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OpenSampling

2025 · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · paywalled

The economic evidence for microsampling to support therapeutic drug monitoring: A systematic review

Carland et al.

The finding, in our words

A systematic review found mixed economic evidence for microsampling in therapeutic drug monitoring; one study reported no cost reduction with DBS home-sampling, €688 versus €676, whilst another predicted savings up to 61%. The authors caution that more work is required to assess costs alongside clinical outcomes and optimise logistics for decentralised implementation.

A paraphrase to the Library’s standard, never the abstract. The source is one link away and is always the authority.

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  1. 2023

    VAMS microsampling found no significant difference from venous blood for tacrolimus in paediatric patients; samples were stable for 14 days, with average difference between paired at-home samples of 0.12 ± 0.94 ng/mL.

    VAMS and parallel-reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry for tacrolimus trough measurements at home in paediatric heart-transplant patientsZhao et al., J. Mass Spectrometry and Advances in the Clinical Lab · source ↗

    • vams
    • venous-agreement
    • acceptability
    • blood
    • dbs
    • tdm
    • self-collection
    • dried
    • capillary
    • pediatric
    • immunosuppressants
    • validation
  2. 2022

    Clinical validation for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid monitoring showed that while volumetric absorptive microsampling met analytical criteria after concentration correction, conventional dried blood spots achieved superior adherence to strict clinical criteria, sample quality, and cost efficiency without significant haematocrit bias.

    Comparison of conventional dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid determinationPaniagua-González et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • capillary
    • vams
    • dbs
    • neoteryx-mitra
    • self-collection
    • validation
    • venous-agreement
    • tdm
    • immunosuppressants
    • economics
    • haematocrit
  3. 2023

    This review surveys published LC-MS/MS methods that use dried blood microsampling for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants in transplantation, chemotherapy and autoimmune disease, finding that volumetric dried blood samples can replace conventional venous draws for home sampling and improve patient quality of life. The authors discuss pre-analytical considerations, clinical applicability, cost-effectiveness, harmonisation gaps and patient perception, concluding that obstacles to routine clinical implementation remain despite growing methodological maturity.

    Dried blood microsampling-assisted therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants: An overviewDeprez & Stove, Journal of chromatography. A (paywalled) · source ↗

    • volumetric
    • acceptability
    • blood
    • economics
    • dbs
    • tdm
    • self-collection
    • dried
    • immunosuppressants
    • validation
  4. 2021

    This review summarises liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry assays using dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling for quantifying antimicrobial drugs in children, highlighting that VAMS reduces haematocrit bias and offers a viable alternative to traditional plasma sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring.

    Microsampling Assays for Pharmacokinetic Analysis and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antimicrobial Drugs in Children: A Critical ReviewMoorthy et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • vams
    • dbs
    • neoteryx-mitra
    • validation
    • pediatric
    • tdm
    • antimicrobials
    • haematocrit
  5. 2019

    The validated LC-MS/MS method showed similar pharmacokinetic profiles for albendazole and its metabolites across plasma, whole blood, dried blood spots and Mitra microsamples from hookworm-infected adolescents, supporting microsampling for paediatric pharmacokinetic studies. Mitra extraction proved more robust than dried blood spots during validation and is recommended for future albendazole pharmacokinetic work, despite higher albendazole sulfone concentrations observed in both microsampling devices compared with wet matrices.

    Pharmacokinetics of Albendazole, Albendazole Sulfoxide, and Albendazole Sulfone Determined from Plasma, Blood, Dried-Blood Spots, and Mitra Samples of Hookworm-Infected AdolescentsSchulz et al., Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • liquid
    • dried
    • capillary
    • vams
    • dbs
    • neoteryx-mitra
    • validation
    • venous-agreement
    • pediatric
    • tdm
    • antimicrobials