The Library
1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.
Papers 101–168 of 168 labelled “hormones”, newest first.
2021
Four dried urine spots across a day matched a 24-hour liquid collection for 17 reproductive hormones and metabolites, with intraclass correlations above 0.90.
Reliability of a dried urine test for comprehensive assessment of urine hormones and metabolites — Newman & Curran, BMC Chemistry
- metabolome
- dried
- steroids
- fertility
- hormones
- liquid
- urine
- validation
2021
Mean anti-Müllerian hormone levels were nearly 24 per cent lower among combined oral contraceptive pill users compared with non-users, showing that patient-centric microsampling can generate real-world evidence to help clinicians interpret fertility biomarkers during contraceptive use.
Anti-Müllerian hormone levels among contraceptive users: evidence from a cross-sectional cohort of 27,125 individuals — Hariton et al., American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2021
Smaller cortisol awakening responses were linked to greater visual dependence in postural control, showing that home-collected saliva samples can capture biologically meaningful variations in HPA axis activity relevant to neuroendocrine function and balance regulation.
Smaller Cortisol Awakening Responses Are Associated with Greater Visual Dependence in Postural Control — Smyth et al., Healthcare
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Children with higher temperamental surgency had greater total diurnal cortisol output, but care setting did not moderate this relationship. The study shows saliva cortisol collection is feasible from toddlers in both home and centre-based environments, supporting decentralised pediatric research designs.
Child Temperament and Total Diurnal Cortisol in Out-of-Home Center-Based Child Care and in At-Home Parental Care — Tervahartiala et al., Child development
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Self-collected saliva sampling in military technicians produced stable post-awakening cortisol parameters across two days, showing the expected rise thirty minutes after waking followed by recovery. Using actigraphy to verify compliance confirms that unsupervised saliva collection in free-living settings delivers reliable data for operational health surveillance of chronically stressed personnel.
Post-awakening Cortisol in Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technicians: A Replication Study in a Novel Population — Hernández et al., Military medicine (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- actigraphy
- multimodal
2021
The Fertility Indicator Equation produced a clear signature of consecutive positive values when applied to daily serum progesterone or urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide levels, reliably signalling the transition from ovulatory to luteal phase. This approach could enable home-based fertility monitoring through self-collected urine samples.
The Fertility Indicator Equation Using Serum Progesterone and Urinary Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide for Assessment of Ovulatory to Luteal Phase Transition — Usala et al., Medicina
- blood
- urine
- fertility
- hormones
2021
Handelsman et al. validated a direct LCMS assay for pregnanediol glucuronide in dried urine spots without deconjugation. In ten women monitored across one menstrual cycle, using two or three consecutive first-void samples reduced false-negative ovulation detection from eight per cent to 2.6 per cent and 1.9 per cent respectively, enabling accurate home-based fertility assessment.
Direct measurement of pregnanediol 3-glucuronide (PDG) in dried urine spots by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect ovulation — Handelsman et al., The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
- steroids
2021
In a longitudinal case analysis of repeat sexual trauma, self-collected saliva samples revealed a dysregulated diurnal cortisol profile that tracked with immune suppression and mental health fluctuations. The study highlights the feasibility of incorporating remote self-sampling into sensitive biobehavioural monitoring over time.
The biobehavioral impacts of sexual violence: Findings from an acute repeat survivor of vaginal rape — Anderson et al., Women's health
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2021
Maternal choline intake was found to reduce the impact of adverse childhood experiences on maternal and infant cortisol responses, highlighting the role of nutrition in buffering stress biology. This supports decentralised diagnostics by demonstrating the feasibility and value of self-collected saliva samples for longitudinal, patient-centric monitoring of hormonal biomarkers in real-world settings.
The role of maternal nutrition during pregnancy in the intergenerational transmission of childhood adversity — Vaghef-Mehrabani et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Low-income African American emerging adults showed asymmetrical cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase reactivity to stress that correlated with experiences of racism and interpersonal trauma. Self-collected saliva revealed atypical diurnal cortisol rhythms under daily stress, showing the feasibility of decentralised biomarker monitoring for stress-related health disparities.
Stress response asymmetries in African American emerging adults exposed to chronic social adversity — Wood et al., Stress (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2021
Salivary cortisol was lower when participants self-collected at home compared with samples taken in the laboratory, and levels fell after music listening in both environments. This demonstrates that home-based saliva collection can capture physiologically relevant changes in stress hormones, which is pertinent for decentralised diagnostic and trial applications.
Psychological and Physiological Signatures of Music Listening in Different Listening Environments-An Exploratory Study — Tervaniemi et al., Brain sciences
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Dried blood spot measurements of antimüllerian hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone helped to stage reproductive ageing in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors, though 29 per cent could not be classified by STRAW+10 criteria, particularly within two years of gonadotoxic treatment. The study suggests that bleeding pattern alone may misclassify survivors and that modified staging criteria are needed for this population.
Beyond Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: Staging Reproductive Aging in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors — Medica et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- fertility
- hormones
2021
Self-collected saliva and urine samples from prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes revealed altered nocturnal cortisol metabolism, with lower urinary glucocorticoid metabolites and higher morning salivary cortisone levels compared with healthy controls. This demonstrates that decentralised home sampling can detect HPA axis hyperactivity in paediatric populations with endocrine disease.
Altered Cortisol Metabolism Increases Nocturnal Cortisol Bioavailability in Prepubertal Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus — Brossaud et al., Frontiers in endocrinology
- saliva
- urine
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
A surrogate-analyte LC-MS/MS method for cortisol in whole blood was validated, showing linearity from 0.5 to 500 ng/mL with acceptable accuracy and precision per regulatory guidance. Evaluation of patient samples demonstrated comparable cortisol concentrations in whole blood and plasma, indicating that whole blood sampling could support patient-centric, at-home collection in decentralised trials and clinical diagnostics.
A validated surrogate analyte LC-MS/MS assay for quantification of endogenous cortisol in human whole blood — Agrawal et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- blood
- liquid
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
- dct
2021
Fathers who self-collected saliva at home showed that greater engagement in childcare, particularly cuddling, was associated with a more pronounced diurnal decline in testosterone and lower cortisol levels. This demonstrates saliva sampling can capture behaviourally relevant hormone changes, supporting its use for decentralised monitoring of stress and reproductive hormones.
Fathering behavior, attachment, and engagement in childcare predict testosterone and cortisol — Ahnert et al., Developmental psychobiology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Nineteen healthy adults showed high compliance to a three-day home salivary sampling protocol, with 95% collecting the correct number of samples. Morning cortisol and cortisone profiles had moderate reproducibility, requiring three to four days of sampling to achieve high reliability, indicating that home-based protocols can support decentralised stress-hormone monitoring.
Feasibility of home-based sampling of salivary cortisol and cortisone in healthy adults — Sørensen et al., BMC research notes
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
2021
Children aged 8 to 14 living in neighbourhoods with higher concentrated poverty showed higher diurnal cortisol output when measured in saliva samples. Otherwise, cortisol output showed little association with other aspects of social disadvantage, suggesting limited support for HPA axis dysregulation as a general mechanism linking socioeconomic inequality to health outcomes in childhood.
Weak and uneven associations of home, neighborhood, and school environments with stress hormone output across multiple timescales — Malanchini et al., Molecular psychiatry (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2021
Dried urine microsampling with volumetric absorptive microsampling and dried urine spot improved the stability of peptide hormones and growth factors during drying, storage and transport, enabling reliable LC-MS/MS quantitation for anti-doping testing.
Enhanced urinary stability of peptide hormones and growth factors by dried urine microsampling — Protti et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- vams
- validation
- hormones
- doping
- toxicology
2021
Daily home-based saliva collection proved feasible for six to eight weeks in people with dementia and their caregivers, with a quarter showing decreases in both morning and evening cortisol, suggesting stress reduction. Caregivers displayed a significant flattening of the morning to evening cortisol slope and dyads showed correlated evening cortisol trends, demonstrating that self-sampling can objectively monitor stress in decentralised studies of vulnerable populations.
The use of saliva steroids (cortisol and DHEA-s) as biomarkers of changing stress levels in people with dementia and their caregivers: A pilot study — Theorell et al., Science progress
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- dct
2020
A direct DUS-versus-VAMS comparison for 13 steroids on the same urine: VAMS gave better precision and recovery and superior one-year room-temperature stability.
Dried urine microsampling coupled to LC-MS/MS for the analysis of unconjugated anabolic-androgenic steroids — Protti et al., Molecules
- vams
- volumetric
- doping
- dried
- steroids
- toxicology
- hormones
- urine
- validation
2020
Late-night salivary cortisol was a highly sensitive screen, about 97%, for ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome, but performed poorly for adrenal disease: a validated screening, not confirmatory, test.
Prospective Evaluation of Late-Night Salivary Cortisol and Cortisone in Suspected Cushing Syndrome — Kannankeril et al., J. Endocrine Society
- cortisol
- hormones
- liquid
- validation
- saliva
2020
Dried blood spots collected serially from 763 female adolescent and young adult cancer survivors for up to 18 months revealed that anti-Müllerian hormone trajectories vary markedly by treatment gonadotoxicity and age at diagnosis. This establishes patient-centric microsampling as a viable method for longitudinal fertility assessment in decentralised oncology follow-up care.
Modeling Variation in the Reproductive Lifespan of Female Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors Using AMH — Su et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- fertility
- hormones
2020
Finger-stick dried blood spots from 191 young women yielded anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations in the normal range (mean 5.66 ng/mL) and were deemed acceptable, with 81 per cent comfortable with collection and 88 per cent willing to repeat it. This supports feasibility of decentralised reproductive health studies, though validation against gold-standard measures remains necessary.
A pilot study for exploring blood spot anti-mullerian hormone for population-based adolescent reproductive health research — Hall et al., Frontiers in women's health (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2020
Self-collected salivary cortisol, measured at three daily time points in cocaine-abstinent outpatients, showed elevated morning levels and area-under-the-curve values that correlated positively with craving and negatively with verbal memory performance. This pilot study suggests home-based cortisol monitoring could help track relapse risk and cognitive impairment in substance-use disorders.
Salivary Cortisol Levels Are Associated with Craving and Cognitive Performance in Cocaine-Abstinent Subjects: A Pilot Study — Sampedro-Piquero et al., Brain sciences
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2020
Self-collected saliva samples taken six times daily across three weekdays from 49 Chinese undergraduates showed that higher trait resilience is associated with a stronger cortisol awakening response and steeper diurnal decline. The protocol, which objectively monitored compliance, supports the feasibility of intensive decentralised sampling for stress-axis biomarker research.
Biomarking Trait Resilience With Salivary Cortisol in Chinese Undergraduates — Lai et al., Frontiers in psychology
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2020
Saliva cortisol levels were 30% higher overall in toddlers receiving at-home childcare compared with centre-based care, although both groups displayed typical circadian rhythms. Home-based, patient-centric microsampling of saliva is feasible in paediatric populations, and these findings show that caregiving context must be accounted for when interpreting decentralised cortisol results.
Toddlers' diurnal cortisol levels affected by out-of-home, center-based childcare and at-home, guardian-supervised childcare: comparison between different caregiving contexts — Tervahartiala et al., European child & adolescent psychiatry
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2020
Vibration during maximal cycling increased salivary cortisol by 83% compared with no vibration, while testosterone did not differ, reducing the testosterone/cortisol ratio. This demonstrates that saliva can detect exercise modality effects on stress hormones, which could inform remote monitoring of training load or rehabilitation if self-collection methods were validated.
Salivary endocrine response following a maximal incremental cycling protocol with local vibration — Jemni et al., PloS one
- saliva
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2020
In a randomised trial of 260 women undergoing natural cycle frozen embryo transfer, home-based ovulation monitoring using urine LH tests provided greater feelings of empowerment and treatment discretion compared with hospital monitoring, despite similar increases in anxiety and sadness across both pathways.
Home- or hospital-based monitoring to time frozen embryo transfer in the natural cycle? Patient-reported outcomes and experiences from the Antarctica-2 randomised controlled trial — Zaat et al., Human reproduction
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
- dct
2020
The magnitude of the cortisol awakening response, measured from self-collected saliva at home, positively predicted performance on an attention-switching task later the same day in healthy young adults. The association held only when sampling occurred within eight minutes of waking, demonstrating that precise electronic timing verification is essential for valid decentralised saliva-based cognitive biomarker studies.
The cortisol awakening response predicts a same-day index of executive function in healthy young adults — Law et al., International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2020
An LC-MS/MS assay for testosterone, androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone using Mitra microsampling devices achieved mean recoveries of 102%, 98% and 97% respectively, with limits of quantification of 1–4 nmol/L. This analytical validation demonstrates that volumetric absorptive microsampling can deliver reliable reproductive hormone measurements, supporting its use in decentralised diagnostics.
Quantification of testosterone, androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in whole blood collected using Mitra microsampling devices — Marshall et al., Annals of clinical biochemistry (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- fertility
- hormones
2020
Acutely concussed youth studied at home showed longer sleep latency and greater fatigue than controls, with altered overnight cortisol dynamics and lower bedtime melatonin; these home-based saliva and actigraphy measures highlight decentralised endpoints for acute concussion care.
Sleep and stress in the acute phase of concussion in youth — Maerlender et al., Sports medicine and health science
- saliva
- liquid
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
- actigraphy
- multimodal
2020
In 385 expectant couples, maternal psychological stress during late pregnancy strengthened the diurnal cortisol linkage between partners when saliva was self-collected at home. This demonstrates that home-based sampling can capture clinically relevant interpersonal physiological dynamics that may influence prenatal and postnatal health.
Maternal psychological stress moderates diurnal cortisol linkage in expectant fathers and mothers during late pregnancy — Braren et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2020
Capillary blood collected with Neoteryx Mitra VAMS microsampling devices can quantify IGF-1 by automated chemiluminescent immunoassay after aqueous extraction. The hormone is stable for at least one month at room temperature, and dried blood concentrations match serum after dilution correction, though capillary samples underestimate high serum values, supporting patient-centric, decentralised endocrine monitoring but requiring population-specific reference ranges.
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) technology for IGF-1 quantification by automated chemiluminescent immunoassay in dried blood — Marchand et al., Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- vams
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- venous-agreement
- hormones
2020
Home-collected saliva samples revealed that patients with central serous chorioretinopathy exhibit a higher cortisol awakening response and altered diurnal trajectories of salivary cortisol and α-amylase compared with controls. This demonstrates that self-sampling can capture chronobiological biomarker differences associated with stress-related eye disease, supporting decentralised collection for ophthalmic and neuroendocrine research.
Diurnal trajectories of salivary cortisol and α-amylase and psychological profiles in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy — Scarinci et al., Chronobiology international (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2020
Women using a home-based, app-connected urine ovulation test achieved pregnancy in 25.4% of first cycles versus 14.7% for those not using tests (p<0.001), with a cumulative two-cycle rate of 40.8% versus 30.0% (p=0.026). This shows that decentralised hormone self-sampling can significantly improve conception rates while reducing intercourse frequency through better cycle timing.
Increased Likelihood of Pregnancy Using an App-Connected Ovulation Test System: A Randomized Controlled Trial — Johnson et al., Journal of women's health
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
- dct
2020
Dried urine spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling methods were validated for quantifying six corticosteroids in 30 μl urine, showing good linearity, extraction yields exceeding 81 percent, and precision within 15 percent relative standard deviation. Analytes remained stable for seven days at room temperature, indicating urine microsampling is viable for remote antidoping control and could support decentralised steroid monitoring.
Microsampling and LC-MS/MS for antidoping testing of glucocorticoids in urine — Protti et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- urine
- dried
- vams
- validation
- hormones
- steroids
- doping
- toxicology
2020
A GC-MS/MS method for anabolic steroids in VAMS dried blood from finger pricking demonstrated good precision, accuracy and stability, with results agreeing with serum specimens. In a testosterone gel administration trial, dried blood total testosterone identified transdermal micro-dosing, with concentrations rising up to ten times baseline at nine hours post-application, supporting decentralised doping screening.
Determination of anabolic steroids in dried blood using microsampling and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to a testosterone gel administration study — Chang et al., Journal of chromatography. A (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- validation
- venous-agreement
- hormones
- doping
2019
This study found that dried urine metabolite patterns followed serum concentrations. It shows excellent agreement for the 4-spot method versus 24-hour collections and dried versus liquid urine, with intraclass correlation coefficients greater than 0.95.
Evaluating urinary estrogen and progesterone metabolites using dried filter-paper samples and GC-MS/MS — Newman et al., BMC Chemistry
- dried
- steroids
- fertility
- hormones
- liquid
- urine
- validation
2019
Male fire and emergency service workers showed a lower cortisol awakening response and post-awakening cortisol levels the day after a night on-call with a call, likely due to noise, exertion and stress during callouts. This supports the use of decentralised saliva sampling to assess real-world physiological stress responses in working populations.
Salivary cortisol profiles of on-call from home fire and emergency service personnel — Hall et al., Stress (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- actigraphy
- multimodal
2019
The assay quantifies salivary progesterone with a 5.5 min run time, LLOQ 20 pmol/L, CV and bias <11%, and mean recovery 91%, and it was applied to profile progesterone across the menstrual cycle and during the luteal phase in women, enabling high-throughput, home-based hormone monitoring.
A novel high-throughput assay for the measurement of salivary progesterone by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry — Schiffer et al., Annals of clinical biochemistry (paywalled)
- saliva
- liquid
- validation
- fertility
- hormones
2019
In 152 low-income pregnant women, saliva self-collected at home by passive drool showed that higher mindfulness and social support correlated with lower perceived stress reactivity, yet the cortisol awakening response did not differ. This demonstrates that home saliva sampling is feasible for stress biomarker assessment in pregnancy, but psychological interventions may affect subjective stress ratings more than physiological cortisol levels.
The influence of mindfulness and social support on stress reactivity during pregnancy — Sanchez Hernandez et al., Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2019
Adverse childhood family environments were associated with lower resting blood pressure in women but not men, and home-collected saliva samples showed women had lower total cortisol output than men. This supports the use of self-collected saliva for investigating stress biomarkers in patient-centric cardiovascular research.
Associations between adverse childhood family environments and blood pressure differ between men and women — Schreier et al., PloS one
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2019
Parents of hospitalised children had lower morning saliva cortisol levels on the ward than when self-sampling at home four weeks later, while postawakening cortisol and cortisol awakening response did not differ between settings. This demonstrates that self-collected saliva can capture setting-specific differences in stress biomarkers, supporting decentralised studies of caregiver wellbeing.
The cortisol response in parents staying with a sick child at hospital — Angelhoff et al., Nursing open
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2019
Matched fingerstick capillary blood samples showed near-perfect agreement with venipuncture across anti-müllerian hormone, estradiol, FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone, TSH and free T4, with correlations of 0.99–1.00 and minimal bias, supporting interchangeable use and enabling virtually painless at-home testing for fertility hormone assessment.
Concordance of Fingerstick and Venipuncture Sampling for Fertility Hormones — Burke et al., Obstetrics and gynecology (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- validation
- venous-agreement
- fertility
- hormones
2019
In this pilot study, a home-based urinary PDG test achieved 100% specificity and 85-88% sensitivity for confirming ovulation against serum progesterone. With half of participants finding the test easy to use, the results support further development of decentralised fertility monitoring, though a larger trial is needed for definitive validation.
Pilot observational prospective cohort study on the use of a novel home-based urinary pregnanediol 3-glucuronide (PDG) test to confirm ovulation when used as adjunct to fertility awareness methods (FAMs) stage 1 — Leiva et al., BMJ open
- urine
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2019
A urine progesterone self-test using a 5 μg/mL threshold confirmed ovulation in 82% of cycles, compared with 59% when a 7 μg/mL threshold was used. This pilot study shows that home-based urine testing can reliably detect luteal phase progesterone rise, supporting decentralised fertility monitoring.
Pilot Evaluation of a New Urine Progesterone Test to Confirm Ovulation in Women Using a Fertility Monitor — Bouchard et al., Frontiers in public health
- urine
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2019
Subcutaneous testosterone undecanoate injection was equally acceptable to intramuscular injection despite causing more pain at 24 hours, with most men preferring the intramuscular route. Pharmacokinetic analysis using dried blood spots showed a later peak concentration after subcutaneous injection, but no clinically meaningful differences in overall exposure, suggesting subcutaneous administration is a viable alternative without dose adjustment.
Pharmacokinetics and Acceptability of Subcutaneous Injection of Testosterone Undecanoate — Turner et al., Journal of the Endocrine Society (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- acceptability
- hormones
- tdm
2019
In extremely preterm-born children, salivary cortisol and DHEA at age 6 correlated inversely with early postnatal growth measures and positively with systolic blood pressure, and DHEA was higher than in term-born children, suggesting perinatal programming of cardiometabolic risk.
Adrenal function links to early postnatal growth and blood pressure at age 6 in children born extremely preterm — Watterberg et al., Pediatric research
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2019
Women showed elevated evening saliva cortisol and flattened diurnal variation with higher aircraft noise exposure, whereas morning cortisol and all measures in men were unchanged. These findings from self-collected samples demonstrate saliva can serve as a decentralised biomarker for environmentally driven hormonal dysregulation in large cohorts.
Saliva cortisol in relation to aircraft noise exposure: pooled-analysis results from seven European countries — Baudin et al., Environmental health : a global access science source
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2019
In a pilot of eight perimenopausal women, daily self-collected saliva assays and online symptom questionnaires showed that progesterone modifies estradiol’s association with binge eating and body dissatisfaction, broadly aligning with data from younger women. This demonstrates that decentralised hormone monitoring can capture clinically relevant symptom fluctuations, supporting the feasibility of remote studies in midlife women.
Ovarian hormones influence eating disorder symptom variability during the menopause transition: A pilot study — Baker et al., Eating behaviors (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
2019
In a rural Indian cohort of 712 infants, each additional childhood adversity factor was associated with a 6.1% increase in hair cortisol concentration, while diurnal salivary cortisol measures showed no association. This demonstrates that chronic stress biomarkers can be reliably measured from hair and saliva collected during home visits, supporting decentralised paediatric research in low-resource settings.
The contribution of childhood adversity to cortisol measures of early life stress amongst infants in rural India: Findings from the early life stress sub-study of the SPRING cluster randomised controlled trial (SPRING-ELS) — Bhopal et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2018
Self-collected saliva cortisol and cortisone showed good correlation with free, non-protein-bound serum concentrations across a pregnancy cycle, supporting saliva as a decentralised surrogate for monitoring free glucocorticosteroid levels. Plasma protein binding of cortisone decreased from 86.3 per cent to 80.7 per cent during pregnancy while cortisol binding remained stable at approximately 96 per cent.
The plasma protein binding of the endogenous glucocorticosteroids is of vital importance for the concentrations in hair and saliva — Krumbholz et al., Forensic science international (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2018
Afternoon salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly higher when collected in the laboratory than when self-collected at home, indicating that collection setting materially influences results. No significant differences were found across menstrual cycle phases or by relationship status, suggesting these factors do not confound basal cortisol measurements in healthy women.
Salivary Afternoon Cortisol and Relationship Status in Healthy Women with Regular Menstrual Cycles — Wilson et al., Women's reproductive health (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- fertility
- hormones
- cortisol
2018
Monthly rotating shift type significantly altered the cortisol awakening response (CARi) in female nurses who self-collected saliva at home. This demonstrates that patient-centric microsampling can capture stress-hormone changes related to occupational schedules, supporting decentralised monitoring of worker health.
Influence of shift type on sleep quality of female nurses working monthly rotating shifts with cortisol awakening response as mediating variable — Chang, Chronobiology international (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2018
Home-collected saliva showed that six days of escitalopram steepened diurnal cortisol slopes in healthy women by raising waking cortisol, suggesting SSRIs may correct flattened cortisol rhythms in depression. No effects were seen on cortisol awakening response or total daily output, demonstrating that self-sampling can capture drug-induced endocrine changes.
The effects of six-day SSRI administration on diurnal cortisol secretion in healthy volunteers — Ronaldson et al., Psychopharmacology
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2018
Home self-collection of saliva at 32 weeks gestation demonstrated sex-specific associations between maternal cortisol and infant birth weight, with a significant positive association in males. This shows that decentralised sampling can capture clinically relevant hormone data for prenatal research without clinic visits.
Associations between maternal prenatal cortisol and fetal growth are specific to infant sex: findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study — Braithwaite et al., Journal of developmental origins of health and disease (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2018
The immunosensor accurately measured salivary cortisol across the physiological range with good reproducibility and recovery, and showed strong agreement with UHPLC-MS/MS, enabling reliable patient self-collection for stress hormone monitoring.
Disposable electrochemical immunosensor for cortisol determination in human saliva — Kämäräinen et al., Talanta (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
2017
In low income children, lower cortisol output strengthened the association between lack of routine and poorer emotion regulation, suggesting that underlying stress biology may shape how home environment influences child emotion regulation.
Child cortisol moderates the association between family routines and emotion regulation in low-income children — Miller et al., Developmental psychobiology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- pediatric
- hormones
- cortisol
2017
Aircraft noise exposure flattened the daily cortisol rhythm in 1244 adults, with unchanged morning but higher evening saliva cortisol levels. This shows home-collected saliva can monitor stress-related HPA axis changes linked to cardiovascular disease risk, supporting decentralised biomarker screening.
Effects of aircraft noise exposure on saliva cortisol near airports in France — Lefèvre et al., Occupational and environmental medicine (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
- biomarkers
2016
Young female cancer survivors aged 18 to 44 can successfully self-collect dried blood spot samples at home, with 91% submitting specimens adequate for AMH assay. This demonstrates feasibility of patient-centric, decentralised monitoring of ovarian reserve in geographically dispersed populations, though generalisability may be limited to highly educated, higher-income groups.
Self-collected dried blood spots as a tool for measuring ovarian reserve in young female cancer survivors — Roberts et al., Human reproduction (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- dbs
- self-collection
- acceptability
- fertility
- hormones
2015
Capillary thyroid stimulating hormone values in the 4-6 mU/L range in children with Down syndrome rarely indicate true hypothyroidism, as venous free thyroxine was normal in almost all cases. The authors propose a decentralised screening algorithm that uses repeat finger-prick testing after six months rather than venepuncture for school-aged children with borderline elevations, which could reduce patient burden and support patient-centric care.
Screening for hypothyroidism in Down syndrome using the capillary thyroid stimulating hormone method — McGowan et al., The Journal of pediatrics (paywalled)
- blood
- capillary
- venous-agreement
- pediatric
- hormones
2015
In healthy adults self-collecting saliva at home, cortisol did not increase for up to ten minutes after awakening. Delays of five to fifteen minutes before the first sample overestimated the cortisol awakening response and shifted its peak earlier, demonstrating that strict timing adherence is essential for accurate measurement in decentralised settings.
Detailed time course of the cortisol awakening response in healthy participants — Smyth et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
2015
Combining volumetric absorptive microsampling with phospholipid removal plates reduces matrix effects and delivers high sensitivity for dried blood hepcidin quantification. This method establishes a reliable microsampling protocol to quantify this peptide hormone while mitigating haematocrit bias.
Hepcidin determination in dried blood by microfluidic LC-MS/MS: comparison of DBS and volumetric absorptive microsampling for matrix effect and recovery — Houbart et al., Bioanalysis (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- vams
- dbs
- neoteryx-mitra
- validation
- hormones
- haematocrit
2015
Salivary cortisol concentrations were unchanged after storage at -18 °C, -4 °C, 4 °C or room temperature for 72 h, and after simulated postal transport with a freezing element, when compared with samples kept continuously at -80 °C. This confirms that enzyme immunoassay of self-collected saliva is robust for home-sampling and postal delivery in decentralised studies.
The effect of storage conditions on salivary cortisol concentrations using an enzyme immunoassay — Nalla et al., Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- validation
- hormones
- cortisol
2014
A US survey of 3,400 adults aged 62 to 90 collected up to 15 biomeasures at home, including saliva, dried blood spots and urine, with Salivette and Oragene among the devices used, which shows that several patient-centric sampling methods can run together in home-based research.
Continuity and innovation in the data collection protocols of the second Wave of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project — Jaszczak et al., The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences (paywalled)
- actigraphy
- multimodal
- blood
- dbs
- cortisol
- dna-genotek-oragene
- self-collection
- dried
- bd-microtainer
- hormones
- liquid
- urine
- saliva
- biomarkers
- genotyping
2014
Finger‑prick dried blood spots gave almost identical nandrolone and testosterone concentrations to venous samples. Home self‑collection for 21 days was well tolerated, showing that microsampling supports decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring without clinic visits, venesection or frozen storage.
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of subcutaneous injection of depot nandrolone decanoate using dried blood spots sampling coupled with ultrapressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assays — Singh et al., The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (paywalled)
- blood
- dried
- capillary
- dbs
- self-collection
- venous-agreement
- hormones
- tdm
2014
In a cross-over study of adults with phenylketonuria, adding tryptophan and tyrosine to large neutral amino acid therapy increased urine dopamine but not melatonin metabolite levels, indicating serotonin synthesis remains suppressed by phenylalanine. The protocol demonstrates first-void urine sampling can support therapeutic drug monitoring for metabolic disorders.
Melatonin and dopamine as biomarkers to optimize treatment in phenylketonuria: effects of tryptophan and tyrosine supplementation — Yano et al., The Journal of pediatrics (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- hormones
- biomarkers
2014
Self-collected saliva revealed that perceived stress at home, but not at work, was associated with a lower cortisol awakening response and flatter diurnal slope, an effect seen only in women. This demonstrates that home-based saliva sampling can detect stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes, supporting its use in remote stress monitoring and highlighting sex-specific responses.
Diurnal salivary cortisol in relation to perceived stress at home and at work in healthy men and women — Sjörs et al., Biological psychology (paywalled)
- saliva
- self-collection
- hormones
- cortisol
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