A Fully Integrated Wearable Sensor for Real Time Monitoring of Multiple Sweat Liver Disease Biomarkers
Zhao et al.
The finding, in our words
The authors developed a skin-conformal wearable electrochemical sensor that passively collects sweat and simultaneously measures creatine and lactate in real time, using covalent organic frameworks to stabilise the enzymes. In preliminary human studies with healthy individuals and chronic liver disease patients, the platform tracked dynamic changes in these sweat biomarkers, suggesting a route to non-invasive continuous monitoring of liver metabolic function.
A paraphrase to the Library’s standard, never the abstract. The source is one link away and is always the authority.
This review establishes that microsampling across blood, saliva, urine and stool matrices offers validated workflows and regulatory recognition for human biomonitoring comparable to conventional methods. It finds that these decentralised approaches enhance participant acceptability and enable screening in remote or low-resource settings.
This narrative review finds that saliva is best suited to repeated neuroendocrine and metabolic measurements during exercise, sweat is most mature for electrolyte and sweat-rate monitoring with wearable compatibility, and exhaled breath offers access to volatile metabolism but remains instrumentally demanding. Each matrix requires matching to a defined clinical or exercise question with matrix-specific validation before translational use.
Wearable biochemical monitoring requires a complete measurement chain that integrates quality-controlled biofluid sampling, sensor fusion and metadata capture to convert raw sensor outputs into clinically valid digital biomarkers.
Thirty-three patients with inflammatory bowel disease wore a perspiration sensor that measured C-reactive protein and calprotectin every minute for up to two hours. Sweat measurements were consistent with serum CRP and stool calprotectin, and patterns differed by disease type, age and disease location, demonstrating potential for continuous noninvasive inflammation monitoring.
Shahub et al., Inflammatory bowel diseases (paywalled) · source ↗
In 20 adults, CRP measured in urine and saliva strongly correlated with serum CRP (Spearman rho 0.886) and was significantly elevated in participants with systemic inflammation compared with controls, suggesting these noninvasive matrices could replace venipuncture for monitoring inflammatory status in remote or at-home settings.