The Library

1530 papers on microsampling and monitoring, each with a finding paraphrased to our standard and labelled in one vocabulary. Every entry links to a legitimate copy; nothing is copied from an abstract.

Papers 101–180 of 180 labelled “first-void”, newest first.

2021
First-void urine collected via Colli-Pee found no HPV DNA in ocular swabs and no genital-ocular association, refuting autoinoculation in pterygium. Tear VEGF was elevated in pterygium while IL-6, IL-18 and VEGF were raised in dry eye, demonstrating condition-specific cytokine patterns.
Lack of HPV in pterygium with no evidence of autoinoculation and the role of cytokines in pterygium with dry eye — Uthaithammarat et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- first-void
- hpv
2021
The Xpert CT/NG test demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in first-void urine and cervical swab specimens against reference methods. The 90-minute point-of-care turnaround time could enable decentralised, patient-centric testing with prompt treatment for sexually transmitted infections.
Clinical Performance of the Xpert® CT/NG Test for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Multicenter Evaluation in Chinese Urban Hospitals — Han et al., Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2021
In Ugandan PLHIV, asymptomatic STIs were found in 3.9% overall and 5.7% in women, with risk higher under 25 years and with multiple partners. Self-sampling was highly acceptable, with over 95% finding it easy and comfortable and 83.8% believing the results, supporting decentralised STI screening using self-collected urine.
Prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a Ugandan population most at risk of HIV transmission — Mabonga et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2021
The study found that HPV detection in first-void urine samples was feasible in a decentralised setting, with high rates of type-specific persistence from mid-pregnancy to delivery and clear associations with behavioural risk factors. This supports the use of urine-based microsampling for monitoring sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy in a patient-centric way.
Maternal human papillomavirus infections at mid-pregnancy and delivery in a Scandinavian mother-child cohort study — Værnesbranden et al., International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- hpv
- sti
2021
Modified pooled sampling using gargle and first-void urine achieved sensitivities of 94.2% for Chlamydia trachomatis and 98.3% for Neisseria gonorrhoeae with near-perfect concordance to single-site testing, supporting its use as a decentralised screening approach in asymptomatic men who have sex with men.
Modified self-obtained pooled sampling to screen for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in men who have sex with men — Ando et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2021
Host cell DNA methylation levels in first-void urine increased with disease severity among HR-HPV positive women, and GHSR and LHX8 methylation discriminated CIN2+ with AUCs of 0.80 and 0.76, respectively, supporting decentralised urine-based triage to improve cervical screening uptake.
Triage of human papillomavirus infected women by methylation analysis in first-void urine — Van Keer et al., Scientific reports
- urine
- first-void
- hpv
- biomarkers
2021
Pooled sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 89% for high-risk HPV in first-void urine indicate acceptable diagnostic test accuracy for cervical HPV, supporting its use as a non-invasive decentralised screening option.
Diagnostic Test Accuracy of First-Void Urine Human Papillomaviruses for Presence Cervical HPV in Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis — Bober et al., International journal of environmental research and public health
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
2021
Two dry vaginal self-sampling devices and a first-void urine collector detected over 90% of high-grade cervical lesions (CIN 3+) and all invasive cancers, with sensitivity comparable to clinician-taken smears. Participants found the devices easy to use and self-sampling was well accepted, which could improve uptake of cervical screening.
CoCoss-Trial: Concurrent Comparison of Self-Sampling Devices for HPV-Detection — Ertik et al., International journal of environmental research and public health
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
- sti
2020
Vaccine-induced HPV antibodies from cervicovaginal secretions were detectable in first-void urine and correlated with serum levels, so one self-collected urine sample can monitor both HPV infection and immunogenicity without a blood draw; the authors see promise for decentralised follow-up after vaccination.
Non-invasive Assessment of Vaccine-Induced HPV Antibodies via First-Void Urine — Pattyn et al., Frontiers in Immunology
- first-void
- sti
- serology
- hpv
- liquid-biopsy
- liquid
- urine
- biomarkers
2020
Urine samples produced lower cycle threshold values than urethral swabs for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae positives, but the two methods yielded highly consistent results with only four discordant findings among 100 male outpatients. This validates clinician-collected swabs as an alternative to first-void urine on the cobas 4800 platform, which could aid decentralised diagnostics where urine collection is impractical.
Clinician-collected urethra swab: A good alternative sample type using cobas 4800 system for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men — Wang et al., Journal of clinical laboratory analysis
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2020
In fifteen men consuming a controlled salt intake, second-void urine provided more reliable estimates of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion than first-void urine, with the sodium-to-potassium ratio in first-day second-void samples showing significant correlation with measured 24-hour output. This suggests spot second-void sampling could replace cumbersome 24-hour collections for sodium intake assessment in decentralised nutrition monitoring.
Development of objective indicators for quantitative analysis of sodium intake: the sodium to potassium ratio of second-void urine is correlated with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion — Kim et al., Nutrition research and practice
- urine
- first-void
- validation
2020
A head-to-head comparison of three commercial assays on self-collected vaginal swabs and first-void urine from 300 women showed Aptima MG achieved 100% sensitivity for Mycoplasma genitalium on both specimen types, while ResistancePlus MG sensitivity fell to 83.3% on urine versus 100% on swabs, and Seeplex STD6 ACE performed poorly on both. This demonstrates that for decentralised STI diagnostics, both assay choice and specimen type profoundly affect accuracy, with vaginal swabs proving more reliable than urine for two of the three tests.
Comparison of Assays for the Diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium and Macrolide Resistance Mutations in Self-Collected Vaginal Swabs and Urine — Chernesky et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- sti
2020
Among 196 women providing first-void urine, bacterial vaginosis correlated with Gardnerella biofilms on vaginal cells (88–90% of cases) and inversely with Lactobacillus biofilms. This confirms bacterial growth form as a diagnostic marker for vaginal dysbiosis, though no association was found with UTI symptoms, HIV status, or discharge.
Growth Forms of Gardnerella spp. and Lactobacillus spp. on Vaginal Cells — Jung et al., Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- microbiome
2020
First-void urine HPV antibody concentrations were lower than serum but showed strong positive correlations across four HPV types. The VLP-based multiplex ELISA demonstrated moderate to good agreement with the GST-L1 assay, confirming that self-collected first-void urine offers a viable non-invasive alternative for assessing HPV vaccine responses in decentralised studies, though larger investigations are needed to establish routine feasibility.
Comparison of a VLP-based and GST-L1-based multiplex immunoassay to detect vaccine-induced HPV-specific antibodies in first-void urine — Pattyn et al., Journal of medical virology
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- serology
- hpv
2020
In patients undergoing upfront MRI and image-guided biopsy, adding MDx-2 RNA biomarker scores and embedded clinical variables to PI-RADS-v2 improved prediction of high-grade prostate cancer compared with PI-RADS-v2 alone (AUC 0.80 vs 0.67), though the two combined models did not differ significantly, suggesting that biomarkers and clinical predictors in MDx-2 require reassessment in this diagnostic pathway.
Independent Evaluation of the Respective Predictive Values for High-Grade Prostate Cancer of Clinical Information and RNA Biomarkers after Upfront MRI and Image-Guided Biopsies — Roumiguié et al., Cancers
- urine
- first-void
- biomarkers
2020
HPV DNA was detected significantly more often in first-void urine from patients with urothelial carcinoma than from controls, indicating an association between HPV infection and bladder cancer.
Is There any Association between Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder and Human Papillomavirus? A Case-Control Study — Sarier et al., Urologia internationalis (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- hpv
2019
At-home first-void urine self-collection with Colli-Pee was feasible, well accepted, and gave chlamydia/gonorrhoea detection comparable to routine clinic-based urine, supporting home first-void sampling for populations needing frequent STI testing.
Evaluation of Colli-Pee first-void urine self-sampling at home versus clinic-based collection for sexually transmitted infections in MSM — De Baetselier et al., BMJ Open
- colli-pee
- acceptability
- first-void
- sti
- self-collection
- liquid
- urine
2019
In women with HPV, first-void urine collected with the Colli-Pee device had higher HPV DNA concentrations than urine collected with a standard cup, although this advantage disappeared at high HPV DNA loads. Timing of collection (morning versus later) did not affect HPV DNA copies.
Human papillomavirus detection in urine: Effect of a first-void urine collection device and timing of collection — Pattyn et al., Journal of virological methods (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2019
Treating first-void urine with Aptima Transfer Solution increased HPV mRNA positivity from about 21-28% to 34-46%, with good overall agreement (81.1%, kappa 0.63) compared with cervical samples; however, cervical specimens detected more HPV in women with abnormal cytology or histopathology, indicating that urine may be less sensitive in this subgroup.
Treatment of first-void urine with Aptima Transfer Solution increases detection of high-risk HPV E6/E7 mRNA — Arias et al., Journal of virological methods (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2019
First-void urine PCR showed strong correlations between Ureaplasma urealyticum and most bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria in men with non-gonococcal urethritis. This indicates first-void urine can identify organisms potentially involved in male urethral inflammation, supporting its use for decentralised STI screening.
Detection of ureaplasmas and bacterial vaginosis associated bacteria and their association with non-gonococcal urethritis in men — Frølund et al., PloS one
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2019
Self-collected first-void urine and vaginal swabs performed at home showed high prevalence and perfect clinic concordance for Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, enabling accurate decentralised STI testing.
Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Detected With Aptima Assays Performed on Self-Obtained Vaginal Swabs and Urine Collected at Home and in a Clinic — Chernesky et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- sti
2019
The Colli-Pee device achieved very good to almost perfect agreement with clinic collected urine for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and mycoplasma testing, and participants found it feasible and convenient for home sampling, supporting its use for frequent STI screening in at-risk groups.
Evaluation of the 'Colli-Pee', a first-void urine collection device for self-sampling at home for the detection of sexually transmitted infections, versus a routine clinic-based urine collection in a one-to-one comparison study design: efficacy and acceptability among MSM in Belgium — De Baetselier et al., BMJ open
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- sti
2019
Human adenoviruses are frequently detected and isolated from first-void urine in patients with urethritis and can continue to be shed at high levels for up to 12 days after symptoms resolve, indicating prolonged viral excretion that matters for decentralised diagnostics.
Infectious human adenoviruses are shed in urine even after disappearance of urethral symptoms — Hanaoka et al., PloS one
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
2019
In Ghana STI clinics, first-void urine NAAT showed that painful urination and urethral discharge were significantly associated with gonorrhoea, helping target testing and public health measures.
Risk factors associated with gonorrhea and chlamydia transmission in selected health facilities in Ghana — Dela et al., BMC infectious diseases
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2019
Mid-stream urine samples were significantly more accurate than first-void urine for point-of-care dipstick, microscopy and culture tests in diagnosing urinary tract infection in general practice, with error rates of 16% versus 23% for culture. A delay in analysis of up to four hours did not reduce test accuracy, which supports practical implementation in decentralised settings.
Sampling of urine for diagnosing urinary tract infection in general practice - First-void or mid-stream urine? — Pernille et al., Scandinavian journal of primary health care
- urine
- first-void
- validation
2019
This study demonstrates for the first time that HPV vaccine antibodies can be detected in first-void urine from young women, with levels correlating strongly to serum (Spearman r 0.64–0.88). This non-invasive approach could support large-scale epidemiological studies and vaccine monitoring, reducing the need for venous blood draws, though further optimisation and validation is needed.
First-void urine as a non-invasive liquid biopsy source to detect vaccine-induced human papillomavirus antibodies originating from cervicovaginal secretions — Van Keer et al., Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- venous-agreement
- serology
- hpv
2019
Non-tobacco users who attended six-hour e-cigarette events showed up to 13-fold increases in urinary cotinine and significant rises in salivary cotinine, both peaking four hours after exposure, with acrolein metabolites also increasing but tobacco-specific nitrosamines unchanged. The multi-timepoint collection of urine including first-void specimens and saliva demonstrates how exposure biomarkers can be tracked through biological samples collected outside a clinic setting.
A biomonitoring assessment of secondhand exposures to electronic cigarette emissions — Johnson et al., International journal of hygiene and environmental health (paywalled)
- saliva
- urine
- first-void
- toxicology
- biomarkers
2019
Mycoplasma genitalium infection persisted for a median of 143 days after syndromic treatment, with 62% of men harbouring macrolide resistance mutations. The findings highlight that first-void urine testing is needed to detect persistent infection and guide appropriate antibiotic therapy in decentralised sexual health settings.
Long Duration of Asymptomatic Mycoplasma genitalium Infection After Syndromic Treatment for Nongonococcal Urethritis — Romano et al., Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2019
First-void urine testing identified Mycoplasma genitalium in 12.8% of men with non-gonococcal urethritis, with macrolide resistance in 89.7% of men who have sex with men compared with 50% of men with only female partners. This demonstrates that urine-based molecular screening can detect clinically significant resistance patterns that affect treatment choices.
Men Who Have Sex With Men With Mycoplasma genitalium-Positive Nongonococcal Urethritis Are More Likely to Have Macrolide-Resistant Strains Than Men With Only Female Partners: A Prospective Study — McIver et al., Sexually transmitted diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2018
First-void urine collected with a dedicated device showed good agreement with cervical samples for detecting HPV DNA and viral load, and was strongly preferred by patients over clinician collection, supporting its use for decentralised screening.
Human papillomavirus genotype and viral load agreement between paired first-void urine and clinician-collected cervical samples — Van Keer et al., European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- acceptability
- hpv
2018
Real-time PCR on first-void urine from 350 pregnant women found an overall Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence of 2%, rising to 13.3% in those under 25 years, supporting targeted first-trimester screening in younger pregnant women.
[Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women during the first trimester in a private institution in Córdoba.] — Zucotti et al., Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2018
Mycoplasma genitalium prevalence was 1.8% among backpackers, with 40% macrolide resistance, supporting PCR for diagnosis and resistance testing.
Mycoplasma genitalium in the Far North Queensland backpacker population: An observational study of prevalence and azithromycin resistance — Trevis et al., PloS one
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2018
First-void urine is suitable for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium by PCR in first-trimester pregnancy, but it is not suitable for HPV detection, for which vaginal or cervical specimens are preferred.
Detection of urinary Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and human papilloma virus in the first trimester of pregnancy by PCR method — Rahimkhani et al., Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- hpv
- sti
2018
Among 250 infertile Iranian men, self-collected first-void urine enabled decentralised detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, yet infection status showed no correlation with sperm chromatin condensation or DNA fragmentation. The study validates first-void urine for remote STI screening in fertility assessment, while indicating sperm quality markers are independent of Chlamydia infection.
Effects of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on sperm chromatin condensation and DNA integrity — Dehghan Marvast et al., Andrologia (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- serology
- sti
2018
Xpert MTB/RIF assay on early morning first void urine had moderate sensitivity and high specificity for urinary tuberculosis versus a composite standard and was superior to LED fluorescent smear microscopy as the initial test, supporting its use as a decentralised diagnostic.
Efficacy and role of Xpert® Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin assay in urinary tuberculosis — Samuel et al., Indian journal of urology : IJU : journal of the Urological Society of India
- urine
- first-void
- serology
2018
Vaginal swabs achieved 86% sensitivity for five STIs (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis and human papillomavirus), substantially exceeding the 63% sensitivity of first-void urine in a prospective cohort of female sex workers. This validation supports adopting self-collected vaginal swabs as the consensus sample type for decentralised STI screening programmes.
Identifying a consensus sample type to test for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis and human papillomavirus — Coorevits et al., Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2017
First-void urine self-collected with the Colli-Pee device detected high-risk HPV with sensitivity for CIN2+ comparable to clinician-taken smears and brush-based self-samples. This supports urine as a viable matrix for decentralised, patient-centric cervical cancer screening.
HPV testing in first-void urine provides sensitivity for CIN2+ detection comparable with a smear taken by a clinician or a brush-based self-sample: cross-sectional data from a triage population — Leeman et al., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- colli-pee
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
2017
The review concludes that first-void urine is a feasible source for molecular biomarkers, such as host and viral gene methylation, to triage high-risk HPV infections, offering a non-invasive and preferred method for women that may improve screening adherence.
First-void urine: A potential biomarker source for triage of high-risk human papillomavirus infected women — Van Keer et al., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- biomarkers
- liquid-biopsy
2017
In women aged 25 years and under attending a large Dublin maternity hospital, the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection was 5.6 per cent, with higher rates in younger and socially disadvantaged groups. Screening antenatal patients may help prevent vertical transmission to the neonate.
Screening for asymptomatic urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection at a large Dublin maternity hospital: results of a pilot study — O'Higgins et al., Irish journal of medical science (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2017
The study standardises leukocyte and interleukin-6 measurements in first-void urine, expressed prostatic secretion and post-massage urine from 541 adults and defines ROC-based cut-offs to distinguish inflammatory from non-inflammatory prostate disease, enabling more precise treatment selection in decentralised settings.
Inflammatory reaction found in prostate-specific material - method standardization and proposed optimal cut-off points — Korrovits et al., Andrology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
2017
PCR testing of first-void urine detected Chlamydia trachomatis in 1.6 per cent of asymptomatic pregnant women, and pooling five specimens per pool reduced the number of tests performed by 70 per cent, offering a cost saving approach for decentralised screening.
Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infections by polymerase chain reaction in asymptomatic pregnant women with special reference to the utility of the pooling of urine specimens — Sethi et al., The Indian journal of medical research
- urine
- first-void
- economics
- sti
2017
First-void urine testing showed significantly lower overall HPV DNA prevalence in vaccinated male adolescents at 4.1 per cent compared with 10.1 per cent in unvaccinated adolescents, with HPV-16/18 prevalence reduced to zero in the vaccinated group four years after vaccination. The results support bivalent vaccine protective efficacy in men and demonstrate that decentralised HPV screening using self-collected first-void urine is feasible in an adolescent screening context.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Prevalence in Male Adolescents 4 Years After HPV-16/18 Vaccination — Lehtinen et al., The Journal of infectious diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- pediatric
- hpv
- sti
2017
In 250 Iranian infertile couples followed for 24 months, detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in first-void urine, semen or serum antibodies did not predict tubal factor infertility, pregnancy rate or outcome. This indicates that patient-collected first-void urine screening for these organisms may have limited clinical utility in fertility assessment.
Relationship between Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium infection and pregnancy rate and outcome in Iranian infertile couples — Dehghan Marvast et al., Andrologia (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- serology
- sti
2017
First-void urine self-collection detected HPV with 80% sensitivity versus cervical cells when using a multiplex PCR assay, but only 58% with a less sensitive assay, showing that analytical sensitivity determines feasibility of decentralised STI screening. All five high-grade cervical lesions were identified in urine by at least one assay, confirming urine sampling can support HPV vaccine impact monitoring if sensitive methods are employed.
Evaluation of the performance of Human Papillomavirus testing in paired urine and clinician-collected cervical samples among women aged over 30 years in Bhutan — Tshomo et al., Virology journal
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2016
The PelvoCheck CT/NG assay detected CT with 98.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity and NG with 98.3% sensitivity and 98.2% specificity in female first-void urine, with performance comparable to FDA-approved NAATs and the first commercial system validated for pooled urine specimens.
Performance evaluation of the PelvoCheck CT/NG test kit for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae — Meyer et al., BMJ open
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2016
A small-scale trial of pivmecillinam for genital chlamydia was halted after only two of seventeen men who returned self-collected test-of-cure urine samples were cured. The low cure rate underscores the importance of follow-up sampling in decentralised STI management to verify treatment efficacy.
Mecillinam against genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection: a small-scale proof-of-concept study shows a low cure rate — Nilsen et al., The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2016
In healthy women, first-void urinary and plasma green tea catechins correlated weakly to moderately with lipid profiles and glycated haemoglobin. This supports the utility of non-invasive first-void urine collection for evaluating dietary and cardiometabolic biomarkers in decentralized studies.
Elevated plasma and urinary concentrations of green tea catechins associated with improved plasma lipid profile in healthy Japanese women — Takechi et al., Nutrition research (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- first-void
- biomarkers
2016
In 164 patients with genital tract infections, first-void urine testing detected Ureaplasma urealyticum in 15.2%, Mycoplasma hominis in 5.4%, Mycoplasma genitalium in 1.2% and Chlamydia trachomatis in 6%, with uniform susceptibility of U. urealyticum and M. hominis to doxycycline and josamycin; routine screening of these pathogens using first-void urine is warranted to guide treatment and prevent sequelae.
Genital Mycoplasma and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in patients with genital tract infections attending a tertiary care hospital of North India — Saigal et al., Indian journal of pathology & microbiology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2016
Urine detected HPV with low sensitivity 41 per cent compared with penile swabs but had high specificity 95 per cent; adding urine to swabs may aid epidemiological or clearance studies though urine alone is not comparable to swabs for diagnosis.
Comparison of urine samples and penile swabs for detection of human papillomavirus in HIV-negative Dutch men — Koene et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
- sti
2016
Blood phenylalanine concentrations affected peripheral neurotransmitter biomarker concentrations differently in each of nine adults with phenylketonuria. Melatonin increased with tetrahydrobiopterin therapy only when blood phenylalanine fell, indicating that monitoring metabolites in first‑void urine and blood could help optimise individualised treatment.
Evaluation of Tetrahydrobiopterin Therapy with Large Neutral Amino Acid Supplementation in Phenylketonuria: Effects on Potential Peripheral Biomarkers, Melatonin and Dopamine, for Brain Monoamine Neurotransmitters — Yano et al., PloS one
- urine
- first-void
- biomarkers
2016
A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay combined with antimicrobial peptide lysis detected Chlamydia trachomatis directly in first-void urine with 100 per cent specificity and 73 per cent sensitivity, eliminating DNA extraction steps and enabling decentralised testing in resource-limited environments.
Combination with antimicrobial peptide lyses improves loop-mediated isothermal amplification based method for Chlamydia trachomatis detection directly in urine sample — Jevtuševskaja et al., BMC infectious diseases
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2016
The study of 250 infertile men found that Chlamydia trachomatis infection detected in first-void urine by PCR was associated with lower semen volume, while seminal interleukin levels showed non-significant elevation. This supports the use of patient-centric first-void urine and blood samples for screening sexually transmitted infections in decentralised fertility diagnostics.
Semen inflammatory markers and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male partners of infertile couples — Dehghan Marvast et al., Andrologia (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- serology
- sti
2016
First-void urine HPV DNA testing showed 64.72% prevalence against 60.00% for cervical samples, with substantial concordance for the four vaccine types. This validates first-void urine as a patient-centric alternative specimen for decentralised cervical screening and HPV vaccination monitoring programmes.
Comparison between Urine and Cervical Samples for HPV DNA Detection and Typing in Young Women in Colombia — Cómbita et al., Cancer prevention research (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- hpv
2015
Screening both partners increased detection of positive couples compared with screening only one partner; routine urine screening of the female partner may substantially underestimate prevalence within the couple, leaving many infected couples undiagnosed.
Discordant prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic couples screened by two screening approaches — Corbeto et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- sti
2015
PCR on first-void urine detected Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in five patients and showed high sensitivity and specificity, supporting the use of self-collected urine for decentralised STI diagnosis.
Polymerase Chain Reaction as a Diagnostic Tool for Six Sexually Transmitted Infections - Preliminary Results — Grad et al., Clujul medical
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2015
In Croatian men, trichomoniasis was more common in those with urethritis symptoms than in those without, and real-time PCR detected more infections than wet mount microscopy or culture, indicating higher sensitivity for decentralised STI screening using first-void urine.
Epidemiology and laboratory characteristics of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in Croatian men with and without urethritis syndrome: a case-control study — Sviben et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2015
The study found a high prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma genitalium in rural Haitian men using self-collected first-void urine samples, supporting the use of decentralised urine sampling for STI screening in resource-limited settings.
Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections in rural Haitian men — Downey et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2015
The study found that IgG seropositivity against Chlamydia trachomatis was significantly higher in infertile women than in pregnant controls (15% versus 0%), but PCR positivity in first-void urine was very low, with only one of 80 samples positive across all three primer sets. The authors concluded that serological screening is more diagnostically useful than first-void urine PCR for identifying chlamydial infection in infertile women in this setting.
Association of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection with Female Infer-tility, Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India — Ghosh et al., The open microbiology journal
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- serology
- sti
2015
Over a five-year period, first-void urine PCR identified Chlamydia trachomatis in 4% of attendees at a university STI clinic, with 85% of cases being asymptomatic. The findings support urine-based screening for decentralised diagnostics, especially among young patients and sexual partners where prevalence was 5.2%.
Screening for Chlamydia infection in a sexually transmitted infection clinic: a missed opportunity? — Pedrosa et al., International journal of dermatology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2015
In Argentinian college students, first-void urine DNA amplification detected Chlamydia trachomatis in 3.5% of 114 valid samples, with risk factors of seven or more lifetime partners and a new partner in the last four months; this moderate circulation supports targeted screening and preventive measures in this population.
[Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and factors with the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections in college students] — Occhionero et al., Revista Argentina de microbiologia (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2015
Automated urine flow cytometry of first-void urine, using a threshold of 29 white cells per microlitre, achieved 69% sensitivity and 92% specificity for Mycoplasma genitalium or Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a validation cohort of 228 patients. The approach detected significantly more asymptomatic infections than clinical assessment alone, indicating potential for non-invasive point-of-care screening of sexually transmitted infections.
Performance evaluation of automated urine microscopy as a rapid, non-invasive approach for the diagnosis of non-gonococcal urethritis — Pond et al., Sexually transmitted infections
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- sti
2015
The cross-sectional survey of 1541 HIV-positive men found high rates of genital mycoplasma co-infection, Ureaplasma urealyticum in 26.7 per cent and Mycoplasma hominis in 25.3 per cent, using first-void urine. This demonstrates the clinical value of urine-based screening for STI co-infection surveillance in HIV cohorts within decentralised diagnostic workflows.
Epidemiology of Mycoplasma acquisition in male HIV-1 infected patients: a multistage cross-sectional survey in Jiangsu, China — Chen et al., Epidemiology and infection (paywalled)
- blood
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- sti
2015
The study found Mycoplasma genitalium in 16% of infertile women versus none in fertile controls, using first-void urine and other specimens. Detection in first-void urine supports decentralised screening for this STI in infertility assessment, particularly as most cases were asymptomatic and associated with tubal pathology.
Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with infertility in North Indian women — Rajkumari et al., Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- sti
2015
The study found that 10.5% of women in three districts of Tamil Nadu were HPV positive, with HPV16 and HPV6 being the most common types. This supports the use of first-void urine sampling in decentralised, patient-centric screening programmes for HPV in low-resource settings.
A population-based study of the prevalence of HPV in three districts of Tamil Nadu, India — Sureshkumar et al., International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- serology
- hpv
2015
A service evaluation of the Gen-Probe APTIMA test at a UK sexual health clinic found Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence of 1.4% in men and 3.6% in women. Asymptomatic men provided self-collected first-void urine and asymptomatic women self-collected vulvovaginal specimens, and the study concluded that targeted screening of high-risk asymptomatic groups is more cost-effective than universal screening, supporting decentralised STI testing strategies.
A service evaluation of the Gen-Probe APTIMA nucleic acid amplification test for Trichomonas vaginalis: should it change whom we screen for infection? — Hathorn et al., Sexually transmitted infections (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- sti
2015
First-void urine from autistic children showed significantly elevated kininogen-1 compared with controls, suggesting urine proteomics could yield non-invasive screening markers for autism. The finding supports decentralised diagnostics because urine can be self-collected at home, even in paediatric populations, enabling remote biomarker discovery.
Urine proteome analysis to evaluate protein biomarkers in children with autism — Suganya et al., Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- pediatric
- biomarkers
2015
The authors developed and validated a chiral GC-MS method to quantify D-amino acid ratios in 1 mL first-void urine samples. In a study of 40 pregnant women, those with gestational diabetes mellitus showed altered urinary D-amino acid profiles compared to controls, suggesting that minimally invasive urine metabolomics could support decentralised screening for pregnancy-related metabolic disorders.
Optimization and validation of a chiral GC-MS method for the determination of free D-amino acids ratio in human urine: application to a gestational diabetes mellitus study — Lorenzo et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- validation
- metabolome
- biomarkers
2014
Collecting a first-void sample, not midstream, and combining it immediately with a DNA-conservation buffer markedly improves urinary HPV DNA detection: suboptimal collection otherwise underestimates true prevalence.
Optimization of HPV DNA detection in urine by improving collection, storage, and extraction — Vorsters et al., European J. Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (paywalled)
- first-void
- hpv
- liquid
- urine
- validation
2014
In 126 asymptomatic men, first-void urine testing for threads and leucocyte esterase achieved a 96% negative predictive value for non-specific urethritis, meaning a negative result effectively rules out the condition. This supports using first-void urine as a screening tool in decentralised sexual health diagnostics, potentially reducing unnecessary further testing.
Testing for 'threads' and leucocyte esterase in first-void urine to exclude the diagnosis of non-specific urethritis in asymptomatic men — Pallawela et al., Sexual health (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2014
Higher vegetable and carbohydrate intake was associated with a lower urinary estrogen DNA adduct ratio in healthy pre‑menopausal women, suggesting dietary factors may modulate a biomarker linked to breast cancer risk.
Associations between Dietary Intake of Fruits and Vegetables in relation to Urinary Estrogen DNA Adduct Ratio — Reding et al., Open journal of preventive medicine (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- biomarkers
2014
Among 406 men at a Chinese STD clinic, 28.1% had Mycoplasma genitalium infection detected by PCR on first-void urine; infection was associated with younger age, higher education, single status, lack of recent STD symptoms, inconsistent condom use with steady partners, and recent sexual contact with female sex workers. This supports decentralised STI screening using self-collected first-void urine.
An epidemiological study of Mycoplasma genitalium infections among males attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Guangxi, China — Zheng et al., Japanese journal of infectious diseases (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2014
In men with Mycoplasma genitalium positive non-chlamydial urethritis, higher leukocyte counts in first-void urine predicted persistence of the organism after antimicrobial chemotherapy; a threshold of 10 leukocytes per microlitre between days 18 and 24 was most strongly associated with treatment failure.
Prediction of the persistence of Mycoplasma genitalium after antimicrobial chemotherapy by quantification of leukocytes in first-void urine from patients with non-gonococcal urethritis — Ito et al., Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2014
Leucocyte esterase dipstick testing of first-void urine from 292 asymptomatic Aboriginal men in central Australia detected gonorrhoea or chlamydia with 66.7% sensitivity and 90.7% specificity, giving a negative predictive value of 93.7%. This supports use of the dipstick to guide immediate empirical treatment in primary care, especially when combined with age ≤35 years where specificity rose to 94.7%.
Using urinary leucocyte esterase tests as an indicator of infection with gonorrhoea or chlamydia in asymptomatic males in a primary health care setting — Rahman et al., International journal of STD & AIDS (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2014
First-void urine self-collection detected bacterial vaginosis with sensitivity comparable to vaginal swabs when analysed by quantitative PCR for seven key vaginal bacteria. This supports decentralised screening for BV and sexually transmitted infections using patient-collected samples.
Characterization of the vaginal microflora in health and disease — Datcu, Danish medical journal (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- microbiome
- sti
2014
First-void urine specimens yielded accurate bacterial vaginosis diagnosis by qPCR for Megasphaera type 1 and Prevotella spp, with sensitivity and specificity matching vaginal swabs. This supports decentralised screening through non-invasive self-collection, removing the need for clinician-collected vaginal samples.
Bacterial vaginosis diagnosed by analysis of first-void-urine specimens — Datcu et al., Journal of clinical microbiology (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- self-collection
- validation
- sti
2014
First-void urine sampling detected Mycoplasma genitalium in only 2 of 145 infertile men and in none of 49 asymptomatic controls, a prevalence markedly lower than in other reported cohorts. This indicates that decentralised STI screening can produce unexpectedly low yields in certain populations, underscoring the need for local validation of patient-centric diagnostic strategies.
Unusually low prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in urine samples from infertile men and healthy controls: a prevalence study — Plecko et al., BMJ open
- urine
- first-void
- fertility
- sti
2014
In an urban emergency department, only 20% of women aged 19-25 presenting with dysuria and diagnosed with urinary tract infection were tested for chlamydia, and 21% of those tested were positive, yet only 42% of positive cases received effective treatment; the authors argue that routine sexual history taking and the availability of self-administered vaginal swab and first-void urine chlamydia tests could improve detection.
Dysuria in the emergency department: missed diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis — Wilbanks et al., The western journal of emergency medicine
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2014
In a cross-over study of adults with phenylketonuria, adding tryptophan and tyrosine to large neutral amino acid therapy increased urine dopamine but not melatonin metabolite levels, indicating serotonin synthesis remains suppressed by phenylalanine. The protocol demonstrates first-void urine sampling can support therapeutic drug monitoring for metabolic disorders.
Melatonin and dopamine as biomarkers to optimize treatment in phenylketonuria: effects of tryptophan and tyrosine supplementation — Yano et al., The Journal of pediatrics (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- hormones
- biomarkers
2014
Among 1381 asymptomatic patients under 30 at French screening clinics, 7.6% tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis, 0.58% for Mycoplasma genitalium, and 0.36% for Neisseria gonorrhoeae by PCR of first-void urine. The findings support systematic chlamydia screening but not gonorrhoea or mycoplasma screening in this decentralised, patient-centric setting.
Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium in asymptomatic patients under 30 years of age screened in a French sexually transmitted infections clinic — Clarivet et al., European journal of dermatology : EJD (paywalled)
- urine
- first-void
- sti
2014
In a cross-sectional study of 409 men who have sex with men in Shenzhen, the overall prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium was 8.1%, with 3.4% positivity in first-void urine and 5.4% in rectal swabs; urethral infection was associated with more heterosexual behaviours and recent unprotected anal intercourse, while rectal infection was linked to HIV infection, indicating the need for targeted screening of self-collected specimens in this population.
The prevalence of urethral and rectal Mycoplasma genitalium among men who have sex with men in China, a cross-sectional study — Zheng et al., BMC public health
- urine
- first-void
- sti

Read from the corpus on 2026-09-09.