The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 101–200 of 734 labelled “self-collection”, newest first.
2025
In 498 women living with HIV, self-collected first-void urine and vaginal samples showed 78% high-risk HPV prevalence and good genotype concordance, kappa 0.64-0.78. Participants preferred the Colli-Pee device over the Evalyn Brush, supporting decentralised, patient-centric screening feasibility.
Feasibility of First-Void Urinary and Vaginal Self-Sampling for High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Testing Among Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Guinea-Bissau-A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study — Madsen et al., Journal of medical virology
- colli-pee
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
2025
A comparison of blood microsampling found that after 35 days, PFAS recovery changed by over 10% for five analytes using the Neoteryx hemaPEN and four using Whatman 903, but zero using the Neoteryx Mitra. The Mitra retained 45 of 49 PFAS within 70-130% recovery, showing its high stability for decentralised biomonitoring without contamination risks.
Comparison of microsampling for PFAS blood analysis: Enabling cheap high-resolution biomonitoring — Partington et al., Analytica chimica acta (paywalled)
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- dbs
- self-collection
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2025
The study found very strong correlation between venous blood collection and capillary VAMS using Mitra devices for detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies, with samples remaining stable at room temperature for several months. This enables reliable at-home, patient-centric serological testing for large-scale community surveillance and vaccine studies.
Validation of at-home blood sampling for large scale, cost effective serological analysis for anti-viral antibody responses — Mayer et al., Journal of immunological methods (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2025
A simulation of decentralised clinical trial elements at 11 Chinese investigational sites with 36 researchers found high satisfaction with direct-from-patient sample collection, although challenges remain regarding system ease of use and the integration of online and offline workflows.
Insights From a User Experience-Focused Virtual Study on the Feasibility and Challenges of Decentralized Clinical Trials — Ma et al., Clinical and translational science
- dct
- self-collection
2025
This pilot study found that while initial household enrolment was low at 9%, remote follow-up was highly feasible, with 88% of respondents, 151 of 172, successfully returning self-collected capillary blood samples after 12 months. This shows that decentralised microsampling is viable for household cohorts when face-to-face contact is restricted.
'Bern, get ready', BEready, a household-based cohort study for pandemic preparedness research in Switzerland: pilot study — Hodel et al., BMJ open
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- dct
2025
A quantitative dried blood spot method using only 10 µL of blood successfully quantified six azole antimycotics and showed samples were stable under conditions simulating postal mailing. A formula to convert dried spot results to plasma values was derived, though the authors note this is an in vitro validation and clinical studies are required for translation to patient care.
Simultaneous Quantification of Azole Antimycotics in Quantitative Dried Blood Spots: A Step Toward Home Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring — Li et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- qdbs
- self-collection
- validation
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2025
The study determined that using self-collected dried blood spots alongside online surveys was a feasible and acceptable method for remote pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence monitoring, with 64% of participants returning at least one blood specimen.
Remote pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence monitoring among young, Black men who have sex with men: a feasibility and acceptability pilot study — Jones et al., Current psychology (paywalled)
- dct
- acceptability
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
2025
A study of decentralised patient-centric microsampling found that 82% of untrained participants, 47 of 57, successfully self-collected acceptable fingerstick blood in Microtainer tubes. All 46 tested samples yielded accurate HIV viral suppression results compared to venipuncture, though this remote monitoring approach is limited to US courier services and temperature conditions.
A cross-sectional analysis of fingerstick blood self-microcollection for remote HIV suppression monitoring in Atlanta, Georgia, USA: a path to expanding access to continuum of care — Johnson et al., AIDS research and therapy
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- bd-microtainer
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
2025
In a one-week virtual home clinic with 134 participants, 86 per cent returned saliva and 84 per cent returned stool, and most components were feasible and acceptable despite device and logistical challenges. This supports decentralised, patient-centric self-collection of non-blood biospecimens for research.
Collecting at-Home Biometric Measures for Longitudinal Research From the i3C: Feasibility and Acceptability Study — Russell et al., JMIR human factors
- saliva
- stool
- self-collection
- acceptability
- dct
- microbiome
2025
While 72 per cent of participants returned self-collected dried blood spot kits, only 46 per cent provided samples adequate for a full cardiometabolic profile, with insufficient blood volume cited as the primary difficulty.
Feasibility of self-administered dried blood spot collection for cardiometabolic profile analysis in a population-based sample of young adults — Livingstone et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- biomarkers
2025
Urine self-sampling for HPV showed non-inferior specificity to cervical samples, 85.19%, and found 96% of high-grade lesions. While acceptable, a survey of 1382 participants found 41.6% preferred conventional screening, showing the importance of offering choice in a decentralised, patient-centric programme.
Urine human papillomavirus testing for cervical screening in a UK general screening population: a diagnostic test accuracy study — Davies et al., The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
The EUROArray HPV test achieved similar sensitivity and specificity for CIN2+ detection using first-void urine and vaginal self-samples compared with clinician-collected cervical samples, supporting the use of self-collection for cervical screening.
EUROArray HPV test accuracy for cervical precancer in self- vs. clinician-collected samples using the VALHUDES protocol — van et al., Gynecologic oncology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2025
The paper summarises that volumetric finger-prick self-sampling is suitable for monitoring immunosuppressants and biomarkers after kidney transplantation, but successful implementation requires careful design of the entire workflow, including patient training and method validation. This matters because it provides a real-world framework for moving critical monitoring from the clinic to the patient's home.
Implementation of Volumetric Finger-Prick Self-Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressants After Kidney Transplantation: Lessons Learned From the Practice — Vethe et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled)
- vams
- volumetric
- neoteryx-mitra
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- immunosuppressants
- validation
- biomarkers
2025
A study of 100 Brazilian women with high-grade cervical lesions found excellent concordance for high-risk HPV detection between clinician-collected samples and patient-centric, self-collected vaginal or first-void urine samples. Self-sampling was preferred for comfort, though the study's single-centre setting may limit generalisability.
Self-sampling for HPV genotyping: a study of vaginal and urine collection in Brazilian women with high-grade lesions — Castanheira et al., Clinics
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
- genotyping
2025
In a decentralised Eswatini clinic, molecular testing on the Xpert platform of self-collected urine and swabs found a 31.7% prevalence of Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, or Trichomonas, with 20.8% of these asymptomatic. Although limited by a cross-sectional design, this shows the feasibility of patient-centric sampling for sexually transmitted infection screening in resource-limited settings.
High Burden of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Routine Decentralised HIV Care Setting in Eswatini: A Cross-Sectional Study — Kerschberger et al., Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH
- sti
- self-collection
- serology
- hpv
- urine
2025
A study of older rural US patients found that 96 to 98 per cent of self-collected dried blood spot specimens were successfully analysed for HIV viral load, with high acceptability. However, concordance between self-reported and measured viral load was only 69 to 82 per cent, highlighting the value of objective decentralised microsampling over self-reporting.
Acceptability and Feasibility of Self-Collected Dried Blood Spot Specimens for Viral Load Monitoring among Rural Older People Living with HIV — Walsh et al., AIDS and behavior (paywalled)
- dct
- acceptability
- blood
- dbs
- self-collection
- dried
- serology
2025
This study found that the HarmoniaHPV assay on first-void urine collected via Colli-Pee and vaginal self-samples showed a relative sensitivity of 0.95 for detecting CIN2+ compared to cervical samples. The VenusHPV assay showed similar accuracy but required cut-off optimisation, supporting decentralised HPV screening.
Accuracy of Liferiver HarmoniaHPV and VenusHPV Assays on Urine and Vaginal Self-Samples — Latsuzbaia et al., Journal of medical virology
- colli-pee
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- urine
- validation
2025
In a Belgian colposcopy referral cohort, a study found that 66.6% of women preferred home-based first-void urine self-sampling over physician-taken samples, and 96.6% found the Colli-Pee UCM FV-5010 device easy to use. This supports patient-centric, decentralised screening, though results are limited to this specific referral population.
Home-based urinary HPV self-sampling for the detection of cervical cancer precursor lesions: attitudes and preferences from Belgian females participating in the CASUS study — Hendrickx et al., Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique
- colli-pee
- acceptability
- first-void
- self-collection
- hpv
- liquid-biopsy
- liquid
- urine
2025
A study of 292 patients found that the slopes of home-collected stimulated dried blood spot C-peptide levels over six months predicted 12-month venous mixed-meal tolerance test results, P<0.001. This shows decentralised microsampling can monitor beta-cell function, though further validation is required to confirm its reliability and broader applicability.
Early Detection of β-Cell Decline Using Home Dried Blood Spot C-Peptide Levels in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes — Hendriks et al., Diabetes care (paywalled)
- dct
- venous-agreement
- blood
- dbs
- self-collection
- dried
- pediatric
- biomarkers
2025
This study found that 80% of Middle Eastern-North African women preferred urine HPV self-sampling over clinician-directed screening, and 73% favoured home collection. 80% reported this decentralised method would positively impact future screening intent.
Acceptability of Home-Based Urine Self-Collection for Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women Receiving Care at the Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services in Michigan — Guetterman et al., Cancer medicine
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
2025
The Egoo Phe system showed strong concordance with dried blood spot testing across 100 paired samples, with median phenylalanine 274 versus 270 μmol/L and readings a mean 4.6% higher, and high caregiver acceptance; the small sample size limits generalisability and further validation in larger cohorts is required.
Point-of-Care Testing in PKU: A New ERA of Blood Phenylalanine Monitoring — Pinto et al., Nutrients
- acceptability
- blood
- dbs
- self-collection
- pediatric
- validation
2025
This study established conversion methods for estimating plasma concentrations from whole blood VAMS samples for seven out of ten oral anticancer drugs, finding good agreement between capillary and venous samples. Patients reported a positive experience with home sampling using this microsampling technique.
Clinical Application of Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Oral Targeted Anticancer Drugs — Meertens et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- tdm
- self-collection
- oncology
- capillary
- validation
2025
The paper highlights that while self-collection microsampling devices for blood and other matrices are advancing decentralised testing, standardisation of sample collection and integration into clinical workflows is critical for reliable results. This matters because it identifies key hurdles that must be overcome for patient-centric sampling to be widely adopted in healthcare.
Standardization of Microsampling Technologies for Accurate Sensing and Reliable Diagnostics — Mora & Mace, ACS sensors (paywalled)
- blood
- standards
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- validation
- saliva
2025
This meta-analysis found strong agreement between self-collected capillary blood and venous samples for laboratory results. Capillary sampling was associated with significantly lower pain scores than venipuncture, particularly when using upper arm devices rather than fingerprick methods.
Comparison of laboratory results and pain perception in self-sampled capillary blood versus venous blood sampling: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Schröder et al., Clinical biochemistry (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- self-collection
- capillary
- liquid
- validation
2025
HPV DNA testing on first-void urine collected at home performed as well as clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting CIN2+ using Roche cobas 4800 and 6800 systems, with good to excellent agreement between paired samples. This supports the use of home-collected first-void urine for cervical cancer screening programmes.
Equivalent Clinical Accuracy of Human Papillomavirus DNA Testing Using Cobas 4800 and 6800 Human Papillomavirus Systems in Paired Urine and Cervical Samples — Van Keer et al., The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2025
Using the Novosanis Colli-Pee Small Volumes device, this study found that self-collected first-void urine had slightly lower sensitivity for detecting high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia than cervical samples, CIN2+ ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.83-0.99, with comparable specificity. This patient-centric, decentralised approach offers a feasible screening alternative despite a marginal reduction in sensitivity.
Clinical and Analytical Evaluation of the Abbott Alinity m HR HPV Assay in a New Generation First-Void Urine Collector — Van Keer et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2025
Microsampling, particularly VAMS and quantitative DBS, can enable patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants after transplantation, allowing home self-sampling and long-term monitoring when patients live far from transplant centres. These volumetric dried formats have largely overcome the haematocrit effect and sample heterogeneity that limit conventional dried blood spots.
Microsampling techniques and patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants — Kocur & Pawiński, Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- vams
- venous-agreement
- blood
- qdbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- immunosuppressants
2025
Self-collected oral and stool samples revealed distinct microbiome compositions in patients with endometriosis compared to controls, with Fusobacterium enrichment specifically observed in oral samples from moderate to severe cases. These results support the feasibility of decentralised self-collection for non-invasive biomarker screening in reproductive health.
Oral, Vaginal, and Stool Microbial Signatures in Patients With Endometriosis as Potential Diagnostic Non-Invasive Biomarkers: A Prospective Cohort Study — Hicks et al., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
- self-collection
- microbiome
- fertility
- stool
- saliva
- biomarkers
2025
This study found that stool samples self-collected on cards showed high correlation and agreement with ethanol-fixed samples for metagenomic sequencing, with negligible differences in microbial diversity. The results support the use of stool cards as a cost-effective alternative for decentralised sampling in epidemiologic studies, despite minor variations in individual species abundance.
Comparing the Metagenomic Performance of Stools Collected from Custom Cards and 95% Ethanol in Epidemiologic Studies — Kuntz et al., Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology (paywalled)
- stool
- dried
- self-collection
- validation
- microbiome
- colorectal
2025
Self-collection of vaginal samples achieved 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, while first-void urine achieved 90% sensitivity and 99% specificity, compared with cervical brushing for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis; these results support the use of self-collected samples for decentralised STI testing.
Accuracy of self-collection versus cervical sampling for the molecular diagnosis of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> in women attending gynecological services — Vasco et al., Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- urine
- validation
2025
An online self-sampling intervention for chlamydia and gonorrhoea using urine kits achieved a 20.7% positivity rate, with 90% of infections being extragenital, and linked 81% of positive cases to treatment, indicating high acceptability and feasibility for decentralised STI testing.
TESTATE STI project: an online chlamydia and gonorrhoea self-sampling strategy for gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men and trans people in Catalonia (Spain) — Martínez-Riveros et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- acceptability
- sti
- self-collection
- liquid
- urine
2025
The cross-sectional study of women of reproductive age in the Southern US found notable prevalence of genital and extragenital chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis, with no difference by HIV status. These results highlight the importance of extragenital STI testing in decentralised, patient-centric settings to improve detection and reproductive health outcomes.
Prevalence of genital and extragenital sexually transmitted infections among women of reproductive age with and without HIV in the Southern US: results from the study of treatment and reproductive outcomes — Nogueira et al., Frontiers in medicine
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
This review summarises how incorporating saliva and urine into home-based point-of-care systems expands diagnostic accessibility for dengue virus, aligning with the WHO REASSURED framework for affordable and rapid testing.
Integrative Advances in Dengue Virus Diagnostics: From Technological Innovation to Tiered Diagnostic Systems — Shi et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled)
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2025
Cortisol dynamic range measured from participant-led saliva collection was feasible and associated with higher perceived stress and anxiety in African American women, suggesting saliva self-collection can serve as a decentralised biomarker of chronic stress.
A Community-Engaged Approach for Assessment of Cortisol Dynamic Range and Multilevel Chronic Stress in African Americans: FAITH! Heart Health+ Ancillary Study — Ortiz et al., Journal of participatory medicine
- cortisol
- self-collection
- hormones
- saliva
- biomarkers
2025
This survey found that whilst consumers were optimistic about using saliva for periodontitis diagnosis, many clinicians remained uncertain about the accuracy of the method. The results indicate a need for further evidence and education to support the adoption of decentralised saliva sampling workflows.
A survey of Australian consumers' and dentists' perceptions of saliva as a biofluid for periodontitis diagnosis — Sun et al., BMC oral health
- saliva
- self-collection
- acceptability
2025
This study found that self-collected capillary blood using the Topper system provided reliable results for most clinical chemistry analytes compared to venous sampling, with 94% of participants successfully obtaining a sample. While glucose and uncorrected AST failed to meet bias criteria, analytes such as lipids and enzymes demonstrated optimal agreement, supporting the use of this decentralised microsampling method for home testing.
Validation of (self-collected) capillary blood using a topper collection system as alternative for venous sampling for 15 common clinical chemistry analytes — Geujar et al., Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
2025
Capillary blood self-collected with the VAMS device showed 100 per cent agreement with serum for detecting SARS-CoV-2 S RBD antibodies in participants with known past infection, and saliva showed slightly lower but high agreement; agreement was good to almost perfect in those without known antibodies, and most participants found finger prick easy while half found the microsampler easy, supporting decentralised serosurveillance.
Performance and feasibility of self-microsampling of capillary blood and saliva for serological testing of SARS-CoV-2 — Morales et al., PloS one
- vams
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- self-collection
- serology
- capillary
- saliva
2025
Self-collected capillary samples showed good agreement with venous samples for most safety monitoring parameters in patients with rheumatic disease, although platelet counts were less reliable and haemolysis affected some biochemistry results. Patients found the self-sampling process easy and virtually painless, suggesting it is a feasible option for decentralised monitoring.
Self-sampling of capillary blood for safety monitoring of DMARD therapy in patients with rheumatic disease: a feasibility and method-comparison study — Adelhelm et al., Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- blood
- self-collection
- capillary
- liquid
2025
This study validated a method combining quantitative dried blood spots with DNA methylation analysis to monitor B-cell counts remotely, achieving 100% sensitivity and specificity for a specific clinical threshold. This decentralised approach facilitates patient-centric therapeutic drug monitoring for anti-CD20 therapies by overcoming the logistical barriers of regular venous sampling.
Home-sampling of B cells using quantitative dried blood spots to enable tailored therapeutic re-dosing of anti-CD20 therapies — Tallantyre et al., Multiple sclerosis (paywalled)
- biologics
- multimodal
- blood
- rpm
- qdbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
- validation
2025
The True Dose kit achieved a high System Usability Scale score of 82.7 and enabled 92% of participants to collect the required capillary blood volume, with a median sampling time of 10.42 minutes, indicating good usability but highlighting the need for clearer instructions and stress management to support reliable decentralised sampling.
Capillary Blood Self-Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Mixed-Methods Usability Study of the True Dose<sup>®</sup> Kit — Crafoord et al., BioMed research international
- blood
- capillary
- self-collection
- acceptability
- tdm
2025
This study describes the iterative development of a novel capillary self-sampling device, demonstrating that the fourth prototype enabled 77.5% of users to successfully collect at least 500 µL of blood with high usability and acceptability scores.
The development of a novel device to aid in capillary macro blood self-sampling via an iterative study design — Herrijgers et al., Expert review of medical devices (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- self-collection
- acceptability
2025
Capillary dried blood spot concentrations of levetiracetam agreed closely with plasma, with 92.1% within 20% of the mean and no proportional bias, and capillary matched venous dried blood spot with acceptable deviations; samples remained stable during postal transit, enabling at‑home self‑sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of levetiracetam - Is dried blood spot sampling suitable? — Linder et al., Clinical biochemistry (paywalled)
- venous-agreement
- blood
- dbs
- tdm
- self-collection
- dried
- capillary
- validation
2025
A 2025 review maps 28 microsampling devices, from dried spots and volumetric absorptive tips to upper-arm liquid capillary collectors, and names what a laboratory must control before their results are used: the haematocrit effect in non-volumetric dried samples, interstitial fluid from finger milking, volume, haemolysis and transport stability. Regulators on both sides of the Atlantic ask for the same two things, a device the patient can use safely and a sample fit for the test.
Patient centric blood sampling and analysis for diagnostics and laboratory medicine — Spooner et al., Bioanalysis
- blood
- standards
- self-collection
- haematocrit
- dried
- capillary
- liquid
- validation
2025
Healthcare professionals considered a postal self-collection service for diabetes review acceptable, anticipating it would reduce missed appointments and enable more holistic use of consultation time, while cautioning that administrative burden and public perception of diminished face-to-face care would need managing. The study indicates that patient-centric microsampling can secure professional support, a prerequisite for decentralised diagnostics.
Healthcare professional views of a diabetes review postal box: A qualitative study — Colley et al., Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
2025
The study found that the Test2Know postal self-sampling service was highly acceptable and usable, with nearly 90% of users willing to reuse or recommend it, and it reached individuals at risk who had not previously tested for HIV or STIs. This supports the role of decentralised, patient-centric microsampling in expanding access to sexual health testing.
Acceptability, usability, and user experiences of an online postal self-sampling approach for HIV and STI testing in Belgium: Test2Know — De Baetselier et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled)
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2025
In a feasibility pilot of 29 perimenopausal women using daily saliva progesterone measured at home, a significant association was seen between short luteal phases and having more cycles under 23 days, but this did not remain after adjusting for observation count and no differences were found for other cycle characteristics, suggesting short luteal phases may not reliably indicate cycle irregularity in this population.
The role of short luteal phases on cycle regularity during the perimenopausal transition — Visby Madsen et al., Menopause (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2025
The Mira fertility monitor's LH surge and urine E1-3G levels correlated strongly with the ClearBlue Fertility Monitor's LH surge and low-to-high shift in both postpartum and perimenopause transitions, supporting at-home urine hormone monitoring for fertility tracking.
Validating At-Home Urinary Hormone Measurements in Postpartum and Perimenopause Fertility Transitions — Bouchard et al., Women's health reports
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
2025
Self-collection of menstrual blood using the M-strip was feasible and highly acceptable to women, and hr-HPV DNA results from menstrual blood showed 100% concordance with direct cervical smears, supporting its potential use in decentralised cervical screening.
HPV-DNA testing from self-sampled menstrual blood using M-strip: A proof-of-concept study on feasibility & acceptance of a novel biosampling method — Chandra et al., The Indian journal of medical research
- blood
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
2025
A home-based PrEP follow-up programme using self-collected specimens and remote monitoring was evaluated among predominantly Black and Latino men who have sex with men in South Florida. Only 37.5% elected home-based care, with completion rates falling from 48.3% at first follow-up to 15% by the third, and most returned to clinic care citing discomfort with self-collection and logistical barriers, highlighting that decentralised HIV prevention requires enhanced support to achieve equitable uptake and persistence.
PrEP Beyond the Clinic: Evaluation of a Home-Based PrEP Follow-Up System Among a Cohort of Predominantly Black and Latino Men who Have Sex with Men in South Florida — Butts et al., Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2025
Focus groups with 48 women from diverse ethnic groups in Northwest England revealed that self-sampling for cervical screening was highly acceptable, particularly because it offered privacy, autonomy, and reduced discomfort. The study indicates that providing a self-sampling option could increase screening uptake among underserved populations, though participants expressed concerns about test accuracy and practical usability.
Acceptability of Self-Sampling for Cervical Screening in Ethnically Diverse Groups in Northwest England: A Focus Group Study — Whitley et al., Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
2025
In a Phase 1 crossover study of etrasimod, self-collected blood microsamples yielded pharmacokinetic exposures comparable to conventional venous sampling, both with and without participant practice sessions. Continuous wearable sensors concurrently enabled real-time remote monitoring of safety vital signs and electrocardiograms, demonstrating the viability of hybrid decentralised designs in early-phase clinical trials.
Advancing Early Clinical Trials: The Transformative Potential of Decentralized Designs and Digital Technologies in Phase 1 Clinical Trial — Malhotra et al., Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics
- blood
- capillary
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- dct
- wearable
- rpm
- digital-biomarker
- multimodal
2025
Transgender women in Uganda valued integrated PrEP and STI services that used urine self-collection for therapeutic drug monitoring and infection detection. The convenience of this approach motivated adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis, while same-day initiation and drug-level feedback supported engagement with care, demonstrating that decentralised, patient-centric models can improve prevention uptake in vulnerable populations.
Integrated PrEP and STI Services for Transgender Women in Uganda: Qualitative Findings from a Randomized Trial — Mujugira et al., AIDS and behavior (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- tdm
- sti
2025
A meta-analysis of 15 studies with 3665 participants showed that urine and vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing achieved pooled sensitivity of 0.88 and specificity of 0.81 for cervical cancer screening, with an area under the curve of 0.92. Vaginal self-sampling outperformed urine sampling for high-risk HPV detection, and both methods demonstrated high sensitivity for identifying CIN2 lesions, indicating their suitability for patient-centric screening.
Accuracy analysis of cervical cancer screening using urine and vaginal self-sampling versus clinician-collected samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis — Li et al., International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
Self-collection of urine and vaginal swabs at home for STI testing in a national survey was feasible and broadly acceptable, with vaginal swabs providing higher testing sensitivity than urine.
Home-based self-collection of biological samples, including vaginal swabs: a mixed methods study for Britain's fourth National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-4) — Oeser et al., Sexually transmitted infections
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2025
Self-collected urine HPV nucleic acid amplification testing shows high pooled sensitivity but modest specificity for detecting HSIL+, supporting its use as a non-invasive decentralised screening option though confirmatory testing may be needed due to lower specificity.
Accuracy of human papillomavirus testing using self-collected urine samples for detecting high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion or worse: a diagnostic meta-analysis — Hsiao et al., International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
Self-collection of urine, pharyngeal and anal specimens for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing was highly acceptable among HIV PrEP clients in Vietnam, with 97.9% providing specimens from all three sites and 99.4% willing to repeat the process; cost was the most important factor influencing testing preferences.
Preferences and Acceptability of Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections in an HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Clinic in Hanoi, Vietnam — Bui et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2025
This Cochrane review identified 21 studies with over 13 million participants to evaluate decentralised SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies, including home-based saliva self-collection. It applied GRADE and SWiM methods to assess impact on COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations and deaths, establishing an evidence framework for patient-centric diagnostics.
Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies in reducing COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths — Saif-Ur-Rahman et al., The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
2025
This paper describes a handheld electrochemical sensor for vitamin C measurement in saliva and urine, showing a linear range from 0.2 to 200 µm and detection limit of 0.03 µm. The device demonstrated satisfactory accuracy and recovery in human samples, suggesting potential for affordable home-based testing of vitamin C status.
A Multi-Channel Handheld Diagnostic Device Based on Green Biomimetic Material for Point-of-Care Testing of Vitamin C in Human Fluids — Fu et al., Advanced healthcare materials (paywalled)
- saliva
- urine
- liquid
- self-collection
- biomarkers
2025
Oral sponge saliva RT-PCR achieved 95% sensitivity and 95% specificity compared with nasopharyngeal swabs in 3,488 symptomatic and asymptomatic adults, while buccal swab performance varied with infection history and symptoms. The rapid antigen test showed 66.9% sensitivity overall, increasing to 97% in high viral load samples. Oral sponge collection permits self-sampling without laboratory pre-analytical steps, offering a robust method for decentralised SARS-CoV-2 screening.
Diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive SARS-CoV-2 screening tests: a national prospective analysis — Althaus et al., BMC infectious diseases
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2025
The First to Know Syphilis Self-Test, using self-collected fingerstick capillary blood, demonstrated 93.4% sensitivity and 99.5% specificity against a composite reference standard in a 1,270-subject study. This over-the-counter test enables patient-centric screening at home, which could improve early detection and reduce transmission of syphilis and associated STIs.
Clinical development and performance of the First to Know Syphilis Self-Test for over-the-counter usage: a <i>de novo</i> rapid test for treponemal antibody — Clark et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- blood
- liquid
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
- sti
2025
Among staff in long-term care and retirement homes in Ontario, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence rose from 24% in 2021 to 44% in 2022 and was higher in Black, East and Southeast Asian and other racialised groups, lower in higher income neighbourhoods and among those with paid sick leave, indicating socioeconomic disparities that should inform equity rooted public health interventions.
Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among essential workers in long term care and retirement homes in Ontario, Canada: A descriptive cross-sectional study — Fahim et al., PLOS global public health
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2025
In a prospective study of 126 people who inject drugs, 44 percent completed DBS self-collection and received HCV results; among completers, 7 percent had detectable HCV RNA and all initiated treatment. Completion was higher in those aged 40 or older and in opioid agonist treatment, but lower with stimulant use and previous HCV testing, demonstrating feasibility of peer-supported mail-order screening.
Peer-delivered mail-order self-collection and linkage to treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among users of a harm reduction service in Denmark — Demant et al., The International journal on drug policy (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- serology
2025
Concentrated first-void urine samples detected HPV with 84.6% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity, showing substantial agreement with cervical swabs (Fleiss' kappa 0.796). This noninvasive self-collection method could expand screening coverage and improve patient acceptance in decentralised and resource-limited settings.
Concentrated urine as an alternative to cervical smear samples enabling easy screening of HPV in large populations — Uyar et al., Journal of infection and public health (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2025
Non-invasive HPV self-sampling kits such as first-void urine and menstrual blood devices may increase screening participation among non-Western ethnic minority women by addressing cultural beliefs about virginity and body autonomy.
"Well, that Was Pretty Clever!"-Ethnic Minority Women's Views on HPV Self-Sampling Devices for Cervical Cancer Screening: Attitudes to Brushes, First-Void Urine, and Menstrual Blood Devices — Hald et al., Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
Among 154 volunteers, 85% found HemaSpot HF self-sampling acceptable, but correlation with venous blood for anti-tetanus toxin IgG was moderate (r = 0.73) and sensitivity varied from 70% to 100% depending on the cut-off value, with concentration differences widening at higher IgG levels. The device requires further improvement before it can reliably replace venous puncture for decentralised serological testing.
Feasibility of blood self-sampling with HemaSpot HF for Anti-Clostridium tetani Toxin IgG detection — Kettlitz et al., Scientific reports
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- serology
2025
Targeted proteomic evaluation of a novel finger-prick dried plasma device demonstrated strong quantitative correlation with conventional plasma (R = 0.99) and precision under 10% CV for 80% of quantified peptides across healthy donors. Quantified targets also remained stable during room temperature storage for up to 232 days, supporting its use for decentralised biomarker monitoring.
Quantitative Assessment of a Novel Device Designed for Patient-centric Sampling of Dried Plasma Using Targeted Proteomics — Hober et al., Analytical chemistry
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- dct
- biomarkers
2025
In MSM with HIV, Mycoplasma genitalium infection was common across anatomical sites, especially rectal, and resistance-associated mutations were frequent, limiting azithromycin efficacy while moxifloxacin or minocycline achieved satisfactory cure rates; this supports targeted testing and resistance-guided therapy in decentralised STI care.
Multi-anatomical site prevalence of <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> infection, resistance and association with coinfections: a prospective study in MSM with HIV — Wong et al., JAC-antimicrobial resistance
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
This review summarises how emerging HPV detection methods including CRISPR/Cas systems, droplet digital PCR and isothermal amplification, combined with self-collected vaginal swabs and liquid biopsy from urine or blood, could improve screening acceptability and enable point-of-care testing compared with conventional approaches that require invasive sampling and centralised laboratory infrastructure.
Evolving HPV diagnostics: current practice and future frontiers — Shi et al., Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
- liquid-biopsy
2025
Long-term sleep quality improved significantly during an internet-based intervention for major depressive disorder. Patients with poor sleep initially showed blunted cortisol awakening responses, which normalised as sleep quality improved, demonstrating that self-collected saliva can track biological stress changes in decentralised mental health care.
Sleep quality and the biological stress system during an internet-based intervention for major depressive disorder — Laufer et al., Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- dct
2025
Self-collected saliva specimens yielded high-quality results for SARS-CoV-2 PCR and whole-genome sequencing in an occupational screening programme, with variant determination achieved in 67–83 per cent of positive samples. The study shows that PCR cycle threshold cut-offs critically influence sequencing success, supporting decentralised genomic surveillance for respiratory pathogens.
SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance using self-collected saliva specimens during occupational testing programs — Schnaubelt et al., Frontiers in public health
- saliva
- self-collection
- serology
2025
The study found that dried blood spot sampling showed good agreement with plasma concentrations for vancomycin and creatinine, with most differences within 20%, and patients preferred the finger prick method over venepuncture, supporting its use for decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring.
Clinical validation of an innovative dried whole-blood spot method to quantify simultaneously vancomycin and creatinine in adult patients — Hassanzai et al., The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- tdm
- antimicrobials
2025
Among 404 Australians at risk of hepatitis C, 91% of those with prior infection selected point-of-care RNA testing, citing rapid results, while 72% of those without prior infection preferred staff-assisted antibody testing. Offering rapid, staff-assisted testing improves uptake among people who inject drugs, those experiencing homelessness and those receiving opioid agonist therapy.
Patient preferences for simplified hepatitis C testing modalities among people at risk of hepatitis C infection in Australia: the SELECT study — Stevens et al., The International journal on drug policy (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2025
Among 133 users of HIV self-sampling and self-testing in the Netherlands, the commonest reason for choosing this route was saving time, followed by anonymity and avoiding a GP visit. However, 22% encountered problems, with seven in ten of those struggling to obtain enough blood from a finger prick, showing that while self-testing expands reach, blood collection remains a key usability hurdle for decentralised HIV screening.
Self-sampling and self-testing for HIV at a commercial and community-based test provider in the Netherlands: user preferences and usability — Willemstein et al., BMC health services research
- blood
- capillary
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
- sti
2025
Self-sampling of dried blood spots for HIV viral load monitoring proved acceptable among sexual minority men who use stimulants, with 92% returning Tasso-M20 kits and 88% returning HemaSpot HD kits. Participants' device preferences centred on convenience and pain, and they highlighted that clearer instructions, contingency planning, and addressing intersectional stigma are essential for engagement, indicating that patient choice in sampling methods could improve uptake of decentralised diagnostics.
'I was like, this is gonna hurt': Implementing self-sampling of dried blood spots to measure HIV viral load — Chavez et al., PloS one
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2025
The Cobas Liat CT/NG/MG nucleic acid amplification test achieved 97% specificity for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and mycoplasma from self-collected urine and vaginal swabs at point-of-care, with sensitivity of at least 92% for most specimen types. Sensitivity was modestly lower for female urine (77–87%), yet the 20-minute turnaround time and ease of use support rapid, decentralised STI screening and reduced empiric treatment.
Sensitivity and specificity of the Cobas Liat CT/NG/MG nucleic acid test in a clinical laboratory setting and point-of-care location — Van Der Pol et al., Journal of clinical microbiology
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2025
In an HIV preexposure prophylaxis programme in Hanoi, Vietnam, the prevalence of chlamydia or gonorrhoea was high at 28.9 per cent, with gonorrhoea most common in the pharynx and chlamydia most common in the rectum; urethral testing in asymptomatic individuals had limited value.
Routine testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea in an HIV preexposure prophylaxis program in Hanoi, Vietnam: implications for low- and middle-income countries — Adamson et al., AIDS (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
Self-collected penile-meatal swabs matched urine samples with 98.7% agreement for STI detection in symptomatic Ugandan men, performing equally well even in those with multiple concurrent infections. This validates swabs as a simpler, more practical alternative for decentralised STI screening in low-resource settings.
Self-collected penile-meatal swabs are suitable for the detection of STIs in Ugandan men with high rates of STI coinfections — Melendez et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2025
Self-collected vaginal and urine specimens demonstrated good to substantial agreement with clinician-collected cervical samples for detecting high-risk HPV and other sexually transmitted infections, supporting their use in decentralised screening programmes. The higher STI positivity rate among hrHPV-positive women suggests coinfections may influence cervical disease, warranting further investigation.
Molecular Detection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Other Sexually Transmitted Pathogens in Cervical and Self-Collected Specimens — Giubbi et al., International journal of molecular sciences
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
Higher lifetime trauma exposure in adolescent mothers was associated with higher evening salivary cortisol, and maternal trauma during pregnancy was associated with higher bedtime cortisol in infants, suggesting that self-collected saliva can capture diurnal cortisol patterns relevant to trauma research and decentralised sampling.
A Preliminary Investigation of Associations Between Traumatic Events Experienced During Pregnancy and Salivary Diurnal Cortisol Levels of Brazilian Adolescent Mothers and Infants — Wiley et al., American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2025
Saliva-based RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 achieved 100 per cent sensitivity and 97 per cent specificity against nasopharyngeal swabs, while rapid antigen testing on saliva showed comparable performance and detected 97 per cent of infectious cases with cycle threshold values of 30 or below. This supports saliva self-collection as an accurate, practical option for decentralised COVID-19 screening.
Evaluating saliva for SARS-CoV-2 detection: A practical alternative — Sultana et al., Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- serology
2025
In a French trial of 682 under-screened women, most found HPV self-sampling instructions clear and procedures easy, with around 80% preferring home collection over clinic visits. Urine self-sampling was better tolerated than vaginal self-sampling, suggesting it may improve participation in decentralised cervical cancer screening programmes.
Women's perceptions and preferences toward HPV self-sampling in France: A questionnaire within the French CapU4 Trial — De Pauw et al., Journal of infection and public health (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
In 121 women with abnormal cervical cytology, self-collected vaginal samples detected HPV with 77.8% concordance and 75.7% sensitivity compared to clinician-collected cervical samples using the BD Onclarity assay, while spot urine samples stored under optimal conditions (BD Probe Tec container, <72 h at room temperature) achieved only 63.9% concordance and 46.4% sensitivity. This demonstrates that self-collected vaginal sampling is a viable patient-centric approach for decentralised HPV screening, though urine-based testing requires further methodological refinement to improve clinical performance.
The Utility of an Human Papillomavirus Genotype Assay for Cancer Screening in Self-Collected Urine and Vaginal Samples from Japanese Women — Mizuno et al., Gynecologic and obstetric investigation
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
In this decentralised n-of-1 crossover trial of dapagliflozin in 20 adults with type 2 diabetes, remote collection of urine and capillary blood samples achieved 99.4% and 98.4% delivery success respectively, demonstrating that remote monitoring can reliably track individual albuminuria responses to therapy.
Albuminuria Responses to Dapagliflozin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Crossover Trial — Beernink et al., JAMA network open
- blood
- urine
- capillary
- self-collection
- dct
2025
In a decentralised phase 1 trial, healthy adults used a clinical trial app to self-collect blood microsamples and vital signs at home, with 65 to 70 per cent successfully providing blood samples and most preferring self-collection over staff collection.
Conducting clinical trials with self-collection of pharmacokinetic samples: Experience from an exploratory, phase 1, open-label trial of centanafadine SR in healthy individuals — Ye et al., Contemporary clinical trials communications
- blood
- self-collection
- acceptability
- dct
- rpm
- multimodal
2025
A saliva-derived transcriptomic signature using support vector machine learning detected gastric cancer with an AUC of 0.87, sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 70%. Tissue-based gene expression models performed poorly when applied to saliva, indicating that saliva-specific biomarker panels are needed for effective non-invasive gastric cancer screening.
Saliva-derived transcriptomic signature for gastric cancer detection using machine learning and leveraging publicly available datasets — Lopes et al., Scientific reports
- saliva
- self-collection
- biomarkers
- liquid-biopsy
2025
An optimized 4D-lipidomics UHPLC-HRMS protocol using stable isotope internal standards enabled semi-quantitative profiling of 432 unique lipid features from 10 ̢L dried blood spot samples with high analytical reproducibility. The workflow demonstrates the viability of capillary blood microsampling for large-scale, remote population lipidomics and metabolic profiling.
Dried blood spot microsampling: A semi-quantitative 4D-lipidomics approach using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC - HRMS) — Roberts et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- metabolome
- biomarkers
2025
Dried blood spot sampling matched venous serum performance for islet autoantibody detection and was considered minimally invasive and convenient by parents and stakeholders, supporting its use for decentralised screening in home or community settings.
Establishing the performance and acceptability of dried blood spot sampling to screen for islet-specific autoantibodies — Faustini et al., Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- validation
- venous-agreement
- acceptability
- pediatric
2025
In a pooled analysis of three screening studies in rural West Bengal involving 80,988 women, high-risk HPV positivity remained stable at around 5% over two decades with no significant difference between self-collected and provider-collected samples, while CIN 2+ detection rates declined significantly from 5.7 per 1000 to 2 per 1000, attributed to improved education, delayed marriage and reduced fertility rather than organised screening or vaccination.
Analysis of time trends of prevalence of high-risk HPV infections, high grade cervical precancer and cervical cancer disease in women from Eastern India over 20 years - Pooled analysis from three studies — Bose et al., Cancer epidemiology (paywalled)
- self-collection
- hpv
2025
The authors developed disposable, calibration-free electrochemical aptamer-based sensors for detecting cocaine in human saliva collected via an oral swab workflow, achieving low micromolar sensitivity with results in under five minutes, and found that food and drink residues in saliva can compromise sensor accuracy.
Single-Use Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors for Calibration-Free Measurements in Human Saliva via Dual-Frequency Approaches: Prospects and Challenges — Liu et al., Analytical chemistry (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- toxicology
2025
DNA methylation levels in self-collected cervicovaginal samples fell two years after treatment in patients who remained free of recurrent cervical cancer. This shows that home-collected urine and cervicovaginal specimens can be used to assess methylation markers for surveillance of cervical cancer recurrence.
Recurrent cervical cancer detection using DNA methylation markers in self-collected samples from home — Schaafsma et al., International journal of cancer
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- biomarkers
2025
Self-collected urine and vaginal samples were tested with a new hrHPV PCR assay and compared to cervical samples. Urine showed lower sensitivity but higher specificity than vaginal and cervical samples, while vaginal samples were slightly less sensitive than cervical samples. This supports the use of self-collection for cervical screening, though urine is less sensitive than vaginal or cervical sampling.
Diagnostic accuracy of human papillomavirus testing on self-collected samples among women referred for colposcopy — Yan et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2025
Self-collected saliva from asymptomatic healthcare workers yielded a cumulative pneumococcal carriage prevalence of 21% over four months, with 11% of samples testing positive by qPCR for piaB; serotypes 19F and 3 were common. This supports saliva as a viable decentralised specimen for respiratory pathogen surveillance.
Detection of Pneumococcal Carriage in Asymptomatic Healthcare Workers — Waghela et al., Open forum infectious diseases
- saliva
- self-collection
2025
Among people who inject drugs, point-of-care HCV testing was preferred over dried blood spot collection and venepuncture because rapid results reduced anxiety. The study shows that for decentralised screening, non-judgemental care and assisted collection are critical acceptability factors, even when self-collection is available.
Acceptability of hepatitis C testing using point-of-care testing and dried blood spot collection among people at risk of hepatitis C infection — Stevens et al., The International journal on drug policy (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- serology
2025
Over two years, 1,507 participants used in-home capillary blood spot sampling for islet autoantibody screening, with only one reporting collection failure, compared with five failures among 276 venipuncture participants. Blood spot sampling reached younger and regionally based Australians at lower cost and with greater convenience, identifying preclinical type 1 diabetes at expected prevalence and supporting early diagnosis without the barriers of clinic-based venous draws.
Islet Autoantibody Screening Throughout Australia Using In-Home Blood Spot Sampling: 2-Year Outcomes of Type1Screen — Wentworth et al., Diabetes care (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
2025
A smartphone based colourimetric assay that detects a metabolic byproduct of HPV infected cells in urine achieved sensitivity and specificity comparable to nucleic acid detection, offering a low cost, user friendly option for home self screening of HPV.
Smartphone-based urine colourimetric assay for home self-screening of HPV infection — Zhang et al., Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- hpv
- sti
2025
Escherichia coli caused 72% of lower urinary tract infections in symptomatic college women, with 95% of cases detectable at ≥10⁴ CFU/mL. Self-diagnosis accuracy reached 72%, suggesting that self-collection and self-assessment could support decentralised screening for urinary and sexually transmitted infections in this population.
Microbiology, chlamydia or gonorrhea incidence, and self-diagnosis accuracy in sexually active college women with lower urinary tract symptoms — Guertler et al., Journal of American college health : J of ACH (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
2025
The hrHPV ReadyMix qPCR Kit detected high-risk HPV DNA in self-collected urine with 80.9% sensitivity and 100% specificity when compared to cervical swabs. Urine testing identified a similar HPV prevalence (6.28%) to cervical swabs (6.62%), suggesting this non-invasive method could expand cervical cancer screening programmes in low-resource settings.
Urinary detection of high-risk HPV DNA to enhance cervical cancer screening in developing countries — Intan et al., Microbiology spectrum
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- genotyping
- hpv
- sti
2025
Urine-based HPV testing showed broad variability in diagnostic performance, with sensitivity ranging from 44.8 to 98.6 per cent and specificity from 61 to 100 per cent against cervical specimens. High patient acceptability was reported, yet standardisation is needed before this self-collection approach can be approved for decentralised cervical cancer screening.
A Narrative Review of Urine-Based Human Papillomavirus Screening: Performance, Challenges, and Opportunities to Expand Access in the United States — Yang et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
Urinary HPV testing showed lower sensitivity than cervical sampling for detecting CIN2+ (79% versus 93%) but higher specificity (58% versus 50%), and participants favoured urine self-collection. The authors conclude that while urine sampling may complement screening in resource-limited or culturally conservative settings, its suboptimal performance and absence of standardised protocols preclude its use for general population screening.
Pooled performance of urinary human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for the presence of cervical HPV — Ye et al., Cancer (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- validation
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2025
Self-collected first-void urine from male partners of women diagnosed with Chlamydia trachomatis achieved an 84.1% return rate and detected infection in 43.9% of returned specimens, with the highest partner positivity of 53.5% in women aged 16 to 25 years, indicating that targeted partner notification and self-sampling can identify prevalent infection in this demographic.
Evaluation of chlamydia trachomatis prevalence in male sexual partners: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Shaoxing, China — Guan et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- self-collection
- sti
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