbiology & immunology
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2019
The prototype recombinase polymerase amplification assay detected chlamydia in urine and self-collected vulvovaginal swabs with sensitivity of at least 94.3% and specificity of 99.7–100%, and gonorrhoeae in urine with 100% sensitivity and specificity, delivering results in 15 minutes. This rapid, accurate performance comparable to standard NAATs suggests potential for decentralised STI screening to improve treatment and reduce transmission.
Diagnostic accuracy of a prototype rapid chlamydia and gonorrhoea recombinase polymerase amplification assay: a multicentre cross-sectional preclinical evaluation — Harding-Esch et al., Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2019
The Colli-Pee device achieved very good to almost perfect agreement with clinic collected urine for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and mycoplasma testing, and participants found it feasible and convenient for home sampling, supporting its use for frequent STI screening in at-risk groups.
Evaluation of the 'Colli-Pee', a first-void urine collection device for self-sampling at home for the detection of sexually transmitted infections, versus a routine clinic-based urine collection in a one-to-one comparison study design: efficacy and acceptability among MSM in Belgium — De Baetselier et al., BMJ open
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
Among gay and bisexual men, urine-based STI self-sampling was reported as easy by 99% of participants and rectal swab self-collection by 90%. Nearly all trusted their rapid HIV self-test results, with 94% reading them within the recommended 20-40 minute window, indicating high acceptability and reliability of home-based diagnostic testing for this population.
Gay and bisexual men's experiences using self-testing kits for HIV and rectal and urethral bacterial sexually transmitted infections: Lessons learned from a study with home-based testing — John et al., International journal of sexual health : official journal of the World Association for Sexual Health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
Users of an internet-based STI testing kit programme reported high satisfaction and many were repeat users. Both men and women preferred genital self-collected swabs to urine specimens, indicating strong patient acceptance of decentralised screening and demand for broader home-testing options.
An Analysis of User Survey Data for an Internet Program for Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections, I Want the Kit, in Maryland and Washington, DC — Hogenson et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
Human adenoviruses are frequently detected and isolated from first-void urine in patients with urethritis and can continue to be shed at high levels for up to 12 days after symptoms resolve, indicating prolonged viral excretion that matters for decentralised diagnostics.
Infectious human adenoviruses are shed in urine even after disappearance of urethral symptoms — Hanaoka et al., PloS one
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
2019
In Ghana STI clinics, first-void urine NAAT showed that painful urination and urethral discharge were significantly associated with gonorrhoea, helping target testing and public health measures.
Risk factors associated with gonorrhea and chlamydia transmission in selected health facilities in Ghana — Dela et al., BMC infectious diseases
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2019
Mycoplasma genitalium infection persisted for a median of 143 days after syndromic treatment, with 62% of men harbouring macrolide resistance mutations. The findings highlight that first-void urine testing is needed to detect persistent infection and guide appropriate antibiotic therapy in decentralised sexual health settings.
Long Duration of Asymptomatic Mycoplasma genitalium Infection After Syndromic Treatment for Nongonococcal Urethritis — Romano et al., Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2019
The Cobas CT/NG assay demonstrated high sensitivity (95.6–100%) and specificity (≥98.8%) for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae across urine and self-collected vaginal swabs from men and women. This validates patient-centric self-sampling for accurate, high-throughput STI screening suitable for decentralised public health programmes.
Evaluation of the Performance of the Cobas CT/NG Test for Use on the Cobas 6800/8800 Systems for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Male and Female Urogenital Samples — Van Der Pol et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2019
First-void urine testing identified Mycoplasma genitalium in 12.8% of men with non-gonococcal urethritis, with macrolide resistance in 89.7% of men who have sex with men compared with 50% of men with only female partners. This demonstrates that urine-based molecular screening can detect clinically significant resistance patterns that affect treatment choices.
Men Who Have Sex With Men With Mycoplasma genitalium-Positive Nongonococcal Urethritis Are More Likely to Have Macrolide-Resistant Strains Than Men With Only Female Partners: A Prospective Study — McIver et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti

Read from the corpus on 2026-09-09.