A Wearable Multimodal NanoTracker for Noninvasive, Simultaneous Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Monitoring
Zhu et al.
The finding, in our words
The NanoTracker measured sweat metoprolol and heart rate in real time in people given metoprolol, and sweat levels correlated with plasma metoprolol while heart rate fell, showing the device can track both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects for personalised dosing.
A paraphrase to the Library’s standard, never the abstract. The source is one link away and is always the authority.
Wearable biochemical monitoring requires a complete measurement chain that integrates quality-controlled biofluid sampling, sensor fusion and metadata capture to convert raw sensor outputs into clinically valid digital biomarkers.
The wearable microfluidic sensor measured sweat cortisol across a range of 0.1 fM to 100 μM with a 0.043 fM detection limit. In human volunteers it tracked diurnal rhythms and stress-induced elevations from cold-pressor and exercise tests, showing agreement with ELISA, and combined with electromyography it profiled exercise fatigue by linking muscle activity to endocrine response.
Chen et al., Biosensors & bioelectronics (paywalled) · source ↗
The P2 One skin-interfaced sensor measured metformin and glucose in sweat with high sensitivity and linearity, enabling real-time tracking of drug absorption and excretion in human trials. In diabetic patients over four weeks, sweat metformin correlated with plasma metformin and sweat glucose correlated with blood glucose, supporting its use for PK- and PD-guided therapeutic drug monitoring in decentralised settings.
Zheng et al., Biosensors & bioelectronics (paywalled) · source ↗
A printed, flexible sweat-rate sensor patch fabricated by 3D printing and microfluidics weighed only 380 mg and measured sweat rate capacitively with 0.01 μL/min sensitivity. On-body validation against commercial sensors showed accurate continuous monitoring, enabling decentralised assessment of hydration and heat tolerance for occupational safety and precision health.
Islam et al., Advanced intelligent systems (paywalled) · source ↗
This review assesses wearable sensors for the continuous biochemical monitoring of body fluids such as sweat, saliva and interstitial fluid, confirming their potential for decentralised healthcare through pilot trials. It emphasises that successful clinical translation depends on large-scale validation and the integration of ethical and sociocultural considerations.