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OpenSampling

2023 · PNAS nexus · open access

Extreme differences in SARS-CoV-2 viral loads among respiratory specimen types during presumed pre-infectious and infectious periods

Viloria Winnett et al.

The finding, in our words

Daily self-sampling showed SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in saliva and throat swabs rose as many as seven days earlier than in nasal swabs, with extreme differences up to ten to the ninth copies per millilitre between specimen types from the same person at the same timepoint. For decentralised diagnostics, this means single-specimen testing underestimates infectiousness and misses early infection, suggesting combined throat-nasal swabs offer superior clinical sensitivity for detecting pre-infectious and infectious individuals.

A paraphrase to the Library’s standard, never the abstract. The source is one link away and is always the authority.

Labels

  1. 2026

    The study found that self-collected dried saliva on FishburneTabs achieved 92% accuracy for viral RNA detection compared to standard liquid saliva samples. This method supports decentralised testing by enabling reliable sample storage and transport for upper respiratory infections.

    Validation of Dried Saliva for Molecular DiagnosticsMora et al., ACS measurement science au · source ↗

    • self-collection
    • dried
    • serology
    • validation
    • saliva
  2. 2026

    A triple-channel immunochromatographic system using quantum dots detected influenza A and B and SARS-CoV-2 nucleoproteins in saliva with limits of detection from 0.227 to 0.348 ng/mL. Testing of 15 influenza A patients and 20 healthy controls showed 100% sensitivity and 95.2% specificity, indicating potential for accurate home-based respiratory virus screening.

    A multiplexed three-channel detection system for rapid home-based diagnosis of respiratory virusesHuang et al., Talanta (paywalled) · source ↗

    • saliva
    • self-collection
    • serology
  3. 2026

    The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated adoption of decentralised testing and self-collected saliva specimens, but revealed challenges with variable diagnostic accuracy and lack of internationally standardised processing protocols. Stricter regulatory oversight and robust diagnostic stewardship are needed to balance broad access with clinical performance.

    Beyond the laboratory: how COVID-19 reshaped specimen collection, testing workflows, and diagnostic algorithmsDomnich & Pariani, Expert review of molecular diagnostics (paywalled) · source ↗

    • standards
    • self-collection
    • serology
    • validation
    • saliva
  4. 2025

    This review summarises how incorporating saliva and urine into home-based point-of-care systems expands diagnostic accessibility for dengue virus, aligning with the WHO REASSURED framework for affordable and rapid testing.

    Integrative Advances in Dengue Virus Diagnostics: From Technological Innovation to Tiered Diagnostic SystemsShi et al., Journal of medical virology (paywalled) · source ↗

    • saliva
    • urine
    • self-collection
    • validation
    • serology
  5. 2025

    Capillary blood self-collected with the VAMS device showed 100 per cent agreement with serum for detecting SARS-CoV-2 S RBD antibodies in participants with known past infection, and saliva showed slightly lower but high agreement; agreement was good to almost perfect in those without known antibodies, and most participants found finger prick easy while half found the microsampler easy, supporting decentralised serosurveillance.

    Performance and feasibility of self-microsampling of capillary blood and saliva for serological testing of SARS-CoV-2Morales et al., PloS one · source ↗

    • vams
    • venous-agreement
    • acceptability
    • blood
    • self-collection
    • serology
    • capillary
    • saliva