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OpenSampling

2022 · Frontiers in psychiatry · open access

Dried Volumetric Microsampling Approaches for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Psychiatric Patients Undergoing Clozapine Treatment

Marasca et al.

The finding, in our words

The study validated dried microsampling methods for clozapine therapeutic drug monitoring using VAMS and microfluidic blood spot devices. With extraction yields around 85% and satisfactory precision, these approaches could support decentralised monitoring of psychiatric patients, improving compliance and safety.

A paraphrase to the Library’s standard, never the abstract. The source is one link away and is always the authority.

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  1. 2026

    A Review of Blood-Based Microsampling Devices for Patient-Centered Application in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

    This review found that volumetric microsampling devices, such as Mitra, HemaPEN, HemaXis DB10, and Tasso-M20, overcome haematocrit bias, whilst Telimmune plasma separation cards enable direct plasma collection without centrifugation. These technologies support patient-centric, decentralised sampling, though the authors note that clinical validation remains limited across different drugs and patient populations.

    Huhn & Scherf-Clavel, Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled) · source ↗

    • vams
    • volumetric
    • acceptability
    • neoteryx-mitra
    • blood
    • dbs
    • tdm
    • self-collection
    • haematocrit
    • dried
    • capillary
    • validation
  2. 2026

    Development and application of an LC-MS/MS method for 8 antiepileptic drugs and 2 metabolites using microsampling techniques (DBS and VAMS)

    The study validated an LC-MS/MS method for eight antiepileptic drugs and two metabolites in dried blood spot and VAMS formats, with satisfactory analytical performance and stability, and was the first to include the oxcarbazepine metabolite DHCB. In 80 paired patient samples, microsampling concentrations showed promising correlation with plasma, supporting decentralised therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic treatment.

    Cobo-Golpe et al., Journal of analytical toxicology · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • vams
    • dbs
    • neoteryx-mitra
    • validation
    • venous-agreement
    • tdm
    • haematocrit
  3. 2026

    Multi-Matrix LC-MS/MS Validation of Methotrexate Polyglutamates: Comparison of VAMS, DBS, and Conventional Blood Sampling in Rheumatoid Arthritis

    In matched clinical samples from rheumatoid arthritis, VAMS and DBS showed strong agreement for methotrexate polyglutamates (slopes 0.95-1.07; bias within -4.21% to 0.36%; SRCC ≥ 0.969), with up to 100% of total MTXPG results within ±20% limits; capillary microsampling agreed closely with whole blood but differed from red blood cells, indicating matrix-specific differences that must be accounted for when interpreting against RBC-based reference values.

    Kocur et al., International journal of molecular sciences · source ↗

    • vams
    • venous-agreement
    • neoteryx-mitra
    • blood
    • dbs
    • tdm
    • dried
    • capillary
    • immunosuppressants
    • validation
  4. 2023

    Fingerprick Microsampling Methods Can Replace Venepuncture for Simultaneous Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus, Mycophenolic Acid, and Prednisolone Concentrations in Adult Kidney Transplant Patients

    In adult kidney transplant patients, fingerprick VAMS and dried blood spot microsampling achieved accurate simultaneous measurement of tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, and prednisolone compared with venepuncture. The authors noted an overall preference for VAMS over conventional dried blood spots.

    Scuderi et al., Therapeutic drug monitoring (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • capillary
    • vams
    • dbs
    • neoteryx-mitra
    • validation
    • venous-agreement
    • tdm
    • immunosuppressants
  5. 2022

    Comparison of conventional dried blood spots and volumetric absorptive microsampling for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid determination

    Clinical validation for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid monitoring showed that while volumetric absorptive microsampling met analytical criteria after concentration correction, conventional dried blood spots achieved superior adherence to strict clinical criteria, sample quality, and cost efficiency without significant haematocrit bias.

    Paniagua-González et al., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis (paywalled) · source ↗

    • blood
    • dried
    • capillary
    • vams
    • dbs
    • neoteryx-mitra
    • self-collection
    • validation
    • venous-agreement
    • tdm
    • immunosuppressants
    • economics
    • haematocrit