2024 · Nature nanotechnology · paywalled
Ye et al.
The wearable sensor measured oestradiol in sweat and showed a high correlation with blood levels, indicating that sweat can reflect circulating hormone changes across the menstrual cycle.
A paraphrase to the Library’s standard, never the abstract. The source is one link away and is always the authority.
2026
Menstrual blood offers a noninvasive, patient-centric matrix for detecting endometriosis, cervical cancer, and hormonal disorders through self-collected samples. Wearable in-pad biosensors enabling real-time monitoring and long-term tracking could transform fertility evaluation and early disease detection, though standardisation and large-scale validation remain critical gaps.
Beyond waste: menstrual blood as a powerful diagnostic tool for women's health — Shafiq et al., Annals of medicine and surgery · source ↗
2022
The authors developed a flexible aptamer-based field-effect transistor biosensor that detects nanomolar cortisol in sweat. Validated in humans during a Trier Social Stress Test, it showed correlation with salivary cortisol and enabled continuous stress monitoring via a smartwatch platform.
Wearable aptamer-field-effect transistor sensing system for noninvasive cortisol monitoring — Wang et al., Science advances · source ↗
2018
Wrist-worn temperature sensors detected sustained three-day temperature shifts in 82% of 437 menstrual cycles, with the rise occurring on or after ovulation in 86% of cases. Unlike basal body temperature, wrist skin temperature was unaffected by lifestyle factors such as alcohol or sexual activity, indicating potential for reliable, patient-centric fertility tracking.
Modern fertility awareness methods: wrist wearables capture the changes in temperature associated with the menstrual cycle — Shilaih et al., Bioscience reports · source ↗
2026
This review establishes that microsampling across blood, saliva, urine and stool matrices offers validated workflows and regulatory recognition for human biomonitoring comparable to conventional methods. It finds that these decentralised approaches enhance participant acceptability and enable screening in remote or low-resource settings.
Integrating Microsampling in Human Biomonitoring: Methodologies, Regulatory Frameworks, and Case Study Insights — Rajamani & Poongavanam, Critical reviews in analytical chemistry (paywalled) · source ↗
2026
This narrative review finds that saliva is best suited to repeated neuroendocrine and metabolic measurements during exercise, sweat is most mature for electrolyte and sweat-rate monitoring with wearable compatibility, and exhaled breath offers access to volatile metabolism but remains instrumentally demanding. Each matrix requires matching to a defined clinical or exercise question with matrix-specific validation before translational use.
Saliva, Sweat, and Exhaled Breath as Alternative Specimens for Exercise Chemistry: Analytical Advantages, Limitations, and Comparative Progress — Pang, Biomedical chromatography : BMC (paywalled) · source ↗